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Articles 151 - 180 of 1540
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Quality Improvement Project: Nursing Faculty Mental Health Literacy Assessment And Evaluation, Elesha Roberts
Quality Improvement Project: Nursing Faculty Mental Health Literacy Assessment And Evaluation, Elesha Roberts
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Mental illness is a major healthcare concern affecting young adults enrolled in college. College students enrolled in nursing programs in particular face intense academic pressure due to the demands and rigor of the program. Students commonly report symptoms associated with depression, anxiety, and suicide. Nursing faculty often do not feel comfortable approaching students about these concerns and other related mental health issues. Many faculty members lack the knowledge and skill to identify mental health issues and provide resources to support students in need. Faculty should be mental health literate and aware of campus resources. The purpose of this quality improvement …
Quality Improvement Project: Provider Education On An Evidence-Based Clinical Pathway For Diagnosing Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Oluwadayo B. Adeyemo
Quality Improvement Project: Provider Education On An Evidence-Based Clinical Pathway For Diagnosing Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Oluwadayo B. Adeyemo
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Accurate diagnosis of adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) remains challenging in outpatient behavioral health settings, as variations in clinician training, diagnostic tools, and assessment methods can hinder accuracy and delay treatment. At the project site, providers reported low confidence and inconsistent use of standardized tools when evaluating adult ADHD, underscoring a critical need for structured education to improve diagnostic consistency and provider confidence. This quality-improvement (QI) project assessed the impact of an educational intervention on provider knowledge, confidence, and utilization of validated screening tools for adult ADHD. Guided by Donabedian’s Model of Quality Improvement and Lewin’s Change Theory, the project …
Quality Improvement Project: The Impact Of Genetic Testing Education For Mental Health Providers In An Outpatient Clinic, Ifeoma Uzoh-Anigbogu
Quality Improvement Project: The Impact Of Genetic Testing Education For Mental Health Providers In An Outpatient Clinic, Ifeoma Uzoh-Anigbogu
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Despite growing evidence supporting the use of genetic screening in psychiatric medication management, many mental health providers lack the confidence and knowledge to utilize this tool effectively. This quality improvement (QI) project aimed to enhance provider self-efficacy and increase the utilization of genetic screening through a structured education and training program in an outpatient mental health clinic. The purpose of the project was to determine whether provider education on pharmacogenetic testing improves confidence and screening frequency compared to those who do not receive the intervention. The Donabedian Model guided evaluation of structure, process, and outcome measures, while Rogers’ Diffusion of …
Quality Improvement Project, Communicating With The Dying Patient: A Simulation Experience For Nursing Students, Jason Weger
Quality Improvement Project, Communicating With The Dying Patient: A Simulation Experience For Nursing Students, Jason Weger
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Effective communication with patients near the end of life is a crucial yet often underdeveloped skill among nursing students. Previous research highlights a persistent gap in training for end-of-life communication in nursing schools. This quality improvement project implemented a simulation-based educational intervention to improve end-of-life communication skills among first-semester nursing students at a community college in Oklahoma. A needs assessment identified significant gaps in students' readiness for emotionally charged patient interactions. Guided by Prosci’s Change Model and Jeffries Simulation Theory, the project used a faculty-led simulation experience to teach evidence-based communication strategies, including appropriate word choice, therapeutic presence, and active …
Establishing Nursing Excellence: A Quality Improvement Approach To Nursing Administration Evaluation Using Frontline Feedback, Meredith Sykora
Establishing Nursing Excellence: A Quality Improvement Approach To Nursing Administration Evaluation Using Frontline Feedback, Meredith Sykora
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
In the increasingly complex environment of nursing education, leadership quality and responsiveness significantly influence workplace culture, faculty satisfaction, professional development, and student outcomes. Despite these realities, many academic nursing programs, including the Division of Nursing at a community college in Arkansas, lack formal structures for bidirectional leadership evaluation. This gap limits frontline faculty’s ability to provide formative feedback to program leaders, weakening shared governance and transparency. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to evaluate leadership effectiveness following the implementation of a structured bidirectional feedback process between nursing faculty and program leaders. Guided by Kouzes and Posner’s Leadership Practices …
Quality Improvement Project: Reducing Hospitalizations In The Long-Term Care Setting, Nenna Nzeocha
Quality Improvement Project: Reducing Hospitalizations In The Long-Term Care Setting, Nenna Nzeocha
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Hospitalizations in the long-term care setting can lead to higher costs incurred by skilled nursing home residents and a poorer quality of life. This quality improvement (QI) project evaluated whether an educational intervention on the Reducing Avoidable Facility Transfers (RAFT) model impacted hospitalization rates in the skilled nursing facility (SNF), while also assessing the confidence level of facility staff on the intervention. The project utilized Lewin’s change theory and the Donabedian model framework and was aimed at developing interventions that impact hospitalizations in the SNF using the RAFT model. A quasi-experimental design was used and consisted of a pre-and-post implementation …
Quality Improvement Project: Development And Implementation Of A Structured Certification Support Program And The Impact On Nurses’ Confidence And Medical Surgical Certification Rates, Mary Tran
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Professional nursing certification is an important criterion of Magnet designation, and increased certification rates have been associated with positive patient outcomes. The literature supports peer support and group study as beneficial strategies to assist nurses in preparing for certification exams. A quality improvement project among medical-surgical (med-surg) nurses at a community hospital pursuing Magnet redesignation addressed the lack of formal processes and nursing perceived barriers to certification that may contribute to low certification rates. The purpose of this project was to develop and implement a structured medical-surgical certification support program following the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle utilizing evidence-based strategies, including a …
Quality Improvement Project: Improving Nurse Competency In Caring For Patients With Dementia With Behavioral Disturbances In Long-Term Care, Lashunta Jackson
Quality Improvement Project: Improving Nurse Competency In Caring For Patients With Dementia With Behavioral Disturbances In Long-Term Care, Lashunta Jackson
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Dementia-related behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD) present major challenges for nurses in long-term care settings, often leading to inconsistent care, staff stress, and safety risks. Evidence-based, person-centered interventions are proven to improve outcomes but are frequently underutilized due to limited staff training. The purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was to improve nursing staff competency in managing residents with dementia and behavioral disturbances through structured, evidence-based education. The problem identified was a lack of dementia-specific knowledge and confidence among nurses, which contributed to suboptimal care and increased behavioral incidents. A quasi-experimental pre-/post-intervention design guided by Knowles’ Adult …
Improving Self-Efficacy Among Clinical Instructors: The Impact Of Communication Education On Handling Lateral Violence, Emma Guidry
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
The quality improvement (QI) project aims to determine if clinical instructors perceive changes in self-efficacy in communication skills specific to lateral violence (LV) situations secondary to an educational intervention. Currently, clinical nurse instructors lack education specifically addressing communication strategies to utilize when LV occurs in the clinical setting. Banduras Social Cognitive Theory, Lewin’s Change Theory and the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) were employed as frameworks in the development of this project. Methods used in this quasi-experimental design project include administration of the Self Efficacy to Address Disruptive Behaviors Scale (SADBS) survey to project participants, nursing clinical instructors. The evidence-based practice (EBP) intervention …
Resiliency For Nurse Educators: Incorporating Resiliency Training For Nursing Faculty, Rachael Holder
Resiliency For Nurse Educators: Incorporating Resiliency Training For Nursing Faculty, Rachael Holder
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Nursing faculty frequently experience high levels of stress, workload demands, and burnout, which can negatively affect teaching effectiveness and retention. Literature supports resilience as a protective factor that enhances well-being and professional sustainability. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to impact resilience levels among full-time undergraduate nursing faculty through a self-paced online resiliency training program. Guided by Pender’s Health Promotion Model and Lewin’s Change Theory, this pre- and post-intervention design used the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) to assess changes in resilience. Eleven faculty members completed the pre-survey, and two completed the post-survey. The post-survey mean CD-RISC-10 scores …
Quality Improvement Project Implementation Of A Peer Mentoring Program In An Associate-Degree Nursing Program, Heather Baker
Quality Improvement Project Implementation Of A Peer Mentoring Program In An Associate-Degree Nursing Program, Heather Baker
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Peer mentoring is recognized as an evidence-based strategy that offers support to students and enhances retention. This project aimed to implement a peer mentoring program based on the Nursing Universal Retention and Success (NURS) model. The Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) framework and Havelock’s Theory of Planned Change guided the implementation process. The goal was to assess the program's impact on first-semester nursing student retention rates and students’ perceptions of success. First-semester nursing students in a traditional associate-degree nursing program volunteered to participate in the peer mentoring program for one semester. At the end of the semester, an anonymous post-survey was distributed to …
Quality Improvement Project: Improving Emergency Medication Administration Safety In An Inpatient Psychiatric Unit, Sandra Anusiem
Quality Improvement Project: Improving Emergency Medication Administration Safety In An Inpatient Psychiatric Unit, Sandra Anusiem
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Psychiatric emergencies contribute to medication safety issues due to increased stress, inconsistent practices, and communication breakdowns. The problem was high rates of medication errors in psychiatric emergencies due to the lack of a structured, standardized medication management protocol. This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) quality improvement project aimed to reduce medication errors in administering emergency medications in an inpatient psychiatric unit by using the Medication Administration Cross-Check (MACC) checklist. The project was completed using a quasi-experimental research design guided by the Donabedian Model of Healthcare Quality and Lewin’s Change Model. Pretest and posttest knowledge, confidence, attitude, and perceptions were obtained …
Quality Improvement Project: Educating Nursing Faculty On Medication Administration Labs To Improve Student Competency, Chelsea Pacheco
Quality Improvement Project: Educating Nursing Faculty On Medication Administration Labs To Improve Student Competency, Chelsea Pacheco
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Medication administration errors are a leading cause of preventable harm in healthcare. Faculty play a critical role in ensuring nursing students develop the knowledge and confidence to give medications safely. A needs assessment at the project site revealed that only course coordinators were teaching medication administration and dosage calculation, leaving other faculty uncertain about how to teach these skills. This quality improvement project aimed to strengthen faculty confidence and create consistency in first-year instruction through a recorded educational video. Constructivist Learning Theory provided the foundation for active, experience-based learning. Lewin’s Change Theory guided the structured implementation process to support adoption …
Quality Improvement Project: Enhancing Diabetes Management Through Continuous Glucose Monitoring Device Education Among Providers Of Underserved Groups, Shaibu Rashid
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
This quality improvement project aimed to enhance diabetes management among underserved populations by increasing provider confidence and utilization of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices in a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC). Despite CGM being recognized as a standard of care for patients requiring intensive insulin therapy, its adoption in FQHCs remains limited due to provider knowledge gaps, financial barriers, and workflow challenges. Based on Kurt Lewin’s change theory, the project employed a quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design to evaluate the impact of an evidence-based educational intervention among six family practice providers. The intervention included interactive sessions on CGM device use, data …
Quality Improvement Project: Enhancing Learning Through Structured Debriefing In Simulation, Catherine Jones
Quality Improvement Project: Enhancing Learning Through Structured Debriefing In Simulation, Catherine Jones
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
This quality improvement (QI) project examined the impact of structured debriefing training on nursing faculty perceptions of confidence, competence, and skill in simulation-based education (SBE) at a northeast Texas community college. The problem addressed was the lack of a standardized debriefing process, leading to inconsistent faculty practices and variable student learning outcomes. The QI project, guided by the National League for Nursing (NLN) Jeffries Simulation Theory and Lewin’s Change Theory, used a one-group pretest–posttest design to evaluate faculty outcomes following training in Debriefing for Meaningful Learning (DML) and guided self-evaluation using the Debriefing Assessment for Simulation in Healthcare (DASH) Instructor …
Shared Decision Making In Women's Health: A Quality Improvement Project, Brittney Butler
Shared Decision Making In Women's Health: A Quality Improvement Project, Brittney Butler
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Shared decision-making (SDM) is the best practice in contraceptive counseling, yet it remains underutilized in primary care, particularly within underserved communities. Limited SDM use reduces patient autonomy, weakens satisfaction, and contributes to inconsistent documentation. This quality improvement (QI) project aimed to evaluate whether an educational intervention on SDM for contraceptive counseling improved provider self-efficacy and the electronic medical record (EMR) documentation of SDM practices. Guided by Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory and Lewin’s Change Management Model, the project sought to enhance provider confidence and foster sustainable behavioral change. A quasi-experimental, one-group pretest–posttest design was implemented at a rural Federally Qualified Health …
Improving Pharmacovigilance Via Systematic Gass Screening And Interdisciplinary Collaboration In The Outpatient Setting, Dustin Bower
Improving Pharmacovigilance Via Systematic Gass Screening And Interdisciplinary Collaboration In The Outpatient Setting, Dustin Bower
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
The goal of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) quality improvement project was to enhance pharmacovigilance practices among non-medical mental health providers (NMMHPs) in an outpatient psychiatric setting. The project addressed the issue of limited recognition and reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) by NMMHPs, which can lead to delays in clinical intervention and compromise patient safety. To tackle this problem, a quasi-experimental, pre–post intervention design was employed. Two evidence-based strategies were implemented: (a) eight weekly collaborative training sessions that focused on identifying, documenting, and communicating ADRs, and (b) the integration of the Glasgow Antipsychotic Side-Effect Scale (GASS) into the …
Enhancing Provider Knowledge And Compliance With Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Through Education: A 4-Week Plan, Maureen Odemena
Enhancing Provider Knowledge And Compliance With Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Through Education: A 4-Week Plan, Maureen Odemena
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision impairment that can be prevented if found and treated early. Inadequate provider knowledge and adherence to guidelines, and low referral rates for screening at the project site, highlighted the need for targeted training. Studies show that evidence-based education plans improve engagement in DR screening. This quality improvement (QI) project aimed to impact knowledge, self-efficacy, and compliance among healthcare providers (HCPs—nurse practitioners and physicians) and increase screening rates by implementing an American Diabetes Association (ADA) guideline-based education plan over 4 weeks. Based on the health belief model and Kurt Lewin’s change theory, …
Quality Improvement Project: Empowering Nurse Educators: Implementing A Mentoring Program For Professional Growth, Sarah Sugg
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
With the ongoing nursing shortage, nursing education plays a vital role in shaping the future of healthcare through the preparation of competent and skilled nurses. Literature supports that a persistent challenge within nursing academia is the lack of structured mentoring programs to support novice nursing faculty transitioning into academic roles. This quality improvement project addressed this gap through the implementation of a structured, evidence-based mentoring program compared to informal mentoring. The purpose of the project was to empower novice nursing faculty with less than three years of teaching experience by enhancing teaching competence, confidence, job satisfaction, and retention. Guided by …
Quality Improvement Project: Increasing Breast Cancer Screening Rates Among Women Ages 40-74 At A Federally Qualified Health Center By Implementing A Provider Alert Tool, Tiny Stephens
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Breast cancer maintains its position as the leading cause of cancer-related death for women worldwide and remains the second deadliest cancer among female patients in the United States (Centers for Disease Control, 2024). The screening rates at Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), which serve medically underserved communities, remain lower than national benchmarks, thus putting their patients at risk for receiving late-stage cancer diagnoses. This quality improvement project implemented an evidence-based electronic medical record (EMR) provider alert tool at a Northeast Georgia FQHC to address a baseline mammogram order compliance rate falling below national standards at 45%. The project aimed to …
Quality Improvement Project Nursing Student Retention Strategies: A Focus On Peer Mentoring, Anh Vittoria
Quality Improvement Project Nursing Student Retention Strategies: A Focus On Peer Mentoring, Anh Vittoria
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
The nursing shortage remains a concern in healthcare. Increasing the number of students who complete nursing programs and enter the profession can help with the demand for nurses in the workforce. Nursing programs face challenges with student retention, which limits the number of nurses entering the profession. The quality improvement project aimed to examine the effects of a peer mentorship program on first-year associate degree nursing students’ perception of support and course completion rates. The purpose is to impact student retention and sense of support in an Associate Degree Nursing Program (ADN) through peer mentorship. The project was guided by …
Quality Improvement Project Enhancing Documentation Practices In Community Mental Health Clinics, Carol Parker
Quality Improvement Project Enhancing Documentation Practices In Community Mental Health Clinics, Carol Parker
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Accurate and timely documentation are essential for safe, high-quality care in community mental health settings. This quality improvement (QI) project addressed inconsistent documentation practices among licensed, unlicensed, and Qualified Mental Health Specialist (QMHS) staff at an outpatient clinic. The purpose of the QI project was to implement and assess a structured in-service training program using the Accountable Health Communities–Health-Related Social Needs (AHC-HRSN) screening and documentation tool to improve staff knowledge, enhance documentation accuracy, and facilitate care coordination. Guided by the Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice and Lewin’s Change Management Model, a pre- and post-intervention design was used. Fifteen staff members …
Enhancing Mental Health Providers' Approach To Medication Adherence In Schizophrenia Patients Using Motivational Interviewing Techniques., Jacinta Madu
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Medication non-adherence among individuals with schizophrenia remains a persistent challenge that undermines symptom management and increases relapse and hospitalization rates. This quality improvement (QI) project aimed to evaluate the effect of Motivational Interviewing (MI) training on provider knowledge and confidence in promoting medication adherence within an outpatient mental health clinic. Guided by Lewin’s Change Theory and the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) framework, a quasi-experimental pre–post design was used. Six providers, including psychiatric nurse practitioners, therapists, a psychiatrist, and a registered nurse, participated in a structured MI training session incorporating didactic instruction and role-play exercises. Data were collected using pre- and post-intervention surveys …
Quality Improvement Project: Effect Of Multi-Level Student Collaboration On Clinical Judgment In High-Fidelity Simulation, Jillian Carroll
Quality Improvement Project: Effect Of Multi-Level Student Collaboration On Clinical Judgment In High-Fidelity Simulation, Jillian Carroll
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
There is a gap in undergraduate nursing curriculum on incorporating collaboration and communication into patient care, leading to a lack of competence and confidence in novice practice. Using collaboration in high-fidelity simulation, students gain real-world exposure and opportunities to communicate and make independent decisions. Using Kotter’s eight-step change theory, this project addresses the limited exposure to collaboration by implementing purposeful interdisciplinary collaboration within high-fidelity simulation to improve undergraduate nursing students’ confidence and competence in nursing practice. This will build on Patricia Benner’s novice-to-expert theory and help advance Associate Degree Nursing (ADN) students into a safe and effective novice year of …
Quality Improvement Project: Impact Of A Brief Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program For Healthcare Providers Who Evaluate Veterans, Peng Anderson
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Long-term stress can lead to healthcare provider burnout. Mindfulness-based interventions, even when shortened, may provide a promising and innovative method to reduce stress and prevent burnout. Research on mindfulness programs has demonstrated significant benefits for both providers and patients. This quality improvement project aims to evaluate the effect of a brief mindfulness-based stress reduction program (MBSR) for providers who evaluate veterans on the variable of mindfulness awareness compared to current site practice. Lewin’s change management model and Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Theory were used. Plan-Do-Study-Act was the implementation framework applied. The design was pretest-posttest using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). …
Reduction In Patient Falls: A Quality Improvement Project, Jotis J. Lee
Reduction In Patient Falls: A Quality Improvement Project, Jotis J. Lee
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Patient falls remain one of the most frequent adverse events in hospital settings, leading to injury, prolonged hospital stays, and increased healthcare costs. The identified problem was high fall rates at a specialty hospital. The purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) quality improvement (QI) project was to evaluate the effectiveness of an evidence-based (EB) educational intervention, using the Fall TIPS (Tailoring Interventions for Patient Safety) toolkit, in improving direct care nursing staff’s knowledge, confidence, and perceived ability to implement fall prevention strategies for high-risk patients. The aim was to improve the nursing staff’s knowledge, confidence, and perceived ability …
Improving Post-Resuscitation Debriefing Completion Rates In An Acute Care Community Hospital: A Quality Improvement Project, Tiffany Tolden
Improving Post-Resuscitation Debriefing Completion Rates In An Acute Care Community Hospital: A Quality Improvement Project, Tiffany Tolden
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Background: Post-resuscitation debriefing improves team dynamics and CPR quality and can identify systemic barriers to quality care delivery. However, completion rates remain low in acute care settings. Purpose: This quality improvement project evaluated whether a one-hour training session for rapid response nurses and charge nurses, combined with weekly reminder emails, would increase completion rates of post-resuscitation debriefings and influence nurses’ perceptions of their usefulness in an acute care community hospital. PICOT Questions: Will a one-hour training session (I) with rapid response nurses and unit charge nurses (P), along with a weekly reminder system (I), increase the completion rate (O) of …
Evaluating Healthcare Professionals’ Perceptions Of The Ist Algorithm In Maternal-Fetal Health Clinic: Usability And Satisfaction, Terri Taylor
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Background: Standardizing substance-use screening in perinatal care is essential for optimizing clinical decision-making and promoting equitable patient outcomes. To address gaps, the Integrated Screening Tool (IST) algorithm was introduced in a Maternal–Fetal Medicine (MFM) clinic. However, 2023 data revealed inconsistent utilization. Evaluation Question: This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project evaluated: (1) How do nurse practitioners, medical doctors, and registered nurses perceive the usability of the IST algorithm for standardized drug screening in pregnancy? (2) How do these providers rate their satisfaction with the IST algorithm in managing patients with positive drug screens? Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with …
Implementing A Nurse Navigator Role In An Outpatient Procedural Setting To Improve Patient Satisfaction Scores: A Quality Improvement Project, Lashanti King
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Much focus has been placed on patient experience since the Affordable Care Act was signed into law in 2010 due to its regulatory, financial, and business growth implications. Patient satisfaction is crucial to maintaining and growing a customer base and fulfilling the target growth established in institutional strategic plans. This project aimed to determine whether implementing a nurse navigator role to perform rounds in the preoperative and waiting areas for two months would increase patient-reported satisfaction scores regarding being informed about delays and the likelihood of recommending the facility. Due to its subjective nature, it is challenging to consistently maintain …
Implementing Phq-2 In An Outpatient Mental Health Practice, Krishona Poignard
Implementing Phq-2 In An Outpatient Mental Health Practice, Krishona Poignard
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Depression remains widely underidentified in outpatient behavioral health settings, where variable screening practices limit early recognition and appropriate treatment. This quality improvement project addressed this gap by standardizing screening through targeted clinician education. The purpose was to improve clinician confidence and adherence to validated tools, specifically the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and, when indicated, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The project aimed to increase consistent tool use through an evidence-based educational intervention guided by Lewin’s Change Theory and the Iowa Implementation for Sustainability Framework. A quasi-experimental, single-group pretest–posttest design was employed with licensed clinical staff, including licensed social workers (LSWs), …