Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Detection Of Active Caspase-3 In Mouse Models Of Stroke And Alzheimer's Disease With A Novel Dual Positron Emission Tomography/Fluorescent Tracer [68ga]Ga-Tc3-Ogdota., Valeriy G Ostapchenko, Jonatan Snir, Mojmir Suchy, Jue Fan, M.Rebecca Cobb, Blaine Chronik, Michael Kovacs, Vania F. Prado, Robert H.E. Hudson, Stephen H. Pasternak, Marco A.M. Prado, Robert Bartha

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

Apoptosis is a feature of stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet there is no accepted method to detect or follow apoptosis in the brain in vivo. We developed a bifunctional tracer [Ga-68]Ga-TC3-OGDOTA containing a cell-penetrating peptide separated from fluorescent Oregon Green and Ga-68-bound labels by the caspase-3 recognition peptide DEVD. We hypothesized that this design would allow [Ga-68]Ga-TC3-OGDOTA to accumulate in apoptotic cells. In vitro, Ga-TC3-OGDOTA labeled apoptotic neurons following exposure to camptothecin, oxygen-glucose deprivation, and -amyloid oligomers. In vivo, PET showed accumulation of [Ga-68]Ga-TC3-OGDOTA in the brain of mouse models of stroke or AD. Optical clearing revealed colocalization of …

Dissociable Cognitive Impairments In Two Strains Of Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice Revealed By A Battery Of Object-Based Tests, Samantha D. Creighton, Ari L. Mendell, Daniel Palmer, Bettina E. Kalisch, Neil J. Maclusky, Vania F Prado, Marco A.M Prado, Boyer D. Winters

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

Object recognition tasks detect cognitive deficits in transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. Object recognition, however, is not a unitary process, and there are many uncharacterized facets of object processing with relevance to AD. We therefore systematically evaluated object processing in 5xFAD and 3xTG AD mice to clarify the nature of object recognition-related deficits. Twelve-month-old male and female 5xFAD and 3xTG mice were assessed on tasks for object identity recognition, spatial recognition, and multisensory object perception. Memory and multisensory perceptual impairments were observed, with interesting dissociations between transgenic AD strains and sex that paralleled neuropathological changes. Overreliance on the widespread …

Mutational Analysis Of Head And Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stratified By Smoking Status., Farhad Ghasemi, Stephenie D Prokopec, Danielle Macneil, Neil Mundi, Steven F Gameiro, Christopher Howlett, William Stecho, Paul Plantinga, Nicole Pinto, Kara M Ruicci, Mohammed Imran Khan, John Yoo, Kevin Fung, Axel Sahovaler, David A Palma, Eric Winquist, Joe S Mymryk, John W Barrett, Paul C Boutros, Anthony C Nichols

Paediatrics Publications

Smoking has historically been recognized as a negative prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study aimed to assess the mutational differences between heavy smokers (>20 pack years) and never smokers among the HNSCC patients within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Single nucleotide variation and copy number aberration differences between heavy smokers and never smokers were compared within human papillomavirus-positive (HPV-positive) (n = 67) and HPV-negative (n = 431) TCGA cohorts with HNSCC, and the impact of these mutations on survival were assessed. No genes were differentially mutated between smoking and never-smoking patients with HPV-positive …

Oscillometry And Pulmonary Magnetic Resonance Imaging In Asthma And Copd, Rachel L Eddy, Andrew Westcott, Geoffrey N Maksym, Grace Parraga, Ronald J Dandurand

Medical Biophysics Publications

Developed over six decades ago, pulmonary oscillometry has re-emerged as a noninvasive and effort-independent method for evaluating respiratory-system impedance in patients with obstructive lung disease. Here, we evaluated the relationships between hyperpolarized

Radiation Dose Estimation By Completely Automated Interpretation Of The Dicentric Chromosome Assay, Peter Rogan, Yanxin Li, Ben Shirley, Ruth Wilkins, Farrah Norton, Joan Knoll

Biochemistry Publications

Accuracy of the automated dicentric chromosome (DC) assay relies on metaphase image selection. This study validates a software framework to find the best image selection models that mitigate inter-sample variability. Evaluation methods to determine model quality include the Poisson goodness-of-fit of DC distributions for each sample, residuals after calibration curve fitting and leave-one-out dose estimation errors. The process iteratively searches a pool of selection model candidates by modifying statistical and filter cut-offs to rank the best candidates according to their respective evaluation scores. Evaluation scores minimize the sum of squared errors relative to the actual radiation dose of the calibration …

Effects Of Prenatal Exercise On Fetal Heart Rate, Umbilical And Uterine Blood Flow: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Rachel J. Skow, Margie H. Davenport, Michelle Mottola, Gregory A. Davies, Veronica J. Poitras, Casey E. Gray, Alejandra Jaramillo Garcia, Nick Barrowman, Victoria L. Meah, Linda G. Slater, Kristi B. Adamo, Ruben Barakat, Stephanie-May Ruchat

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the influence of acute and chronic prenatal exercise on fetal heart rate (FHR) and umbilical and uterine blood flow metrics.

Design Systematic review with random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression.

Data sources Online databases were searched up to 6 January 2017.

Study eligibility criteria Studies of all designs were included (except case studies) if published in English, Spanish or French, and contained information on the population (pregnant women without contraindication to exercise), intervention (subjective or objective measures of frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of exercise, alone [“exercise-only”] or in combination with other …

Cdk4 Inhibitors Thwart Immunity By Inhibiting Phospho-Rb-Nf-Kb Complexes, Seung J. Kim, Samuel Asfaha, Frederick A. Dick

Paediatrics Publications

PD-L1 plays a central role in immune recognition of cancer cells. In this issue of Molecular Cell, Jin et al. (2019) report that a phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein contacts the DNA-binding domain of p65 NF-kB, thereby blocking transcription of PD-L1.

Ctcf Governs The Identity And Migration Of Mge-Derived Cortical Interneurons., Adrienne Elbert, Daniel Vogt, Ashley Watson, Michael Levy, Yan Jiang, Emilie Brûlé, Megan E Rowland, John Rubenstein, Nathalie G Bérubé

Paediatrics Publications

The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a central regulator of chromatin topology recently linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism, and schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to identify novel roles of CTCF in the developing mouse brain. We provide evidence that CTCF is required for the expression of the LIM homeodomain factor LHX6 involved in fate determination of cortical interneurons (CINs) that originate in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). Conditional

A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Evaluation Of A Universal Healthy Relationships Promotion Program For Youth, Deinera Exner-Cortens, David Wolfe, Claire Crooks, Debbie G. Chiodo Ms.

Journal Articles

Bullying and mental health problems are pressing concerns for adolescents. Given their burden, we need to find efficacious ways to prevent these experiences. However, existing prevention programs tend to be single-issue and may not focus on the universal capacities required to reduce these problems among youth. To this end, we evaluated the universal, small groups Healthy Relationships Plus (HRP) program, which focuses on the promotion of positive mental health and the reduction of bullying and substance misuse. A sample of 212 youth from Southwestern Ontario were randomly assigned to the HRP or an attention-control condition over an 8-day period during …

Developmental Trajectories And Reference Percentiles For Range Of Motion, Endurance, And Muscle Strength Of Children With Cerebral Palsy., Lynn M Jeffries, Alyssa Laforme Fiss, Sarah Westcott Mccoy, Doreen Bartlett, Lisa Avery, Steven Hanna

Physical Therapy Publications

BACKGROUND: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) frequently present with secondary impairments in spinal alignment and extremity range of motion, endurance for activity, and muscle strength. Creation of developmental trajectories for these impairments will help guide clinical decision-making.

OBJECTIVE: For children in each level of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) this study aimed to: (1) create longitudinal developmental trajectories for range of motion (Spinal Alignment and Range of Motion Measures [SAROMM]), endurance (Early Activity Scale for Endurance [EASE]), and functional strength (Functional Strength Assessment [FSA]); and (2) develop age-specific reference percentiles and amount of change typical over 1 year …

Exploring The Physical Activity And Screen- Viewing-Related Knowledge, Training, And Self-Efficacy Of Early Childhood Education Candidates, Brianne Bruijns, Kristi Adamo, Shauna Burke, Valerie Carson, Jennifer Irwin, Patti-Jean Naylor, Brian Timmons, Leigh Vanderloo, Patricia Tucker

Health Studies Publications

Background: Early childhood educators greatly influence young children’s physical activity and screen-viewing behaviours in childcare. However, educators have requested additional training in physical activity programming, and one logical place to provide this education is during their pre-service schooling. This study explored the physical activity and screen-viewing-related knowledge, training, and self-efficacy of early childhood education (ECE) candidates across Canada, to determine their confidence and ability to facilitate physical activity opportunities and limit screen-viewing among young children in childcare.Methods: Key program personnel at 61 (of 110) Canadian colleges/universities offering an ECE program agreed to participate in this cross-sectional study. An online survey …

Liquid Mosquito Repellent Ingestion In Children, Saptharishi Lalgudi Ganesan, Mounika V. Reddy, Karthik Narayanan Ramalingam, Muralidharan Jayashree, Sunit C. Singhi, Karthi Nallasamy, Arun Bansal, Arun K. Baranwal

Data and Test Instruments

No abstract provided.

Electrographic Seizure Burden And Outcomes Following Pediatric Status Epilepticus, Saptharishi Lalgudi Ganesan, Cecil Hahn

Data and Test Instruments

No abstract provided.

Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infections In Acutely Ill Children: A Retrospective Case-Control Study, Saptharishi Lalgudi Ganesan, Ankita Mehta, Md, Keshavmurthy Lakshmikantha, Muralidharan Jayashree, Vikas Gautam, Pallab Ray

Data and Test Instruments

No abstract provided.

Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Cells Are Vulnerable To Low Intensity Electric Fields Delivered By Intratumoral Modulation Therapy, Andrew Deweyert, Erin Iredale, Hu Xu, Eugene Wong, Susanne Schmid, Matthew O. Hebb

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

Introduction

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a high fatality pediatric brain cancer without effective treatment. The field of electrotherapeutics offers new potential for other forms of glioma but the efficacy of this strategy has not been reported for DIPG. This pilot study evaluated the susceptibility of patient-derived DIPG cells to low intensity electric fields delivered using a developing technology called intratumoral modulation therapy (IMT).

Methods

DIPG cells from autopsy specimens were treated with a custom-designed, in vitro IMT system. Computer-generated electric field simulation was performed to quantify IMT amplitude and distribution using continuous, low intensity, intermediate frequency stimulation parameters. …

Double Deletion Of Panx1 And Panx3 Affects Skin And Bone But Not Hearing, J M. Abitbol, B L. O'Donnell, C B. Wakefield, E Jewlal, J J. Kelly, K Barr, K E. Willmore, B. L. Allman, S Penuela

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

Pannexins (Panxs), large-pore channel forming glycoproteins, are expressed in a wide variety of tissues including the skin, bone, and cochlea. To date, the use of single knock-out mouse models of both Panx1 and Panx3 have demonstrated their roles in skin development, bone formation, and auditory phenotypes. Due to sequence homology between Panx1 and Panx3, when one Panx is ablated from germline, the other may be upregulated in a compensatory mechanism to maintain tissue homeostasis and function. To evaluate the roles of Panx1 and Panx3 in the skin, bone, and cochlea, we created the first Panx1/Panx3 double knock-out mouse model (dKO). …

Forebrain Cholinergic Signaling Regulates Innate Immune Responses And Inflammation, Ashbeel Roy, Vania F. Prado, Marco A.M Prado, Robert Gros, Kurt R. Lehner, Harold A. Silvernman, Meghan E. Addorissio, Mohammed A. Al-Onaizi, Yaakov Levine, Peder S. Olofsson, Sangeeta S. Chavan, Neil M. Nathanson, Yousef Al-Abed, Christine N. Metz, Kevin J. Tracey, Valentin A. Pavlov

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

The brain regulates physiological functions integral to survival. However, the insight into brain neuronal regulation of peripheral immune function and the neuromediator systems and pathways involved remains limited. Here, utilizing selective genetic and pharmacological approaches, we studied the role of forebrain cholinergic signaling in the regulation of peripheral immune function and inflammation. Forebrain-selective genetic ablation of acetylcholine release and vagotomy abolished the suppression of serum TNF by the centrally-acting cholinergic drug galantamine in murine endotoxemia. Selective stimulation of acetylcholine action on the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR) by central administration of the positive allosteric modulator benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid …

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow Of The Supermassive Black Hole, Aaron Faber, Kazunori Akiyama, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball, Mislav Baloković, John Barrett, Dan Bintley

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 +/- 3 mu as, …

The Connexin 30 A88v Mutant Reduces Cochlear Gap Junction Expression And Confers Long-Term Protection Against Hearing Loss, John J. Kelly, Julia Abitbol, Stephanie Hulme, Eric R. Press, Dale Laird, Brian L. Allman

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

Mutations in the genes that encode the gap junction proteins connexin 26 (Cx26, encoded by GJB2) and Cx30 (GJB6) are the leading cause of hereditary hearing loss. That said, the Cx30 p.Ala88Val (A88V) mutant causes Clouston syndrome, but not hearing loss. Here, we report that the Cx30-A88V mutant, despite being toxic to inner ear-derived HEI-OC1 cells, conferred remarkable long-term protection against age-related high frequency hearing loss in Cx30(A88V/A88V) mice. During early development, there were no overt structural differences in the cochlea between genotypes, including a normal complement of hair cells; however, the supporting cell Cx30 gap junction plaques in mutant …

Inhibition Of Pannexin 1 Reduces The Tumorigenic Properties Of Human Melanoma Cells, Taylor J. Freeman, Samar Sayedyahossein, Rafael E. Sanchez-Pupo, Brooke O'Donnell, Kenneth Huang, Zameena Lakhani, Daniel Nouri-Nejad, Kevin J. Barr, Luke Harland, Steven Latosinsky, Aaron Grant, Lina Dagnino, Silvia Penuela

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

Pannexin 1 (PANX1) is a channel-forming glycoprotein expressed in many tissues including the skin. PANX1 channels allow the passage of ions and molecules up to 1 kDa, including ATP and other metabolites. In this study, we show that PANX1 is highly expressed in human melanoma tumors at all stages of disease progression, as well as in patient-derived cells and established melanoma cell lines. Reducing PANX1 protein levels using shRNA or inhibiting channel function with the channel blockers, carbenoxolone (CBX) and probenecid (PBN), significantly decreased cell growth and migration, and increased melanin production in A375-P and A375-MA2 cell lines. Further, treatment …

The Loss Of Atrx Increases Susceptibility To Pancreatic Injury And Oncogenic Kras In Female But Not Male Mice, Claire C. Young, Ryan M. Baker, Christopher J. Howlett, Todd Hryciw, Joshua E. Herman, Douglas Higgs, Richard Gibbons, Howard Crawford, Arthur Brown, Christopher L. Pin

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

Female mice lacking ATRX in the pancreas have increased sensitivity to pancreatic cancer, whereas male mice without ATRX are protected. This study identifies such susceptibility in pancreatic cancer and highlights the need for sex-specific approaches in cancer treatment. BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in North America, accounting for >30,000 deaths annually. Although somatic activating mutations in KRAS appear in 97% of PDAC patients, additional factors are required to initiate PDAC. Because mutations in genes encoding chromatin remodelling proteins have been implicated in KRAS-mediated PDAC, we investigated whether loss of chromatin remodeler.-thalassemia, mental-retardation, …

Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-6 Promotes The Differentiation Of Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells Into Skeletal Muscle Independent Of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor-1 And Insulin Receptor., Doaa Aboalola, Victor K M Han

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

As mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being investigated for regenerative therapies to be used in the clinic, delineating the roles of the IGF system in MSC growth and differentiation,

Twinkle-Associated Mitochondrial Dna Depletion., Salma Remtulla, Cam-Tu Emilie Nguyen, Chitra Prasad, Craig Campbell

Paediatrics Publications

BACKGROUND: Autosomal recessive mutations in the nuclear Twinkle (C10orf2) gene cause a mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS) characterized by early onset hepatoencephalopathy.

METHODS: We report a severe, early onset encephalopathy and multisystem failure case caused by novel recessive Twinkle gene mutations. Patient clinical, laboratory, and pathological features are reported and Twinkle-associated MDS literature reviewed.

RESULTS: Typical presentation includes symptom onset before age six months, failure to thrive, psychomotor regression, epileptic encephalopathy, sensory axonal neuropathy, cholestatic liver dysfunction, and occasionally, renal tubulopathy, movement disorders, and ophthalmoplegia. Death is typical before age four years.

CONCLUSIONS: In the differential diagnosis of early onset …

The Loss Of Atrx Increases Susceptibility To Pancreatic Injury And Oncogenic Kras In Female But Not Male Mice., Claire C Young, Ryan M Baker, Christopher J Howlett, Todd Hryciw, Joshua E Herman, Douglas Higgs, Richard Gibbons, Howard Crawford, Arthur Brown, Christopher L Pin

Paediatrics Publications

Background

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in North America, accounting for >30,000 deaths annually. Although somatic activating mutations in KRAS appear in 97% of PDAC patients, additional factors are required to initiate PDAC. Because mutations in genes encoding chromatin remodelling proteins have been implicated in KRAS-mediated PDAC, we investigated whether loss of chromatin remodeler ɑ-thalassemia, mental-retardation, X-linked (ATRX) affects oncogenic KRAS’s ability to promote PDAC. ATRX affects DNA replication, repair, and gene expression and is implicated in other cancers including glioblastomas and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The hypothesis was that deletion of Atrx …

Linked Mri Signatures Of The Brain's Acute And Persistent Response To Concussion In Female Varsity Rugby Players., Kathryn Y Manning, Alberto Llera, Gregory A Dekaban, Robert Bartha, Christy Barreira, Arthur Brown, Lisa Fischer, Tatiana Jevremovic, Kevin Blackney, Timothy J Doherty, Douglas D Fraser, Jeff Holmes, Christian F Beckmann, Ravi S Menon

Paediatrics Publications

Acute brain changes are expected after concussion, yet there is growing evidence of persistent abnormalities well beyond clinical recovery and clearance to return to play. Multiparametric MRI is a powerful approach to non-invasively study structure-function relationships in the brain, however it remains challenging to interpret the complex and heterogeneous cascade of brain changes that manifest after concussion. Emerging conjunctive, data-driven analysis approaches like linked independent component analysis can integrate structural and functional imaging data to produce linked components that describe the shared inter-subject variance across images. These linked components not only offer the potential of a more comprehensive understanding of …

Comprehensive Evaluation Of Right Heart Performance And Pulmonary Hemodynamics In Neonatal Pulmonary Hypertension: Evaluation Of Cardiopulmonary Performance In Neonatal Pulmonary Hypertension, Soume Bhattacharya, Shawn Sen, Philip T. Levy, Danielle R. Rios

Paediatrics Publications

Purpose of review: Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by an elevation of pulmonary artery pressures and prolonged exposure of the right ventricle to high afterload that collectively contribute to morbidity and mortality in both the term and preterm infants. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, etiologies, and hemodynamic profiles of the conditions that result in pulmonary hypertension in neonates. We explore the application of echocardiographic techniques for the assessment of right ventricular performance and pulmonary hemodynamics that enhance and guide the diagnosis and management strategies in neonates. Recent findings: Clinical assessments based on the determinants of mean pulmonary artery pressures (pulmonary vascular …

Surgical Technique For Developing A Rabbit Model Of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia And Tracheal Occlusion, M. Mudri, S. A. Smith, C. Vander Tuin, J. Davidson, T. R.H. Regnault, A. Bütter

Paediatrics Publications

The surgical model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has been utilized in exploring treatments and innovative therapies, such as tracheal occlusion (TO). The rabbit is an excellent surgical model compared to others due to lower cost, ease of care, short gestational period, and large litter size. This model is also ideal in studying lung hypoplasia of CDH because rabbit lung development is most similar to humans as alveolarization begins prior to birth and continues post-natally. However, the surgical technique in creating a rabbit model of CDH is quite difficult and information is lacking on how to establish this model. Therefore, …

Direct Genetics Referral Pathway For High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Patients: The "Opt-Out" Process, Jacob Mcgee, Teresa M. Peart, Norine Foley, Monique Bertrand, Michel Prefontaine, Akira Sugimoto, Helen Ettler, Stephen Welch, Karen Panabaker

Obstetrics & Gynaecology Publications

Purpose. In order to meet a clinical need for better pathways to access genetic testing for ovarian cancer patients, we implemented and reviewed an opt-out referral process for genetic consultation whereby a referral is automatically sent to genetics following a pathological diagnosis of HGSC. Methods. Following implementation of the opt-out referral process, each month a list of new cases of HGSC was generated from the synoptic pathology report and forwarded directly to the Cancer Genetics clinic. Using an advanced directive, patients were automatically referred for genetic counselling two months after surgery. If the patient declined genetic counselling (opted-out) after discussion …

White Matter Biomarkers Associated With Motor Change In Individuals With Stroke: A Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation Study, K P Wadden, Sue Peters, M R Borich, J L Neva, K S Hayward, C S Mang, N J Snow, K E Brown, T S Woodward, S K Meehan, L A Boyd

Physical Therapy Publications

Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) is a form of noninvasive repetitive brain stimulation that, when delivered over the contralesional hemisphere, can influence the excitability of the ipsilesional hemisphere in individuals with stroke. cTBS applied prior to skilled motor practice interventions may augment motor learning; however, there is a high degree of variability in individual response to this intervention. The main objective of the present study was to assess white matter biomarkers of response to cTBS paired with skilled motor practice in individuals with chronic stroke. We tested the effects of stimulation of the contralesional hemisphere at the site of the …

The Effects Of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) On The Neurophysiology Of The Monkey Caudal Prefrontal Cortex, Sébastien Tremblay, Florian Pieper, Adam Sachs, Ridha Joober, Julio Martinez-Trujillo

Physiology and Pharmacology Publications

© 2019 Tremblay et al. Methylphenidate (MPH), commonly known as Ritalin, is the most widely prescribed drug worldwide to treat patients with attention deficit disorders. Although MPH is thought to modulate catecholamine neurotransmission in the brain, it remains unclear how these neurochemical effects influence neuronal activity and lead to attentional enhancements. Studies in rodents overwhelmingly point to the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) as a main site of action of MPH. To understand the mechanism of action of MPH in a primate brain, we recorded the responses of neuronal populations using chronic multielectrode arrays implanted in the caudal LPFC of two …