Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Predicting Black Parents’ Attitudes Toward Corporal Punishment: A Moderated-Mediation Model Of Frequency And Valence Of Childhood Experiences, Hue Trong Duong, Akansha Sirohi, Kathleen M. Baggett

Communication Faculty Publications

Child corporal punishment (CP) may lead to child physical abuse, which is a public health concern in the U.S. The present study examined major risk factors predicting attitudes toward CP among a sample of Black parents (N = 394), including frequency and valence of experiences of CP during childhood, outcome expectancies of CP, and perceptions of self-efficacy and response efficacy of non-physical discipline strategies. Structural equation modeling results revealed that the indirect associations between CP frequency and attitudes through self-efficacy and response efficacy were moderated by CP valence. Results extend the literature and point to the need for incorporating information …

Short-Term Forecasts Of The Covid-19 Epidemic In Guangdong And Zhejiang, China: February 13–23, 2020, Kimberly Roosa, Yiseul Lee, Ruiyan Luo, Alexander Kirpich, Richard Rothenberg, J. M. Hyman, Ping Yan, Gerardo Chowell

Public Health Faculty Publications

The ongoing COVID-19 epidemic continues to spread within and outside of China, despite several social distancing measures implemented by the Chinese government. Limited epidemiological data are available, and recent changes in case definition and reporting further complicate our understanding of the impact of the epidemic, particularly in the epidemic’s epicenter. Here we use previously validated phenomenological models to generate short-term forecasts of cumulative reported cases in Guangdong and Zhejiang, China. Using daily reported cumulative case data up until 13 February 2020 from the National Health Commission of China, we report 5- and 10-day ahead forecasts of cumulative case reports. Specifically, …

Problem Drinking, Alcohol-Related Violence, And Homelessness Among Youth Living In The Slums Of Kampala, Uganda, Monica Swahn, Rachel Culbreth, Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye, Volkan Topalli, Eric R. Wright, Rogers Kasirye

Public Health Faculty Publications

This paper examines problem drinking, alcohol-related violence, and homelessness among youth living in the slums of Kampala—an understudied population at high-risk for both alcohol use and violence. This study is based on a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014 with youth living in the slums and streets of Kampala, Uganda (n = 1134), who were attending Uganda Youth Development Link drop-in centers. The analyses for this paper were restricted to youth who reported current alcohol consumption (n = 346). Problem drinking patterns were assessed among youth involved in alcohol-related violence. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine the impact of homelessness on …

An Analysis Of Global Youth Tobacco Survey For Developing A Comprehensive National Smoking Policy In Timor-Leste, Decio Ribeiro Sarmento, Degninou Yehadji

Public Health Faculty Publications

Background: Smoking is a global public health concern. Timor-Leste is facing a rapidly growing epidemic of tobacco use. The trend of smoking in Timor-Leste seems to be increasing and the magnitude of the problem affects people who smoke before reaching adulthood. One of the factors implicated in the continuously rising trend of smoking among young people in Timor-Leste is clearly due to unavailability of restrictive laws and regulations. Therefore, our study sought to analyze available dataset from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) for developing a comprehensive national smoking policy in order to lower smoking risks among young people in …

Blood Transcriptomics And Metabolomics For Mersonalized Medicine, Shuzhao Li, Andrei Todor, Ruiyan Luo

Public Health Faculty Publications

Molecular analysis of blood samples is pivotal to clinical diagnosis and has been intensively investigated since the rise of systems biology. Recent developments have opened new opportunities to utilize transcriptomics and metabolomics for personalized and precision medicine. Efforts from human immunology have infused into this area exquisite characterizations of subpopulations of blood cells. It is now possible to infer from blood transcriptomics, with fine accuracy, the contribution of immune activation and of cell subpopulations. In parallel, high-resolution mass spectrometry has brought revolutionary analytical capability, detecting N10,000 metabolites, together with environmental exposure, dietary intake, microbial activity, and pharmaceutical drugs. Thus, the …

Associations Between Self-Reported Gastrointestinal Illness And Water System Characteristics In Community Water Supplies In Rural Alabama: A Cross-Sectional Study, Christine E. Stauber, Jessica C. Wedgworth, Pauline Johnson, Julie B. Olson, Tracy Ayers, Mark Elliot, Joe Brown

Public Health Faculty Publications

Background: Community water supplies in underserved areas of the United States may be associated with increased microbiological contamination and risk of gastrointestinal disease. Microbial and health risks affecting such systems have not been systematically characterized outside outbreak investigations. The objective of the study was to evaluate associations between self-reported gastrointestinal illnesses (GII) and household-level water supply characteristics.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of water quality, water supply characteristics, and GII in 906 households served by 14 small and medium-sized community water supplies in Alabama’s underserved Black Belt region.
Results: We identified associations between respondent-reported water supply interruption and any …

A Novel Method For Quantifying The Inhaled Dose Of Air Pollutants Based On Heart Rate, Breathing Rate And Forced Vital Capacity, Roby Greenwald, Matthew Hayat, Jerusha Barton, Anastasia Lopukhin

Public Health Faculty Publications

To better understand the interaction of physical activity and air pollution exposure, it is important to quantify the change in ventilation rate incurred by activity. In this paper, we describe a method for estimating ventilation using easily-measured variables such as heart rate (HR), breathing rate (fB), and forced vital capacity (FVC). We recruited healthy adolescents to use a treadmill while we continuously measured HR, fB, and the tidal volume (VT) of each breath. Participants began at rest then walked and ran at increasing speed until HR was 160–180 beats per minute followed by a cool down period. The novel feature …

Principles Of Tobacco Control: Extinguishing The Habit, Michael Eriksen, Carrie F. Whitney, Ellie Faustino

Public Health Faculty Publications

Principles of Tobacco Control: Extinguishing the Habit, explores the history of tobacco as well as today’s issues—from the rise of novel tobacco products such as e-cigarettes to regulations surrounding tobacco’s use, marketing and other aspects of industry behavior. This digital publication also examines the harm caused by tobacco use and offers solutions for successful tobacco control. Dr. Michael Eriksen, an international expert on tobacco research and policy and Dean of the School of Public Health at Georgia State University, is the lead author of this resource, which contains interactive features, including video, graphics and links to additional articles and …

Secondhand Aerosol Exposure During Mechanical Ventilation With And Without Expiratory Filters: An In-Vitro Study, Arzu Ari, James B. Fink, Susan P. Pilbeam

Respiratory Therapy Faculty Publications

Background: Concerns have been expressed about risk of exposure to exhaled aerosols to ICU personnel.

AIM: To quantify amount of aerosol collected at the exhaust outlet of mechanical ventilators operated with and without filters in the expiratory limb.

Methods: Two categories of ventilators were tested: (1) Ventilators without Proprietary Filters: Servo-i (Maquet) and Galileo (Hamilton) and (2) Ventilator with proprietary filters: PB 840 (Covidien). Each ventilator was attached to a simple test lung and operated with VT 500 ml, RR 20 bpm, PIF 50 L/min, PEEP 5 cmH2O. Four separate doses of albuterol (2.5 mg/3mL) were administered via jet nebuliser …

Drug Delivery Interfaces: A Way To Optimize Inhalation Therapy In Spontaneously Breathing Children, Arzu Ari

Respiratory Therapy Faculty Publications

There are several different types of drug delivery interfaces available on the market. Using the right interface for aerosol drug delivery to children is essential for effective inhalation therapy. However, clinicians usually focus on selecting the right drug-device combination and often overlook the importance of interface selection that lead to suboptimal drug delivery and therapeutic response in neonates and pediatrics. Therefore, it is necessary to critically assess each interface and understand its advantage and disadvantages in aerosol drug delivery to this patient population. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical assessment of drug delivery interfaces used for …

Complications Of Prone Positioning During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation For Respiratory Failure: A Systematic Review, Rachel Culbreth, Lynda T. Goodfellow

Respiratory Therapy Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is often used in patients with severe respiratory failure to improve oxygenation and survival. ECMO gives the lungs an opportunity to rest and recover. The addition of prone positioning therapy used concurrently with ECMO can further aid in optimizing alveolar recruitment and reducing ventilator-induced lung injury, ultimately resulting in fewer ICU admission days and improved overall survival. The objective of this review is to perform a systematic analysis of the complications reported with prone positioning and ECMO in the adult population and to briefly report on the patient outcomes in the studies. METHODS: PubMed, MEDLINE, …

A Pilot Study To Examine The Disparities In Water Quality Between Predominantly Haitian Neighborhoods And Dominican Neighborhoods In Two Cities In The Dominican Republic, Jessica Brown, Ryan Johnson, Dominique Smith, Kim Ramsey-White

Public Health Faculty Publications

Abstract: Worldwide, diarrheal disease is a leading cause of death affecting over 1.7 million individuals annually. Much of this can be attributed to lack of clean water, sanitation and hygiene. Nearly all of these deaths occur in countries with developing economies. This public health problem is apparent in the island of Hispaniola; the island that is shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Significant gaps in income between the countries have resulted in Haitians migrating into the Dominican Republic. While there has been increased migration into the Dominican Republic, many of the neighborhoods remain segregated. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted …

Whooping Cough Dynamics In Chile (1932-2010): Diseasetemporal Fluctuations Across A North-South Gradient, Mauricio Lima, Sergio Estay, Rodrigo Fuentes, Paola Rubilar, Hélène Broutin, Gerardo Chowell

Public Health Faculty Publications

Background: The spatial-temporal dynamics of Bordetella pertussis remains as a highly interesting case in infectious disease epidemiology. Despite large-scale vaccination programs in place for over 50 years around the world, frequent outbreaks are still reported in many countries.

Methods: Here, we use annual time series of pertussis incidence from the thirteen different regions of Chile (1952–2010) to study the spatial-temporal dynamics of Pertussis. The period 1975–1995 was characterized by a strong 4 year cycle, while the last two decades of the study period (1990–2010) were characterized by disease resurgence without significant periodic patterns. Results: During the first decades, differences in …

Disaggregating Health Inequalities Within Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, 2002-2010, By Applying An Urban Health Inequality Index, Martin Botz, Megumi Kano, Heribert Ramroth, Christovam Barcellos, Scott R. Weaver, Richard Rothenberg, Monica Magalhães

Public Health Faculty Publications

An urban health index (UHI) was used to quantify health inequalities within Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the years 2002-2010. Eight main health indicators were generated at the ward level using mortality data. The indicators were combined to form the index. The distribution of the rank ordered UHI-values provides information on inequality among wards, using the ratio of the extremes and the gradient of the middle values. Over the decade the ratio of extremes in 2010 declined relative to 2002 (1.57 vs. 1.32) as did the slope of the middle values (0.23 vs. 0.16). A spatial division between the affluent …

Smoking Cessation For Chinese Men And Prevention For Women, Jeffrey Koplan, Michael Eriksen

Public Health Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Alcohol Policies And Alcoholic Cirrhosis Mortality In The United States, Scott E. Hadland, Ziming Xuan, Jason G. Blanchette, Timothy C. Heeren, Monica H. Swahn, Timothy S. Naimi

Public Health Faculty Publications

Introduction Stronger alcohol policies predict decreased alcohol consumption and binge drinking in the United States. We examined the relation- ship between the strength of states’ alcohol policies and alcoholic cirrhosis mortality rates.

Methods We used the Alcohol Policy Scale (APS), a validated assessment of policies of the 50 US states and Washington DC, to quantify the efficacy and implementation of 29 policies. State APS scores (the- oretical range, 0–100) for each year from 1999 through 2008 were compared with age-adjusted alcoholic cirrhosis death rates that oc- curred 3 years later. We used Poisson regression accounting for state-level clustering and adjusting …

Estimating The Risk Of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (Mers) Death During The Course Of The Outbreak In The Republic Of Korea, Kenji Mizumoto, Masaya Saitoh, Gerardo Chowell, Nishiura H. Miyamatsu, Hiroshi Nishiura

Public Health Faculty Publications

Objectives: A large cluster of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) linked to healthcare setting occurred from May to July 2015 in the Republic of Korea. The present study aimed to estimate the case fatality ratio (CFR) by appropriately taking into account the time delay from illness onset to death. We then compare our estimate against previously published values of the CFR for MERS, i.e., 20% and 40%. Methods: Dates of illness onset and death of the MERS outbreak in the Republic of Korea were extracted from secondary data sources. Using the known distribution of time from illness onset to …

Real-Time Characterization Of Risks Of Death Associated With The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (Mers) In The Republic Of Korea, 2015, Kenji Mizumoto, Akira Endo, Gerardo Chowell, Yuichiro Miyamatsu, Masaya Saitoh, Hiroshi Nishiura

Public Health Faculty Publications

Background: An outbreak of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), comprising 185 cases linked to healthcare facilities, occurred in the Republic of Korea from May to July 2015. Owing to the nosocomial nature of the outbreak, it is particularly important to gain a better understanding of the epidemiological determinants characterizing the risk of MERS death in order to predict the heterogeneous risk of death in medical settings. Methods: We have devised a novel statistical model that identifies the risk of MERS death during the outbreak in real time. While accounting for the time delay from illness onset to death, risk …

Mortality Rates And The Causes Of Death Related To Diabetes Mellitus In Shanghai Songjiang District: An 11-Year Retrospective Analysis Of Death Certificates, Meiying Zhu, Jiang Li, Zhiyuan Li, Wei Luo, Dajun Dai, Scott Weaver, Christine E. Stauber, Ruiyan Luo, Hua Fu

Public Health Faculty Publications

Background: China is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of diabetes in the world. We analysed all the death certificates mentioning diabetes from 2002 to 2012 in Songjiang District of Shanghai to estimate morality rates and examine cause of death patterns. Methods: Mortality data of 2654 diabetics were collected from the database of local CDC. The data set comprises all causes of death, contributing causes and the underlying cause, thereby the mortality rates of diabetes and its specified complications were analysed. Results: The leading underlying causes of death were various cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which collectively accounted for about …

Investigation Of E. Coli And Virus Reductions Using Replicate, Bench-Scale Biosand Filter Columns And Two Filter Media, Mark Elliott, Christine E. Stauber, Francis A. Digiano, Anna Fabiszewski De Aceituno, Mark Sobsey

Public Health Faculty Publications

The biosand filter (BSF) is an intermittently operated, household-scale slow sand filter for which little data are available on the effect of sand composition on treatment performance. Therefore, bench-scale columns were prepared according to the then-current (2006–2007) guidance on BSF design and run in parallel to conduct two microbial challenge experiments of eight-week duration. Triplicate columns were loaded with Accusand silica or crushed granite to compare virus and E. coli reduction performance. Bench-scale experiments provided confirmation that increased schmutzdecke growth, as indicated by decline in filtration rate, is the primary factor causing increased E. coli reductions of up to 5-log10. …

Protobacco Media Exposure And Youth Susceptibility To Smoking Cigarettes, Cigarette Experimentation, And Current Tobacco Use Among Us Youth, Erika B. Fulmer, Torsten B. Neilands, Shanta R. Dube, Nicole M. Kuiper, Rene A. Arrazola, Stanton A. Glantz

Public Health Faculty Publications

Purpose: Youth are exposed to many types of protobacco influences, including smoking in movies, which has been shown to cause initiation. This study investigates associations between different channels of protobacco media and susceptibility to smoking cigarettes, cigarette experimentation, and current tobacco use among US middle and high school students.
Methods: By using data from the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey, structural equation modeling was performed in 2013. The analyses examined exposure to tobacco use in different channels of protobacco media on smoking susceptibility, experimentation, and current tobacco use, accounting for perceived peer tobacco use.
Results: In 2012, 27.9% of respondents …

Psychosocial Stress And Changes In Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Among Adults With Diabetes Mellitus, Francis B. Annor, Katherine E. Masyn, Ike S. Okosun, Douglas W. Roblin, Michael Goodman

Public Health Faculty Publications

Background: Psychosocial stress has been hypothesized to impact renal changes, but this hypothesis has not been adequately tested. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between psychosocial stress and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and to examine other predictors of eGFR changes among persons with diabetes mellitus (DM).
Methods: Data from a survey conducted in 2005 by a major health maintenance organization located in the southeastern part of the United States, linked to patients’ clinical and pharmacy records (n ¼ 575) from 2005 to 2008, was used. Study participants were working adults aged 25–59 years, diagnosed with …

Disruption Of White Matter Integrity In Adult Survivors Of Childhood Brain Tumors: Correlates With Long-Term Intellectual Outcomes, Tricia Z. King, Liya Wang, Hui Mao

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background

Although chemotherapy and radiation treatment have contributed to increased survivorship, treatment-induced brain injury has been a concern when examining long-term intellectual outcomes of survivors. Specifically, disruption of brain white matter integrity and its relationship to intellectual outcomes in adult survivors of childhood brain tumors needs to be better understood.

Methods

Fifty-four participants underwent diffusion tensor imaging in addition to structural MRI and an intelligence test (IQ). Voxel-wise group comparisons of fractional anisotropy calculated from DTI data were performed using Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) on 27 survivors (14 treated with radiation with and without chemotherapy and 13 treated without …

Assessing The Risk Of Observing Multiple Generations Of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (Mers) Cases Given An Imported Case, Nishiura H. Miyamatsu, Y. Miyamatsu, Gerardo Chowell, M Saitoh

Public Health Faculty Publications

To guide risk assessment, expected numbers of cases and generations were estimated, assuming a case importation of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Our analysis of 36 importation events yielded the risk of observing secondary transmission events at 22.7% (95% confidence interval: 19.3–25.1). The risks of observing generations 2, 3 and 4 were estimated at 10.5%, 6.1% and 3.9%, respectively. Countries at risk should be ready for highly variable outcomes following an importation of MERS.

Multiple Trigger Points For Quantifying Heat-Health Impacts: New Evidence From A Hot Climate, Diana B. Petitti, David M. Hondula, Shuo Yang, Sharon L. Harlan, Gerardo Chowell

Public Health Faculty Publications

Background: Extreme heat is a public health challenge. The scarcity of directly comparable studies on the association of heat with morbidity and mortality and the inconsistent identification of threshold temperatures for severe impacts hampers the development of comprehensive strategies aimed at reducing adverse heat-health events.

Objectives: This quantitative study was designed to link temperature with mortality and morbidity events in Maricopa County, Arizona, USA with a focus on the summer season.

Methods: Using Poisson regression models that controlled for temporal confounders, we assessed daily temperature-health associations for a suite of mortality and morbidity events, diagnoses, and temperature metrics. Minimum risk …

Knowledge, Attitudes, And Practices Regarding Cervical Cancer And Screening Among Ethiopian Health Care Workers, Catherine M. Kress, Lisa Sharling, Ashli Owen-Smith, Dawit Desalegn, Henry M. Blumberg, Jennifer Goedken

Public Health Faculty Publications

Background: Though cervical cancer incidence has dramatically decreased in resource rich regions due to the implementation of universal screening programs, it remains one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide and has one of the highest mortality rates. The vast majority of cervical cancer-related deaths are among women that have never been screened. Prior to implementation of a screening program in Addis Ababa University-affiliated hospitals in Ethiopia, a survey was conducted to assess knowledge of cervical cancer etiology, risk factors, and screening, as well as attitudes and practices regarding cervical cancer screening among women’s health care providers.
Methods: Between …

United States Health Policies And Late-Stage Breast And Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis: Why Such Disparities By Age?, Lee R. Mobley, Tzy-Mey Kuo

Public Health Faculty Publications

Background: Colorectal and breast cancers are the second most common causes of cancer deaths in the US. Population cancer screening rates are suboptimal and many cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which results in increased morbidity and mortality. Younger populations are more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage, and this age disparity is not well understood. We examine the associations between late-stage breast cancer (BC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnoses and multilevel factors, focusing on individual state regulations of insurance and health practitioners, and interactions between such policies and age. We expect state-level regulations are significant predictors …

Compassionate Use Of Experimental Therapies: Who Should Decide?, Patricia J. Zettler

Public Health Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Disassortative Age-Mixing Does Not Explain Differences In Hiv Prevalence Between Young White And Black Msm: Findings From Four Studies, Jeremy Alexander Grey, Richard Rothenberg, Patrick S. Sullivan, Eli S. Rosenberg

Public Health Faculty Publications

Objective Age disassortativity is one hypothesis for HIV disparities between Black and White MSM. We examined differences in age mixing by race and the effect of partner age difference on the association between race and HIV status. Design We used data from four studies of MSM. Participants reported information about recent sexual partners, including age, race, and sexual behavior. Two studies were online with a US sample and two focused on MSM in Atlanta. Methods We computed concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs) by race across strata of partner type, participant HIV status, condom use, and number of partners. We used Wilcoxon …

Characteristics And Antibiotic Use Associated With Short-Term Risk Of Clostridium Difficile Infection Among Hospitalized Patients, Sol Del Mar Aldrete, Mathew J. Magee, Rachel J. Friedman-Moraco,, Austin W. Chan, Grier G. Banks, Eileen M. Burd, Colleen S. Craft

Public Health Faculty Publications

Objectives—Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been shown to have an excellent sensitivity and specificity for the detection of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Little is known about risk factors for CDI within 14 days of an initial negative test. We sought to determine the characteristics among hospitalized patients associated with risk of short-term acquisition of CDI. Methods—A case-control study was conducted. Cases were patients who converted from PCR negative to positive within 14 days. Each case was matched with three controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the association between patient characteristics and CDI. Results—Of the 30 patients in our …