Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Behavioral Assessment And Hplc/Ms/Ms Identification Of The Synthetic Cannabinoid, Cp47,497, In Mice, Kimberly L. Samano

Theses and Dissertations

CP47,497 and other synthetic cannabinoid compounds were incipiently synthesized as research tools to investigate the mechanisms by which marijuana affects the brain and to aid in the development of therapeutic agents. Recently, these cannabinoid compounds have resurfaced in the designer drug market, marketed as “herbal incense products” (HIPs). Their popular use has resulted in an alarming rate of reported adverse effects and toxicities. Current legislation classified CP47,497 and several other synthetic cannabinoids compounds as Schedule I agents, but abuse of these compounds persists with serious consequences to public health and safety. In vivo studies examining the behavioral consequences of abused …

Access To Therapy For Children With Autism: A Population-Based Analysis, Teal W. Benevides

Theses and Dissertations

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represent a growing category of children who have special health care needs. Recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates suggest that 1 in 88 children in the United States have an ASD (CDC, 2012). Due to difficulty with communication, social skills, and restricted and/or repetitive behaviors that comprise current diagnostic criteria (APA, 2013), children with ASD require significant medical, mental health, and therapeutic supports that contribute to greater heath care utilization costs than persons without ASD (e.g., Shimabukuro, Grosse, & Rice, 2008). Therapies such as occupational, physical, and speech therapy are among …

Multimodality Molecular Imaging Of [18f]-Fluorinated Carboplatin Derivative Encapsulated In [111in]-Labeled Liposome, Narottam Lamichhane

Theses and Dissertations

Platinum based chemotherapy is amongst the mainstream DNA-damaging agents used in clinical cancer therapy today. Agents such as cisplatin, carboplatin are clinically prescribed for the treatment of solid tumors either as single agents, in combination, or as part of multi-modality treatment strategy. Despite the potent anti-tumor activity of these drugs, overall effectiveness is still hampered by inadequate delivery and retention of drug in tumor and unwanted normal tissue toxicity, induced by non-selective accumulation of drug in normal cells and tissues. Utilizing molecular imaging and nanoparticle technologies, this thesis aims to contribute to better understanding of how to improve the profile …

The Impact Of Geography, Training, And Experience On Scope Of Practice Among Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists, Jennifer Greenwood

Theses and Dissertations

The role of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) in the delivery of anesthesia care is evolving given the recent recommendations for Institute of Medicine and provisions in the Affordable Care Act. Despite rigorous clinical training and consistent outcomes studies to support quality care given by CRNAs, the scope of practice of nurse anesthetists is frequently limited, and they do not practice to the full extent of their education and training. As health care spending becomes more constrained and demand for anesthesia services rises, the role of nurse anesthetists as more autonomous providers of anesthesia may be required to maintain access …

A Direct And Indirect Mechanism For Ccr5 In Morphine And Hiv-1 Mediated Neurodegeneration, Elizabeth Podhaizer

Theses and Dissertations

A DIRECT AND INDIRECT MECHANISM FOR CCR5 IN OPIOID AND HIV-1 MEDIATED NEURODEGENERATION By Elizabeth M. Podhaizer, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014 Major Director: Kurt F. Hauser, Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacology & Toxicology Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection currently affects over 34 million people worldwide, and despite the use of cART, the prevalence of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive impairments (HAND) has not declined. Additionally, other co-morbid factors such as the abuse of injection drugs (i.e. heroin, morphine) increase both the frequency …

Targeting The Endocannabinoid Metabolic Enzymes To Reduce Inflammatory Pain, Sudeshna Ghosh

Theses and Dissertations

Pain is a debilitating condition that presents a problem of clinical relevance. Common analgesics include opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSIADs). Despite different degrees of effectiveness, a major drawback of these analgesic classes is their side effects. For example, side effects associated with opioids include pruritus, respiratory depression, hyperalgesia, constipation, dependence. In addition, chronic use of NSAIDs can cause gastric ulcers. Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of marijuana, produces antinociception in various preclinical models of pain. Similarly, many synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists produce antinociception in preclinical models of pain. However, their psychomimetic effects dampen interest for their therapeutic …

Combined Antiproliferative Effects Of The Aminoalkylindole Win55,212-2 And Radiation In Breast Cancer Cells, Sean Emery

Theses and Dissertations

The potential antitumor activity of mixed CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonists, such as the aminoalkylindole WIN55,212-2 (WIN2), has been extensively studied, but little information is available as to their potential interaction with conventional cancer therapies, such as ionizing radiation (IR). In the present work, we investigated the effects of WIN2 on the antiproliferative effects of radiation in human (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and murine (4T1) breast cancer cells, as well as an immortalized human breast epithelial cell line (MCF-10A). WIN2 or radiation alone inhibited breast tumor growth, while the combination of WIN2 and radiation was more effective than either agent alone in …

Genome-Wide And Gene-Based Association Studies Of Anxiety Disorders In European And African American Samples, Takeshi Otowa, Brion S. Maher, Steven H. Aggen, Joseph L. Mcclay, Edwin J. Van Den Oord, John M. Hettema

Psychiatry Publications

Anxiety disorders (ADs) are common mental disorders caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Since ADs are highly comorbid with each other, partially due to shared genetic basis, studying AD phenotypes in a coordinated manner may be a powerful strategy for identifying potential genetic loci for ADs. To detect these loci, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of ADs. In addition, as a complementary approach to single-locus analysis, we also conducted gene- and pathway-based analyses. GWAS data were derived from the control sample of the Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia (MGS) project (2,540 European American and 849 African American …

Specific Localization Of Β-Arrestin2 In Myenteric Plexus Of Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract, Hercules T. Maguma, Dipanjana D. De, Sukhada Bhave, William L. Dewey, Hamid I. Akbarali

Pharmacology and Toxicology Publications

Abstract

β-arrestin2 is a key molecule involved in signaling and internalization of activated G protein-coupled receptors including µ-opioid receptors (MOR). Previously we have shown that decreased expression of β-arrestin2 upon chronic morphine is associated with the development of opioid tolerance in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the localization of β-arrestin2 within the gastrointestinal wall is not known. In this study we found that β-arrestin2 is localized in the soma of a select group of neurons in the myenteric ganglia but not in smooth muscle. The density of β-arestin2 was significantly higher in the ileum than the colon. We identified four variants …

Activation Of Nlrp3 Inflammasomes Enhances Macrophage Lipid-Deposition And Migration: Implication Of A Novel Role Of Inflammasome In Atherogenesis, Xiang Li, Yang Zhang, Min Xia, Erich Gulbins, Krishna M. Boini, Pin-Lan Li

Pharmacology and Toxicology Publications

Although Nlrp3 inflammasome activation in macrophages has been shown to be critical for the development of atherosclerosis upon atherogenic stimuli, it remains unknown whether activated Nlrp3 inflammasomes by other non-atherogenic stimuli induce alterations in macrophages that may contribute in the concert with other factors to atherogenesis. Thus, the present study tested the hypothesis that activation of Nlrp3 inflammasomes by ATP, which is a classical non-lipid danger stimulus, enhances the migration of macrophage and increases lipids deposition in macrophages accelerating foam cell formation. We first demonstrated that extracellular ATP (2.5 mM) markedly increased the formation and activation of Nlrp3 inflammasomes in …

Toward A Robust Computational Screening Strategy For Identifying Glycosaminoglycan Sequences That Display High Specificity For Target Proteins, Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan, Umesh R. Desai

Medicinal Chemistry Publications

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) interact with many proteins to regulate processes such as hemostasis, cell adhesion, growth and differentiation and viral infection. Yet, majority of these interactions remain poorly understood at a molecular level. A major reason for this state is the phenomenal structural diversity of GAGs, which has precluded analysis of specificity of their interactions. We had earlier presented a computational protocol for predicting “high-specificity” GAG sequences based on combinatorial virtual library screening (CVLS) technology. In this work, we expand the robustness of this technology through rigorous studies of parameters affecting GAG recognition of proteins, especially antithrombin and thrombin. The CVLS …

Test Of Ideational Praxis (Tip): Preliminary Findings And Interrater And Test–Retest Reliability With Preschoolers, Shelly J. Lane, Carol K. Ivey, Teresa A. May-Benson

Occupational Therapy Publications

Praxis is the ability of the brain to develop an idea for action and plan, organize, and execute unfamiliar motor actions. It enables purposeful interaction with people and things in the environment. Ideation is central to praxis but has been little researched. This study investigated the reliability of the Test of Ideational Praxis (TIP) and examined ideational praxis in typical preschoolers. TIP performance for 78 preschoolers ages 3, 4, and 5 yr was videotaped and scored by two trained raters. The TIP has strong interrater reliability, supporting earlier findings. Further, we documented test–retest stability over 2 wk. As a group, …

Medical Literary Messenger (Vol. 2, No. 1, Fall 2014)

Medical Literary Messenger

Quiet Please Sickness / Cathleen Calbert -- Helping a seven year old with inoperable brain cancer write a poem for her sister / Kate Peterson -- Asking My Liver for Forgiveness / Rob Cook -- Synesthesia 2 / Catherine Harnett -- Tic / Molly Lazer -- The Bridge / Alexander Schloe -- Mother’s Milk and Cystic Fibrosis / Lizabeth Berkeley -- Fanny Brawne / William Miller -- artwork / Venus -- Cure / Anne Spollen -- Gene / Kate Peterson -- The Love Song of Elliot Blue / Jacqueline Kirkpatrick -- “Next” / Michael P. Stevens -- Structures / C.I.L. …

The Status Of The Scholarship Of Teaching And Learning In Dental Education, Sharon K. Lanning, Michelle Mcgregor, Geralyn Crain, Christopher J. Van Ness, Nancy T. Keselyak, John W. Killip

Periodontics Publications

The purpose of this study was to determine the current status of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) within academic dentistry. A twenty-two-item survey was distributed to faculty members of American Dental Education Association (ADEA) member schools asking about their awareness of SoTL practices, perceived barriers to SoTL application, and ways to enhance SoTL activity. Four hundred thirty surveys with equal distribution of assistant, associate, and full professors were received (this may be considered a response rate of 5.4 percent out of roughly 8,000 ADEA faculty members). Almost 70 percent of the respondents indicated that they highly valued SoTL; …

Chronic Behavioral And Cognitive Deficits In A Rat Survival Model Of Paraoxon Toxicity, Laxmikant Sudhir Deshpande, Kristin Phillips, Beverly Huang, Robert J. Delorenzo

Neurology Publications

Organophosphate (OP) compounds, including paraoxon (POX), are similar to nerve agents such as sarin. There is a growing concern that OP agents could be weaponized to cause mass civilian causalities. We have developed a rodent survival model of POX toxicity that is being used to evaluate chronic morbidity and to screen for medical countermeasures against severe OP exposure. It is well known that the survivors of nerve gas and chronic OP exposure exhibit neurobehavioral deficits such as mood changes, depression, and memory impairments. In this study we investigated whether animals surviving severe POX exposure exhibited long-term neurological impairments. POX exposure …

Virtual Villages For Aging In Place, Edward F. Ansello

Director's Editorials from Age in Action

The Village concept, first implemented by Beacon Hill Village in Boston, has gained much attention as a model for aging in place. Villages are community-based, self-governing, not for profit organizations whose members pay an annual fee, from several hundred dollars to a thousand or more, to obtain access to an array of services that may assist them to maintain their physical health, keep up their property, manage their resources, continue to grow intellectually and engage socially while remaining part of the community in their homes. At a dozen years in, the Village concept has demonstrated its worth. It seems to …

Morphine Enhances Hiv-1sf162-Mediated Neuron Death And Delays Recovery Of Injured Neurites, Ruturaj R. Masvekar, Nazira El-Hage, Kurt F. Hauser, Pamela E. Knapp

Anatomy and Neurobiology Publications

HIV-1 enters the CNS soon after initial systemic infection; within the CNS parenchyma infected and/or activated perivascular macrophages, microglia and astrocytes release viral and cellular toxins that drive secondary toxicity in neurons and other cell types. Our previous work has largely modeled HIV-neuropathology using the individual viral proteins Tat or gp120, with murine striatal neurons as targets. To model disease processes more closely, the current study uses supernatant from HIV-1-infected cells. Supernatant from HIV-1SF162-infected differentiated-U937 cells (HIV+sup) was collected and p24 level was measured by ELISA to assess the infection. Injection drug abuse is a significant risk factor for HIV-infection, …

Memo Has A Novel Role In S1p Signaling And Crucial For Vascular Development, Shunya Kondo, Alessia Bottos, Jeremy Allegood, Regis Masson, Francisca G. Maurer, Christel Genoud, Patrick Kaeser, Andrea Huwiler, Masato Murakami, Sarah Spiegel, Nancy E. Hynes

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Publications

Memo is a conserved protein that was identified as an essential mediator of tumor cell motility induced by receptor tyrosine kinase activation. Here we show that Memo null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are impaired in PDGF-induced migration and this is due to a defect in sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling. S1P is a bioactive phospholipid produced in response to multiple stimuli, which regulates many cellular processes. S1P is secreted to the extracellular milieu where it exerts its function by binding a family of G-protein coupled receptors (S1PRs), causing their activation in an autocrine or paracrine manner. The process, termed cell-autonomous S1PR signaling, …

Otitis Media In Sperm-Associated Antigen 6 (Spag6)-Deficient Mice, Xiaofei Li, Lei Xu, Jianfeng Li, Boqin Li, Xiaohui Bai, Jerome F. Strauss Iii, Zhibing Zhang, Haibo Wang

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Publications

Mammalian SPAG6 protein is localized to the axoneme central apparatus, and it is required for normal flagella and cilia motility. Recent studies demonstrated that the protein also regulates ciliogenesis and cilia polarity in the epithelial cells of brain ventricles and trachea. Motile cilia are also present in the epithelial cells of the middle ear and Eustachian tubes, where the ciliary system participates in the movement of serous fluid and mucus in the middle ear. Cilia defects are associated with otitis media (OM), presumably due to an inability to efficiently transport fluid, mucus and particles including microorganisms. We investigated the potential …

Contrasting Influences Of Drosophila White/Mini-White On Ethanol Sensitivity In Two Different Behavioral Assays, Robin F. Chan, Carol Atkinson Lewellyn, Jacqueline M. Deloyht, Kristyn Sennett, Scarlett Coffman, Matthew Hewitt, Jill C. Bettinger, John M. Warrick, Mike Grotewiel

Human and Molecular Genetics Publications

Background

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been used extensively to investigate genetic mechanisms of ethanol-related behaviors. Many past studies in flies, including studies from our laboratory, have manipulated gene expression using transposons carrying the genetic-phenotypic marker mini-white, a derivative of the endogenous gene white. Whether the mini-white transgenic marker or the endogenous white gene influence behavioral responses to acute ethanol exposure in flies has not been systematically investigated.

Methods

We manipulated mini-white and white expression via (i) transposons marked with mini-white, (ii) RNAi against mini-white and white and (iii) a null allele of white. We assessed ethanol sensitivity and …

Barriers And Disparities In Emergency Medical Services 911 Calls For Stroke Symptoms In The United States Adult Population: 2009 Brfss Survey, Munseok Seo, Charles Begley, James R. Langabeer, Jami L. Dellifraine

Health Administration Publications

Introduction: This study examines barriers and disparities in the intentions of American citizens, when dealing with stroke symptoms, to call 911. This study hypothesizes that low socioeconomic populations are less likely to call 911 in response to stroke recognition. Methods: The study is a cross-sectional design analyzing data from the Centers for Disease Control’s 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, collected through a telephone-based survey from 18 states and the District of Columbia. The study identified the 5 most evident stroke-warning symptoms based on those given by the American Stroke Association. We conducted appropriate weighting procedures to account for the …

Regional Medical Campuses: A New Classification System, Cheifetz E. Craig, Mcowen S. Katherine, Gagne Pierre, Wong L. Jennifer

Inova Campus Publications

There is burgeoning belief that regional medical campuses (RMCs) are a significant part of the narrative about medical education and the health care workforce in the United States and Canada. Although RMCs are not new, in the recent years of medical education enrollment expansion, they have seen their numbers increase. Class expansion explains the rapid growth of RMCs in the past 10 years, but it does not adequately describe their function. Often, RMCs have missions that differ from their main campus, especially in the areas of rural and community medicine. The absence of an easy-to-use classification system has led to …

Delayed Repair Of Myelomeningoceles, Joseph C. Watson, Gary Tye, John D. Ward

Neurosurgery Publications

Objective: Myelomeningocele is a defect that is typically surgically repaired within the first few days of life in developed countries to minimize the risk of meningitis. If left unrepaired, these children may survive to have their meningocele sac epithelialize. The surgical reduction and closure of an epithelialized myelomeningocele represents a unique challenge for the neurosurgeon, as it requires a modification of the typical closure technique.

Methods: 10 years experience in 97 patients with the delayed (>6 months) repair of myelomeningoceles was the basis of this report. Results: Repair technique in a child with a myelomeningocele that was not repaired …

High Levels Of Sox5 Decrease Proliferative Capacity Of Human B Cells, But Permit Plasmablast Differentiation, Mirzokhid Rakhmanov, Heiko Sic, Anne-Kathrin Kienzler, Beate Fischer, Marta Rizzi, Maximillian Seidl, Kerstina Melkaoui, Susanne Unger, Luisa Moehle, Nadine E. Schmit, Sachin D. Deshmukh, Cemil K. Ayata, Wolfgang Schuh, Zhibing Zhang, François-Loic Cosset, Els Verhoeyen, Hans-Hartmut Peter, Reinhard E. Voll, Ulrich Salzer, Hermann Eibel, Klaus Wamatz

Obstetrics and Gynecology Publications

Currently very little is known about the differential expression and function of the transcription factor SOX5 during B cell maturation. We identified two new splice variants of SOX5 in human B cells, encoding the known L-SOX5B isoform and a new shorter isoform L-SOX5F. The SOX5transcripts are highly expressed during late stages of B-cell differentiation, including atypical memory B cells, activated CD21low B cells and germinal center B cells of tonsils. In tonsillar sections SOX5 expression was predominantly polarized to centrocytes within the light zone. After in vitro stimulation, SOX5 expression was down-regulated during proliferation while high expression levels were …

Reassessing The Impact Of Smoking On Preeclampsia/Eclampsia: Are There Age And Racial Differences?, Jen Jen Chang, Jerome F. Strauss, Jonathan P. Deshazo, Fidelma B. Rigby, David P. Chelmow, George A. Macones

Obstetrics and Gynecology Publications

Objective

To investigate the association between cigarette use during pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension/preeclampsia/eclampsia (PIH) by maternal race/ethnicity and age.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was based on the U.S. 2010 natality data. Our study sample included U.S. women who delivered singleton pregnancies between 20 and 44 weeks of gestation without major fetal anomalies in 2010 (n = 3,113,164). Multivariate logistic regression models were fit to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals.

Results

We observed that the association between maternal smoking and PIH varied by maternal race/ethnicity and age. Compared with non-smokers, reduced odds of …

Sperm-Associated Antigen 6 (Spag6) Deficiency And Defects In Ciliogenesis And Cilia Function: Polarity, Density, And Beat, Maria E. Teves, Patrick R. Sears, Wei Li, Zhengang Zhang, Waixing Tang, Lauren Van Reesema, Richard M. Costanzo, C. William Davis, Michael R. Knowles, Jerome F. Strauss Iii, Zhibing Zhang

Obstetrics and Gynecology Publications

SPAG6, an axoneme central apparatus protein, is essential for function of ependymal cell cilia and sperm flagella. A significant number of Spag6-deficient mice die with hydrocephalus, and surviving males are sterile because of sperm motility defects. In further exploring the ciliary dysfunction in Spag6-null mice, we discovered that cilia beat frequency was significantly reduced in tracheal epithelial cells, and that the beat was not synchronized. There was also a significant reduction in cilia density in both brain ependymal and trachea epithelial cells, and cilia arrays were disorganized. The orientation of basal feet, which determines the direction of axoneme …

Guided Imagery For Stress And Symptom Management In Pregnant African American Women, Nancy Jallo, R. Jeanne Ruiz, R. K. Elswick Jr., Elise French

School of Nursing Publications

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a guided imagery (GI) intervention for stress reduction in pregnant African American women beginning early in the second trimester. This prospective longitudinal study of 72 women used a randomized controlled experimental design with two groups conducted over 12 weeks. The intervention was a CD with 4 professionally recorded tracts designed and sequenced to influence study variables. Participants in both GI and usual care (UC) completed measures and donated 5 cc of blood at baseline, 8 weeks and 12 weeks. Participants also completed a daily stress scale. A mixed-effects linear …

Mindfulness: An Effective Coaching Tool For Improving Physical And Mental Health, Jo Lynne W. Robins, Laura G. Kiken, Melissa Holt, Nancy L. Mccain

School of Nursing Publications

Conscious attention to the present moment in a receptive way is known as mindfulness. A growing body of research indicates that mindfulness can be taught and cultivated to improve physical and mental health. Accordingly, as part of the coaching competency, mindfulness can be practiced and taught by advanced practice nurses to support lifestyle and behavioral changes, decrease perceived stress, enhance quality of life, and, ultimately, improve health and health outcomes. This article provides an overview of the mechanisms of action, evidence base, and practice of mindfulness, with an emphasis on how to easily incorporate this valuable skill into practice.

Mechanisms Of Cftr Functional Variants That Impair Regulated Bicarbonate Permeation And Increase Risk For Pancreatitis But Not For Cystic Fibrosis, Jessica Larusch, Jinsei Jung, Ignacio J. General, Michele D. Lewis, Hyun W. Park, Randall E. Brand, Andres Gelrud, Michelle A. Anderson, Peter A. Banks, Darwin Conwell, Christopher Lawrence, Joseph Romagnuolo, John Baillie, Samer Alkaade, Gregory Cote, Timothy B. Gradner, Stephen T. Amann, Adam Slivka, Bimaljit Sandhu, Amy Aloe, Michelle L. Kienholz, Dhiraj Yadav, M. Michael Barmada, Ivet Bahar, Min G. Lee, David C. Whitcomb

Internal Medicine Publications

CFTR is a dynamically regulated anion channel. Intracellular WNK1-SPAK activation causes CFTR to change permeability and conductance characteristics from a chloride-preferring to bicarbonate-preferring channel through unknown mechanisms. Two severe CFTR mutations (CFTRsev) cause complete loss of CFTR function and result in cystic fibrosis (CF), a severe genetic disorder affecting sweat glands, nasal sinuses, lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, and male reproductive system. We hypothesize that those CFTR mutations that disrupt the WNK1-SPAK activation mechanisms cause a selective, bicarbonate defect in channel function (CFTRBD) affecting organs that utilize CFTR for bicarbonate secretion (e.g. the pancreas, nasal sinus, vas …

Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) Activation Mediates Sildenafil Induced Delayed Cardioprotection Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury In Mice, Mona Shalwala, Shu-Guang Zhu, Anindita Das, Fadi N. Salloum, Lei Xi, Rakesh C. Kukreja

Internal Medicine Publications

Background

It has been well documented that phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, sildenafil (SIL) protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I-R) injury. SIRT1 is part of the class III Sirtuin family of histone deacetylases that deacetylates proteins involved in cellular stress response including those related to I-R injury.

Objective/Hypothesis

We tested the hypothesis that SIL-induced cardioprotection may be mediated through activation of SIRT1.

Methods

Adult male ICR mice were treated with SIL (0.7 mg/kg, i.p.), Resveratrol (RSV, 5 mg/kg, a putative activator of SIRT1 used as the positive control), or saline (0.2 mL). The hearts were harvested 24 hours later and homogenized for SIRT1 …