Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Adolescent Vaccination Rates And Pharmacists' Ability To Prescribe And Administer, Paul Jake Faulkner

Theses and Dissertations--Public Health (M.P.H. & Dr.P.H.)

Vaccines are arguably the most significant advancement in healthcare in the prevention of diseases. The CDC has created a series of recommendations to help guide providers and patients toward a healthier future with vaccines. These recommendations were adopted by the Health People Goals 2020 and 2030 to increase each state's rates of completing specific vaccination series by defined age thresholds. This capstone aims to assess if there is a correlation between vaccination rates and pharmacists; specifically to see if states that give less restrictions about vaccinating would have higher rates. It is also important to see if states with more …

Disparities In Uptake Of The Primary Sars-Cov-2 Vaccine Series In A Southern Indiana Vaccine Clinic, Cassidy Padgett

Theses and Dissertations--Public Health (M.P.H. & Dr.P.H.)

Objective: COVID-19 is a potentially severe respiratory disease caused by infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. COVID-19 was first discovered in 2019 and vaccines against the virus began development in early 2020. COVID-19 vaccines are effective at preventing severe illness, hospitalizations, and death from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clark Memorial Health is a 236-bed community health system located in southern Indiana. As one of the first four hospitals in the state of Indiana to receive the Pfizer-BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine in December of 2020, this health system led the area in vaccine administration. Prior to the emergency use authorization (EUA) of the COVID-19 vaccines, …

Piglet Immunization With A Spike Subunit Vaccine Enhances Disease By Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Jieshi Yu, Chithra Sreenivasan, Tirth Uprety, Rongyuan Gao, Chen Huang, Ella J. Lee, Steven Lawson, Julie Nelson, Jane Christopher-Hennings, Radhey S. Kaushik, Eric Nelson, Diego G. Diel, Ben M. Hause, Feng Li, Dan Wang

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Immunization with an insect cell lysate/baculovirus mixture containing recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) spike protein induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies in both mice and piglets. However, immunization of piglets with this vaccine resulted in enhancement of disease symptoms and virus replication in vaccine recipients exposed to PEDV challenge. Thus, these observations demonstrate a previously unrecognized challenge of PEDV vaccine research, which has important implications for coronavirus vaccine development.

Poll Finds Rural Residents More Hesitant To Get Vaccinated, Tim Marema

Journal of Appalachian Health

Rural residents are more hesitant than their metropolitan counterparts to get a Covid-19 vaccination, even though rural areas have higher rates of infections and deaths from the coronavirus.

Improving First Dose Administration Of The Hpv Vaccine For Adolescents In A Pediatric Primary Care Clinic, Scarlett Mikesell-Pierce

DNP Projects

BACKGROUND: Nationwide more than 90% of cervical cancer cases are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). Cervical cancer can be largely prevented by administration of the HPV vaccine for children before becoming sexually active. However, vaccination rates in the United States, remain low at 60%, and only 39.7% through series of completion, despite the strong evidence to support the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine. Research indicates a clinician’s recommendation, providing information and opportunity for discussion about the vaccine are strong motivators for parents to vaccinate their children, regardless of ethnicity. This study addresses the barriers to parent/caregiver intent to …

The Role Of Cd8 T Cell Immunodominance And Regulatory T Cells In Neonatal Immunity To Influenza Virus, Luke Heil

Theses and Dissertations--Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics

Neonates are more susceptible to influenza virus infection than adults, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality as well as delayed clearance of the virus. Efforts to improve influenza infection outcomes in neonates typically center on prevention, although current vaccines fall short of complete protection and can only be administered in humans after 6 months of life. We propose that as the neonatal immune system responds differently than the adult immune system, interventions that are efficacious or tolerable in adults cannot be guaranteed to perform the same in neonates. T cell vaccines that target conserved influenza virus epitopes have been proposed …

First Results On Survival From A Large Phase 3 Clinical Trial Of An Autologous Dendritic Cell Vaccine In Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma, Linda M. Liau, Keyoumars Ashkan, David D. Tran, Jian L. Campian, John E. Trusheim, Charles S. Cobbs, Jason A. Heth, Michael Salacz, Sarah Taylor, Stacy D. D'Andre, Fabio M. Iwamoto, Edward J. Dropcho, Yaron A. Moshel, Kevin A. Walter, Clement P. Pillainayagam, Robert Aiken, Rekha Chaudhary, Samuel A. Goldlust, Daniela A Bota, Paul Duic, Jai Grewal, Heinrich Elinzano, Steven A. Toms, Kevin O. Lillehei, Tom Mikkelsen, Tobias Walbert, Steven R. Abram, Andrew J. Brenner, Steven Brem, Matthew G. Ewend, John L. Villano

Internal Medicine Faculty Publications

Background: Standard therapy for glioblastoma includes surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide. This Phase 3 trial evaluates the addition of an autologous tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine (DCVax^®-L) to standard therapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma.

Methods: After surgery and chemoradiotherapy, patients were randomized (2:1) to receive temozolomide plus DCVax-L (n = 232) or temozolomide and placebo (n = 99). Following recurrence, all patients were allowed to receive DCVax-L, without unblinding. The primary endpoint was progression free survival (PFS); the secondary endpoint was overall survival (OS).

Results: For the intent-to-treat (ITT) population (n = 331), median OS (mOS) was 23.1 months …

Rhodococcus Equi In The Foal – Improving Diagnostic And Prevention Measures, Fernanda Bicudo Cesar

Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science

Although Rhodococcus equi (R. equi), previously known as Corynebacterium equi, was first isolated from pneumonic foals almost a century ago, it remains the most common cause of subacute or chronic granulomatous bronchopneumonia in foals. While the majority of foals exposed to R. equi develop a protective immune response (regressors), others exhibit a unique susceptibility to infection (progressors). The determinants for either outcome are not completely understood. Therefore, current diagnostic and preventive measures are suboptimal and require betterment. In light of this current need, we hypothesized that immunoglobulin G subisotype T [IgG(T)] against the virulence-associated protein A (VapA) …

Cytomegalovirus Serostatus, Inflammation, And Antibody Response To Influenza Vaccination In Older Adults: The Moderating Effect Of Beta Blockade, Rebecca G. Reed, Richard N. Greenberg, Suzanne C. Segerstrom

Psychology Faculty Publications

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been implicated as a factor in immunosenescence, including poor antibody response to vaccination and higher immune activation and inflammation. Some people may be more or less vulnerable to the negative effects of CMV. The present investigation tested the effects of beta-blocker use and chronological age on the associations between CMV and immunity in adults aged 60–91 (N=98; 69% CMV seropositive) who were administered the trivalent influenza vaccine for up to 5 years. Peak antibody response, corrected for baseline, and spring (persistent) antibody response, corrected for peak, were assessed, as well as beta-2 microglobulin (β2μ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). …

Vaccine-Preventable Disease Surveillance In Kentucky, Katherine Jay

Theses and Dissertations--Public Health (M.P.H. & Dr.P.H.)

Background: Vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) surveillance is important component to the success of vaccines. This report examines the levels of 13 of these VPDs in the state of Kentucky from 2005 to 2015.

Methods: All reported cases in the state of Kentucky for the years 2005 to 2015 of 13 vaccine-preventable diseases were obtained from the Disease Surveillance Module (DSM) and the National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS). Where enough cases were reported, descriptive statistics were prepared. For acute hepatitis B and pertussis, more thorough analysis was performed.

Results: Rates of acute hepatitis B in Kentucky from 2005 …

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase Ii Trial Investigating The Safety And Immunogenicity Of Modified Vaccinia Ankara Smallpox Vaccine (Mva-Bn®) In 56-80-Year-Old Subjects, Richard N. Greenberg, Christine M. Hay, Jack T. Stapleton, Thomas C. Marbury, Eva Wagner, Eva Kreitmeir, Siegfried Röesch, Alfred Von Krempelhuber, Philip Young, Richard Nichols, Thomas P. Meyer, Darja Schmidt, Josef Weigl, Garth Virgin, Nathaly Arndtz-Wiedemann, Paul Chaplin

Internal Medicine Faculty Publications

Background Modified Vaccinia Ankara MVA-BN^® is a live, highly attenuated, viral vaccine under advanced development as a non-replicating smallpox vaccine. In this Phase II trial, the safety and immunogenicity of Modified Vaccinia Ankara MVA-BN^® (MVA) was assessed in a 56–80 years old population.

Methods MVA with a virus titer of 1 x 10⁸ TCID₅₀/dose was administered via subcutaneous injection to 56–80 year old vaccinia-experienced subjects (N = 120). Subjects received either two injections of MVA (MM group) or one injection of Placebo and one injection of MVA (PM group) four weeks apart. Safety was evaluated …

Vaccines And The Looming Threat Of Syphilis, Charles T. Ambrose

Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications

During the past several decades, syphilis has increased in the US and explosively so in China and Russia.While most current cases can be cured by penicillin or second line antibiotics, strains of the syphilis spirochete (Treponema pallidum) resistant to the latter have emerged.And the potential of strains to acquire resistance to penicillin via plasmids has recently been recognized.The 36 million-plus undertreated cases of syphilis in the world represent metaphorically a vast global 37°C incubator allowing exchange of antibiotic resistant genes among the human-borne bacteria and theoretically permitting the emergence of penicillin resistant strains.None has yet been identified but …

Immunotherapy In Combination With Behavioral Enrichment In A Canine Model Of Aging, Paulina R. Davis

Theses and Dissertations--Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive decline and hallmark neuropathology, including β-amyloid (Aβ). Therapeutic strategies for AD are focusing on reducing Aβ. Canines develop Aβ neuropathology and cognitive decline with age similar to AD patients. In previous studies, immunization with Aβ1-42 (VAC) in aged canines decreased brain Aβ but did not improve cognition. Behavioral enrichment (ENR) improved cognition without reducing brain Aβ. We hypothesized that VAC combined with ENR would provide cognitive benefits and reduce Aβ neuropathology, as compared individual VAC and ENR treatments. Aged beagles were placed into groups: control, VAC with fibrillar Aβ1-42, ENR, and combination treatment …

Final Dnp Capstone Report: Improving Adolescent Hpv Vaccination Rates, Jessica L. Murray

DNP Projects

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have been shown to be effective against HPV types that are linked to cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. Despite Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations that all 11-12 year old males and females in the U.S. should be vaccinated with the three-dose HPV vaccine series, vaccination rates remain low. In 2012, only 34.9% of adolescent females and 6.8% of adolescent males completed the series. Efforts to increase vaccination rates are needed, and healthcare providers have been shown to be an important part of the solution.

Purpose: This investigation was conducted to …

Envelope Determinants Of Equine Lentiviral Vaccine Protection, Jodi K. Craigo, Corin Ezzelarab, Sheila J. Cook, Chong Liu, David W. Horohov, Charles J. Issel, Ronald C. Montelaro

Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

Lentiviral envelope (Env) antigenic variation and associated immune evasion present major obstacles to vaccine development. The concept that Env is a critical determinant for vaccine efficacy is well accepted, however defined correlates of protection associated with Env variation have yet to be determined. We reported an attenuated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine study that directly examined the effect of lentiviral Env sequence variation on vaccine efficacy. The study identified a significant, inverse, linear correlation between vaccine efficacy and increasing divergence of the challenge virus Env gp90 protein compared to the vaccine virus gp90. The report demonstrated approximately 100% protection …

Infectious Cdna Clone Of The Modified Live Virus Vaccine Strain Of Equine Arteritis Virus, Udeni B. R. Balasuriya, Peter J. Timoney, Jianquan Wang

Veterinary Science Faculty Patents

An isolated polynucleotide molecule includes a DNA sequence encoding an infectious RNA molecule encoding a modified live viral strain of an Equine arteritis virus, wherein the DNA sequence is SEQ ID NO:1 or a degenerate variant thereof. Also provided are transformed or transfected host cells including that sequence, vectors including the sequence, and isolated infectious RNA molecules encoded by the sequence. Further, a modified DNA sequence encoding an infectious RNA molecule encoding a modified live viral strain of an Equine arteritis virus is provided wherein the DNA sequence is SEQ ID NO:2 or a degenerate variant thereof, including a silent …

An Evidence-Based Toolkit For Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Education Of Female Adolescents In The School Setting, Nancy R. Kloha

DNP Projects

A new vaccine to prevent human papillomavirus infection was approved in 2006 in the United States (U.S.). Uptake of the vaccine has been less than optimal (CDC, 2010c). New venues for promoting vaccine acceptance are needed (Middleman & Tung, 2010). The goal of this capstone clinical project is to create an evidence based toolkit for use by school nurses in educating female adolescents, parents, communities and other healthcare providers about the HPV vaccine.

Schools nurses have daily access to young people in the target group for HPV immunization. A vital component of vaccine acceptance is education of those who are …

Lipid Nanoparticles With Accessible Nickel As A Vaccine Delivery System For Single And Multiple His-Tagged Hiv Antigens, Weili Yan, Anekant Jain, Ronan O'Carra, Jerold Woodward, Wenxue Li, Guanhan Li, Avindra Nath, Russell J. Mumper

Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications

Lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) with a small amount of surface-chelated nickel (Ni-NPs) were developed to easily formulate the HIV his-tagged Tat protein, as well as to formulate and co-deliver two HIV antigens (his-p24 and his-Nef) on one particle. Female BALB/c mice were immunized by s.c. injection with his-Tat/Ni-NP formulation (1.5 μg Tat-his/mouse) and control formulations on day 0 and 14. The day 28 anti-Tat specific IgG titer with his-Tat/Ni-NP was significantly greater than that with Alum/his-Tat. Furthermore, splenocytes from his-Tat/Ni-NP immunized mice secreted significantly higher IFN-γ than those from mice immunized with Alum/his-Tat. Although Ni-NPs did not show better adjuvant activity …

Inactivated Equine Rhinopneumonitis Virus Vaccine And Use Thereof, John T. Bryans

Veterinary Science Faculty Patents

An inactivated viral vaccine for protecting horses against disease caused by equine rhinopneumonitis virus is prepared by propagating an equine rhinopneumonitis virus in a susceptible, cloned, diploid equine cell line, harvesting the resulting virus in a serum-free medium, inactivating the virus and neutralizing the inactivating agent, concentrating the virus, and adding an immunological adjuvant thereto. A vaccination program to protect horses against the equine rhinopneumonitis virus is also disclosed.

Process Of Producing Equine Viral Arteritis Vaccine And Product Thereof, John T. Bryans, William H. Mccollum, James C. Wilson, Elvis R. Doll

Veterinary Science Faculty Patents

A process is disclosed for producing an avirulent attenuated live virus vaccine for use in immunizing horses against equine viral arteritis and for simultaneously obviating the transmission of the disease from a vaccinated horse to a non-vaccinated horse. The invention also includes the product derived from practice of the process and typical examples of the efficacy of the product are disclosed.