Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Interactions Of Marine Sulfated Glycans With Antithrombin And Platelet Factor 4, Wenjing Zhang, Weihua Jin, Vitor H. Pomin, Fuming Zhang

Faculty and Student Publications

The molecular interactions of sulfated glycans, such as heparin, with antithrombin (AT) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) are essential for certain biological events such as anticoagulation and heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). In this study, a library including 84 sulfated glycans (polymers and oligomers) extracted from marine algae along with several animal-originated polysaccharides were subjected to a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study regarding their specific molecular interactions with AT and PF4 using surface plasmon resonance. In this SAR study, multiple characteristics were considered including different algal species, different methods of extraction, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, sulfate content and pattern and branching vs. …

Inhibition Of Sars-Cov-2 Wild-Type (Wuhan-Hu-1) And Delta (B.1.617.2) Strains By Marine Sulfated Glycans, Rohini Dwivedi, Poonam Sharma, Marwa Farrag, Seon Beom Kim

Faculty and Student Publications

The Coronavirus disease pandemic has steered the global therapeutic research efforts toward the discovery of potential anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) molecules. The role of the viral spike glycoprotein (S-protein) has been clearly established in SARS-CoV-2 infection through its capacity to bind to the host cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2. The antiviral strategies targeting these 2 virus receptors are currently under intense investigation. However, the rapid evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 genome has resulted in numerous mutations in the S-protein posing a significant challenge for the design of S-protein-targeted inhibitors. As an example, the 2 key …

Preparation, Characterization And Pharmacokinetics Of Tolfenamic Acid-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles, Wei Xu, Zhaoyou Deng, Yifei Xiang, Dujuan Zhu

Faculty and Student Publications

The clinical use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is limited by their poor water solubility, unstable absorption, and low bioavailability. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) exhibit high biocompatibility and the ability to improve the bioavailability of drugs with low water solubility. Therefore, in this study, a tolfenamic acid solid lipid nanoparticle (TA-SLN) suspension was prepared by a hot melt–emulsification ultrasonication method to improve the sustained release and bioavailability of TA. The encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of the TA-SLN suspension were 82.50 ± 0.63%, 25.13 ± 0.28%, 492 ± 6.51 nm, 0.309 ± …

Osteoporosis Knowledge And Health Beliefs Among Middle-Aged Men And Women In The Southern United States, Stacy Chelf, Robert E. Davis, Martha A. Bass, M. Allison Ford, Ali D. Firouzabadi, Jonathan T. Leo, Vinayak K. Nahar

Faculty and Student Publications

Context: The most common skeletal disease, osteoporosis, causes bone fragility due to decreased bone mass and bone microarchitecture destruction. The health belief model is often applied to asymptomatic, prevention-related diseases such as osteoporosis. Steps to mitigate the insidious nature of osteoporosis, including education, motivation, and monitoring of bone mineral density, must begin at an earlier age. Objectives: This study evaluates the knowledge and health beliefs surrounding osteoporosis in a population of males and females 35–50 years old to determine sex-based differences in osteoporosis knowledge and beliefs and to assess the correlation between perceptions and health motivation. Methods: Participants (81 males, …

Blood-Flow-Restriction-Training-Induced Hormonal Response Is Not Associated With Gains In Muscle Size And Strength, Gilberto C. Laurentino, Jeremy P. Loenneke, Carlos Ugrinowitsch, Marcelo S. Aoki, Antonio G. Soares, Hamilton Roschel, Valmor Tricoli

Faculty and Student Publications

The aim of this study was to determine whether increases in post-exercise endocrine response to low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction and high-load resistance exercise would have association with increases in muscle size and strength after an 8-week training period. Twenty-nine untrained men were randomly allocated into three groups: low-load resistance exercise with (LL-BFR) or without blood flow restriction (LL), and high-load resistance exercise (HL). Participants from LL-BFR and LL groups performed leg extension exercise at 20% of one repetition maximum (1RM), four sets of 15 repetitions and the HL group performed four sets of eight repetitions at 80% …

Vis/Nir Spectra And Color Parameters According To Leaf Age Of Some Eucalyptus Species: Influence On Their Classification And Discrimination, Izabel P. Migacz, Jane Manfron, Paulo V. Farago, Vijayasankar Raman

Faculty and Student Publications

Aim of study: The aim of this study was to verify the differences in VIS/NIR spectra and leaf color parameters of leaves of Eucalyptus badjensis, E. benthamii, E. dunnii, E. grandis, E. globulus and E. saligna, at four ages, and their influence on species discrimination. Area of study: São Mateus do Sul, Paraná, Brazil. Materials and methods: Seedlings of the six species, with four replicates for each, were acclimatized in the same environment, in Oc-tober 2015, in an entirely randomized design. Leaf samples were collected from plants that were 6, 8, 10 and 12 months old. Three leaves from each …

Analysis Of Select Dietary Supplement Products Marketed To Support Or Boost The Immune System, Cindy Crawford, Bharathi Avula, Andrea T. Lindsey, Abraham Walter

Faculty and Student Publications

Importance: Cold, flu, and immunity dietary supplement product sales have skyrocketed since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Supporting or boosting the immune system has become an important reason for using dietary supplements, and many consumers are purchasing products through online platforms. Objectives: To examine whether select dietary supplement products advertised as supporting or boosting the immune system are accurately labeled according to the Supplement Facts label of listed ingredients and to qualitatively describe the product labels' characteristics in terms of claims made. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this case series, 30 featured immune health dietary supplements were selected and …

Computational Tools To Expedite The Identification Of Potential Pxr Modulators In Complex Natural Product Mixtures: A Case Study With Five Closely Related Licorice Species, Manal Alhusban, Pankaj Pandey, Jongmin Ahn, Bharathi Avula

Faculty and Student Publications

The genus Glycyrrhiza, comprising approximately 36 spp., possesses complex structural diversity and is documented to possess a wide spectrum of biological activities. Understanding and finding the mechanisms of efficacy or safety for a plant-based therapy is very challenging, yet it is crucial and necessary to understand the polypharmacology of traditional medicines. Licorice extract was shown to modulate the xenobiotic receptors, which might manifest as a potential route for natural product-induced drug interactions. However, different mechanisms could be involved in this phenomenon. Since the induced herb-drug interaction of licorice supplements via Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is understudied, we ventured out to …

Indoloquinoline-Mediated Targeted Downregulation Of Kras Through Selective Stabilization Of The Mid-Promoter G-Quadruplex Structure, Alexandra Maria Psaras, Rhianna K. Carty, Jared T. Miller, L. Nathan Tumey

Faculty and Student Publications

KRAS is a well-validated anti-cancer therapeutic target, whose transcriptional downregulation has been demonstrated to be lethal to tumor cells with aberrant KRAS signaling. G-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical nucleic acid structures that mediate central dogmatic events, such as DNA repair, telomere elongation, transcription and splicing events. G4s are attractive drug targets, as they are more globular than B-DNA, enabling more selective gene interactions. Moreover, their genomic prevalence is increased in oncogenic promoters, their formation is increased in human cancers, and they can be modulated with small molecules or targeted nucleic acids. The putative formation of multiple G4s has been described in …

Traditional Use, Phytochemical Profiles And Pharmacological Properties Of Artemisia Genus From Central Asia, Aliya Nurlybekova, Aidana Kudaibergen, Aizhan Kazymbetova, Magzhan Amangeldi

Faculty and Student Publications

The flora of Kazakhstan is characterized by its wide variety of different types of medicinal plants, many of which can be used on an industrial scale. The Traditional Kazakh Medicine (TKM) was developed during centuries based on the six elements of ancient Kazakh theory, associating different fields such as pharmacology, anatomy, pathology, immunology and food nursing as well as disease prevention. The endemic Artemisia L. species are potential sources of unique and new natural products and new chemical structures, displaying diverse bioactivities and leading to the development of safe and effective phytomedicines against prevailing diseases in Kazakhstan and the Central …

Polymer Coated Polymeric (Pcp) Microneedles For Sampling Of Drugs And Biomarkers From Tissues, Deeksha Jakka, A. V. Matadh, H. N. Shivakumar, Howard Maibach

Faculty and Student Publications

The Polymer Coated Polymeric (PCP) microneedles were fabricated using PVP K30 in the core and ethyl cellulose in the coating. The PCP microneedles do not disintegrate in the tissue upon insertion and rather stays intact and allows diffusion of drugs and analytes across the membrane both inward and outward. In this project the potential use of PCP microneedles for sampling analytes from the dermal tissue was explored. The amount of analyte sampled depended on the concentration in the tissue, physicochemical properties of the analyte and duration of insertion of the array in the tissue. Further, an advanced type of PCP …

Comparative Single Dose Pharmacokinetics And Metabolism Of Racemic Primaquine And Its Enantiomers In Human Volunteers, Washim Khan, Yan Hong Wang, Narayan D. Chaurasiya, Np Dhammika Nanayakkara

Faculty and Student Publications

Primaquine (PQ) is a racemic drug used in treatment of malaria for six decades. Recent studies suggest that the two enantiomers of PQ are differentially metabolized in animals, and this results in different pharmacological and toxicological profiles. The current study characterizes the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, metabolism and tolerability of the individual enantiomers of PQ in healthy human volunteers with normal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity. Two cohorts (at two dose levels), each with 18 subjects, participated in three study arms in a crossover fashion: a single dose of the (−)-R enantiomer (RPQ), a single dose of the (+)-S enantiomer (SPQ), and …

Chemical Authentication And Speciation Of Salvia Botanicals: An Investigation Utilizing Gc/Q-Tof And Chemometrics, Joseph Lee, Mei Wang, Jianping Zhao, Bharathi Avula

Faculty and Student Publications

Members of the genus Salvia are used as culinary herbs and are prized for their purported medicinal attributes. Since physiological effects can vary widely between species of Salvia, it is of great importance to accurately identify botanical material to ensure safety for consumers. In the present study, an in-depth chemical investigation is performed utilizing GC/Q-ToF combined with chemometrics. Twenty-four authentic plant samples representing five commonly used Salvia species, viz. S. apiana, S. divinorum, S. mellifera, S. miltiorrhiza, and S. officinalis, are analyzed using a GC/Q-ToF technique. High-resolution spectral data are employed to construct a sample class prediction (SCP) model followed …

Synergistic Antibacterial Activity With Conventional Antibiotics And Mechanism Of Action Of Shikonin Against Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Qian Qian Li, Hee Sung Chae, Ok Hwa Kang, Dong Yeul Kwon

Faculty and Student Publications

Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a troublesome pathogen that poses a global threat to public health. Shikonin (SKN) isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon (L. erythro-rhizon) possesses a variety of biological activities. This study aims to explore the effect of the combined application of SKN and traditional antibiotics on the vitality of MRSA and the inherent anti-bacterial mechanism of SKN. The synergies between SKN and antibiotics against MRSA and its clinical strain have been demonstrated by the checkerboard assay and the time‐kill assay. The effect of SKN on disrupting the integrity and permeability of bacterial cell membranes was verified by a nucleotide …

Chemical Fingerprinting Profile And Targeted Quantitative Analysis Of Phenolic Compounds From Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus Linearis) And Dietary Supplements Using Uhplc‐Pda‐Ms, Omer I. Fantoukh, Yan Hong Wang, Abidah Parveen, Mohammed F. Hawwal

Faculty and Student Publications

Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren, commonly known as rooibos tea, was consumed traditionally by the indigenous South African inhabitants as an herbal remedy. Beside antioxidant properties, it displays antiallergic, antispasmodic, and hypoglycemic activities. An ultra‐high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with photodiode array and mass spectrometry detectors were developed for the determination of 14 phenolic constituents from leaves and stems of A. linearis. The efficient separation was performed within 30 min at a temperature of 30 °C by using C‐18 column as the stationary phase and water/acetonitrile with 0.05% formic acid as the mobile phase. Method validation for linearity, repeatability, limits …

Design Of Topical Moxifloxacin Mucoadhesive Nanoemulsion For The Management Of Ocular Bacterial Infections, Ahmed Adel Ali Youssef, Ruchi Thakkar, Samir Senapati, Poorva H. Joshi

Faculty and Student Publications

Ocular bacterial infections can lead to serious visual disability without proper treatment. Moxifloxacin (MOX) has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as a monotherapy for ocular bacterial infections and is available commercially as an ophthalmic solution (0.5% w/v). However, precorneal retention, drainage, and low bioavailability remain the foremost challenges associated with current commercial eyedrops. With this study, we aimed to design a MOX-loaded nanoemulsion (NE; MOX-NE) with mucoadhesive agents (MOX-NEM) to sustain MOX release, as well as to overcome the potential drawbacks of the current commercial ophthalmic formulation. MOX-NE and MOX-NEM formulations were prepared by hot homogenization …

The International Cannabis Toolkit (Icanntoolkit): A Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus On Minimum Standards For Measuring Cannabis Use, Valentina Lorenzetti, Chandni Hindocha, Kat Petrilli, Paul Griffiths

Faculty and Student Publications

Background: The lack of an agreed international minimum approach to measuring cannabis use hinders the integration of multidisciplinary evidence on the psychosocial, neurocognitive, clinical and public health consequences of cannabis use. Methods: A group of 25 international expert cannabis researchers convened to discuss a multidisciplinary framework for minimum standards to measure cannabis use globally in diverse settings. Results: The expert-based consensus agreed upon a three-layered hierarchical framework. Each layer—universal measures, detailed self-report and biological measures—reflected different research priorities and minimum standards, costs and ease of implementation. Additional work is needed to develop valid and precise assessments. Conclusions: Consistent use of …

Airborne And Dermal Collection Methods Of Gunshot Residue For Toxicity Studies, Samuel Cole Smith, Oscar Beau Black, Courtney Roper

Faculty and Student Publications

Gunshot residue (GSR) has potential negative health effects on humans as a result of inhalation and dermal exposure to the chemical and physical characteristics of GSR such as Pb, Sb, Ba, nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, and particulate size fraction. Filter (size selective) and double-sided tape (non-size selective) samples collected airborne GSR during single and triple firing of a 0.22 caliber revolver. Dermal exposures were considered using hand swabs and de-leading wipes, designed to remove the heavy metals. The samples underwent analysis to investigate physical (morphology, size distribution, zeta potential), chemical (black carbon and element concentrations), and potential to induce oxidative stress (oxidative …

Isolation Of Echimidine And Its C-7 Isomers From Echium Plantagineum L. And Their Hepatotoxic Effect On Rat Hepatocytes, Michał Gleńsk, Marta K. Dudek, Peter Kinkade, Evelyn C.S. Santos

Faculty and Student Publications

Echimidine is the main pyrrolizidine alkaloid of Echium plantagineum L., a plant domesti-cated in many countries. Because of echimidine’s toxicity, this alkaloid has become a target of the European Food Safety Authority regulations, especially in regard to honey contamination. In this study, we determined by NMR spectroscopy that the main HPLC peak purified from zinc reduced plant extract with an MS [M + H]+ signal at m/z 398 corresponding to echimidine (1), and in fact also represents an isomeric echihumiline (2). A third isomer present in the smallest amount and barely re-solved by HPLC from co-eluting (1) and (2) was …

Development Of Α-Tocopherol Succinate-Based Nanostructured Lipid Carriers For Delivery Of Paclitaxel, Sushrut Marathe, Gauri Shadambikar, Tabish Mehraj, Suresh P. Sulochana

Faculty and Student Publications

The management of retinoblastoma (RB) involves the use of invasive treatment regimens. Paclitaxel (PTX), an effective antineoplastic compound used in the treatment of a wide range of malignant tumors, poses treatment challenges due to systemic toxicity, rapid elimination, and development of resistance. The goal of this work was to develop PTX-loaded, α-tocopherol succinate (αTS)-based, nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs; αTS-PTX-NLC) and PEGylated αTS-PTX-NLC (αTS-PTX-PEG-NLC) to improve ocular bioavailability. The hot homogenization method was used to prepare the NLCs, and repeated measures ANOVA analysis was used for formulation optimization. αTS-PTX-NLC and αTS-PTX-PEG-NLC had a mean particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential …

Essential Oil Yield, Composition, And Bioactivity Of Sagebrush Species In The Bighorn Mountains, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov, Charles L. Cantrell, Ekaterina A. Jeliazkova, Tess Astatkie

Faculty and Student Publications

Sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) are dominant wild plants in large areas of the U.S., Canada and Mexico, and they include several species and subspecies. The aim was to determine if there are significant differences in essential oil (EO) yield, composition, and biological activity of sagebrush within the Bighorn Mountains, U.S. The EO yield in fresh herbage varied from 0.15 to 1.69% for all species, including 0.25–1.69% in A. tridentata var. vaseyana, 0.64–1.44% in A. tridentata var. tridentata, 1% in A. tridentata var. wyomingensis, 0.8–1.2% in A. longifolia, 0.8–1% in A. cana, and 0.16% in A. ludoviciana. There was significant variability in …

Fractionation Of Sulfated Galactan From The Red Alga Botryocladia Occidentalis Separates Its Anticoagulant And Anti-Sars-Cov-2 Properties, Seon Beom Kim, Mary Zoepfl, Priyanka Samanta, Fuming Zhang

Faculty and Student Publications

Sulfation pattern and molecular weight (MW) play a key role in the biological actions of sulfated glycans. Besides anticoagulant effects, certain sulfated glycans can also exhibit anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties. To develop a more selective antiviral carbohydrate, an efficient strategy to separate these two actions is required. In this work, low MW fractions derived from the red alga Botryocladia occidentalis sulfated galactan (BoSG) were generated, structurally characterized, and tested for activity against SARS-CoV-2 and blood coagulation. The lowest MW fraction was found to be primarily composed of octasaccharides of monosulfated monosaccharides. Unlike heparin or native BoSG, we found that hydrolyzed BoSG products …

A Simple, Cost-Effective, And Green Hptlc Method For The Estimation Of Ascorbic Acid In Solvent And Ultrasound-Assisted Extracts Of Phyllanthus Emblica, Capsicum Annuum, And Psidium Guajava, Ahmed I. Foudah, Prawez Alam, Faiyaz Shakeel, Aftab Alam

Faculty and Student Publications

Greener analytical methodologies for the estimation of ascorbic acid (AA) are poorly reported in the literature. Furthermore, the green indexes of the literature’s analytical assays of AA estimation have not been assessed. As a consequence, the aim of this research is to invent and validate a simple, cost-effective, and green reverse-phase “high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)” method for the estimating AA in the solvent extracts (SE) and ultrasound-assisted extracts (UAE) of Phyllanthus emblica, Psidium guajava, and Capsicum annuum. The greener mobile phase for AA estimation was a binary mixture of water and ethanol (70:30, v/v). At a wavelength of 265 nm, …

Rap1a Activity Elevated The Impact Of Endogenous Ages In Diabetic Collagen To Stimulate Increased Myofibroblast Transition And Oxidative Stress, Stephanie D. Burr, Christopher C. Dorroh, James A. Stewart

Faculty and Student Publications

Diabetics have an increased risk for heart failure due to cardiac fibroblast functional changes occurring as a result of AGE/RAGE signaling. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) levels are higher in diabetics and stimulate elevated RAGE (receptor for AGE) signaling. AGE/RAGE signaling can alter the expression of proteins linked to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and oxidative stressors. Our lab has identified a small GTPase, Rap1a, that may overlap the AGE/RAGE signaling pathway. We sought to determine the role Rap1a plays in mediating AGE/RAGE changes and to assess the impact of isolated collagen on further altering these changes. Primary cardiac fibroblasts from …

Selective Inhibition Of Plasmodium Falciparum Atpase 6 By Artemisinins And Identification Of New Classes Of Inhibitors After Expression In Yeast, Catherine M. Moore, Jigang Wang, Qingsong Lin, Pedro Ferreira

Faculty and Student Publications

Treatment failures with artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) threaten global efforts to eradicate malaria. They highlight the importance of identifying drug targets and new inhibitors and of studying how existing antimalarial classes work. Here, we report the successful development of a heterologous expression-based compoundscreening tool. The validated drug target Plasmodium falciparum ATPase 6 (PfATP6) and a mammalian orthologue (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1a [SERCA1a]) were functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, providing a robust, sensitive, and specific screening tool. Whole-cell and in vitro assays consistently demonstrated inhibition and labeling of PfATP6 by artemisinins. Mutations in PfATP6 resulted in fitness costs that were …

Potential Pro-Inflammatory Effect Of Vitamin E Analogs Through Mitigation Of Tetrahydrocannabinol (Thc) Binding To The Cannabinoid 2 Receptor, Anjela Manandhar, Mona H. Haron, Samir A. Ross, Michael L. Klein

Faculty and Student Publications

Vitamin E acetate, which is used as a diluent of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has been reported as the primary causative agent of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Here, we employ in vitro assays, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations to investigate the interaction of vitamin E with the membrane-bound cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R), and its role in modulating the binding affinity of THC to CB2R. From the MD simulations, we determined that vitamin E interacts with both CB2R and membrane phospholipids. Notably, the synchronized effect of these interactions likely facilitates vitamin E acting as a lipid modulator …

Analysis Of Docosanol Using Gc/Ms: Method Development, Validation, And Application To Ex Vivo Human Skin Permeation Studies, Vijay Kumar Shankar, Mei Wang, Srinivas Ajjarapu, Praveen Kolimi

Faculty and Student Publications

Docosanol is the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved over-the-counter topical product for treating recurrent oral-facial herpes simplex labialis. Validated analytical methods for docosanol are required to demonstrate the bioequivalence of docosanol topical products. A gas chromatography/selected ion monitoring mode mass spectrometry (GC/SIM-MS) method was developed and validated for docosanol determination in biological samples. Docosanol and isopropyl palmitate (internal standard) were separated on a high-polarity GC capillary column with (88% cyanopropy)aryl-polysiloxane employed as the stationary phase. The ions of m/z 83 and 256 were selected to monitor docosanol and isopropyl palmitate, respectively; the total run time was 20 …

Protocol: A Scoping Review Of Graduate Student Education, Curriculum Impact, And Interest In Interdisciplinary Research Training, David D. Allen Iii

Faculty and Student Publications

Title: PROTOCOL: A Scoping Review of Graduate Student Education, Curriculum Impact, and Interest in Interdisciplinary Research Training

Background: Alongside traditional graduate education practices, implementing curriculum focused on providing interdisciplinary research training to graduate students may help support their academic development. This additional educational focus can bolster graduate student understanding of methodological practices, develop alternative routes of thinking or approaching a problem/ issue/ topic, may assist in developing student professional socialization skills, and may positively impact student internal motivations, beliefs, and perceptions.

Methods: Our scoping review protocol was developed a priori utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute guidance, by …

Predictors Of Job Satisfaction Among Pharmacists: A Regional Workforce Survey, Rotana M. Radwan, John P. Bentley, Julie A. Patterson, Dave L. Dixon

Faculty and Student Publications

Background: Job satisfaction affects organizational outcomes including performance and retention. The pharmacy job satisfaction literature points to several predictors of job satisfaction, but educational debt and various work settings have not been previously examined. Objectives: To identify predictors of Virginia pharmacists' job satisfaction. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2018 Virginia Pharmacist Workforce Survey. Of 15,424 registered pharmacists, 13,962 (90.5%) completed the survey. Pharmacists who reported being employed and working in Virginia in the previous year (2017) were included in the analysis (n = 6042). Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Multiple logistic regression identified predictors of job …

In Silico Tools For Analysis Of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms In The Bovine Transferrin Gene, Aarif Ali, Muneeb U. Rehman, Syed Mudasir Ahmad, Tabish Mehraj

Faculty and Student Publications

Dairy cattle with a high milk yield are susceptible to many infectious diseases, such as mastitis. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is the most prevalent form of mastitis that predominantly affects animal health, and causes adverse effects on the quality and quantity of milk. In dairy animals, subclinical mastitis often remains undetected, as no gross changes in udder characteristics are visible. In the present study, 135 Holstein Friesian dairy animals were selected and screened as healthy (n = 25) and mastitic (n = 110) based on diagnostic tests such as the California mastitis test, pH, electrical conductivity, and somatic cell count. In …