Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

A Comparison Study Of Food Facility Inspection Scores And Consumer Complaints, Debora Kim Leuer

Theses Digitization Project

No abstract provided.

Cognitively Impaired Elderly Individuals And Durable Powers Of Attorney For Healthcare, Nicole Rae Newman

Theses Digitization Project

No abstract provided.

Evaluating The Program Of A Community Grassroots Organization, The Kentucky Partnership For Farm Family Health And Safety

Nursing Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Education In Schizophrenia Support For Families, Amresh Srivastava

Data and Test Instruments

No abstract provided.

Mobilizing The Community To Form And Sustain A Grassroots Organization, The Kentucky Partnership For Farm Family Health And Safety

Nursing Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

American Indians And Crime, Lawrence A. Greenfeld, Steven K. Smith

United States Public Health Resources

This report represents a compilation and new analysis of data on the effects and consequences of violent crime among American Indians. The report uses data from a wide variety of sources, including statistical series maintained by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), the FBI, and the Bureau of the Census. Data are reported from American Indian crime victims on how they were affected by the victimization and about who victimized them. The report also includes the first BJS estimates of the total number of American Indians under the custody or supervision of the justice system.
The findings reveal a disturbing …

Hepatitis C Virus And Other Flaviviridae Viruses Enter Cells Via Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor, Vincent Agnello, György Ábel, Mutasim Elfahal, Glenn B. Knight, Qing-Xiu Zhang

United States Public Health Resources

Endocytosis of the Flaviviridae viruses, hepatitis C virus, GB virus Cyhepatitis G virus, and bovine viral diarrheal virus (BVDV) was shown to be mediated by low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cultured cells by several lines of evidence: by the demonstration that endocytosis of these virus correlated with LDL receptor activity, by complete inhibition of detectable endocytosis by anti-LDL receptor antibody, by inhibition with anti-apolipoprotein E and -apolipoprotein B antibodies, by chemical methods abrogating lipoproteinyLDL receptor interactions, and by inhibition with the endocytosis inhibitor phenylarsine oxide. Confirmatory evidence was provided by the lack of detectable LDL receptor on cells known …

Preventing Hepatitis B And Hepatitis C Virus Infections In End-Stage Renal Disease Patients: Back To Basics, Scott Kellerman, Miriam Alter

United States Public Health Resources

In this issue of HEPATOLOGY, Mathurin et al. report the results of a 10-year retrospective study of kidney transplant recipients that compared rates of patient and graft survival among patients with and without chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.¹ Following this cohort of patients at intervals of 5 and 10 years, the investigators found a statistically significant decrease in survival in the HBV-infected group at both 5 and 10 years and a similar decrease at 10 years in the HCV-infected group. The findings of this study underscore the importance of preventing these infections in …

Literature Review: Challenging Hiv-Related Stigma And Discrimination In Southeast Asia: Past Successes And Future Priorities, Joanna Busza

HIV and AIDS

Pervasive stigma has surrounded HIV/AIDS since the beginning of the pandemic. In Southeast Asia, as elsewhere, it has been accompanied by discrimination, affecting transmission patterns and access to care and support. This paper describes the regional experience of stigma and discrimination and offers a review of community-based interventions that have attempted to reduce them. The evidence presented comes primarily from unpublished literature and anecdotal evidence gained through interviews with project staff throughout the region.

Informing Research On Hiv Prevention: A Consultation, Sharon Fonn, C. Elizabeth Mcgrory

HIV and AIDS

According to a 1998 UNAIDS/WHO report, HIV infection among women is the fastest-growing segment of the AIDS pandemic, especially in developing countries. Unfortunately, the HIV-prevention strategies put forward by the public health community—monogamy, condom use, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections—are not feasible for many women. Women urgently need a means within their personal control to protect themselves against HIV. Recognizing this need, a number of international and nongovernmental organizations and government agencies have called for the development of microbicides, products that women could use vaginally to prevent infection with sexually transmitted infections, particularly HIV. The Population Council is one …

The Elderly And Patient Dumping, George P. Smith Ii

Scholarly Articles

No abstract provided.

Case Finding And Case Management Of Chlamydia And Gonorrhea Infections Among Women: What We Do And Do Not Know, Nicole Haberland, Beverly Winikoff, Nancy L. Sloan, Christiana Coggins, Christopher J. Elias

Reproductive Health

As the world grapples with the HIV pandemic, the implementation of the agenda determined by the International Conference on Population and Development (1994) at Cairo, and the matter of providing health services of adequate quality in an ethical, gender-sensitive manner, new questions are arising about how to attend to reproductive tract infections, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), among women. This paper reviews the results of validation studies of syndromic algorithms, other nonlaboratory clinically based tools, and risk scoring for finding women infected with chlamydia and gonorrhea, particularly among those attending family planning and antenatal clinics in developing countries. The results …

The Female Condom In Zimbabwe: The Interplay Of Research, Advocacy, And Government Action, Population Council

HIV and AIDS

During the past decade, a significant increase in reported cases of HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe prompted the government, local organizations, and international donors to intensify prevention efforts. As part of this response, in November 1996 Zimbabwe’s National AIDS Coordinating Programme invited Population Services International to launch a social marketing program to promote the female condom, making this protective device widely available for the first time in Africa. After an acceptability study showed that Zimbabwean men and women liked using the female condom, leaders of these organizations encouraged public discussion and media attention, which helped pave the way to approval and introduction …

Improving The Management Of Stis Among Mch/Fp Clients At The Nakuru Municipal Council Health Clinics, Julie Solo, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, James Kariba Wabaru, Bedan Kiare Kariuki, Gregory Maitha

Reproductive Health

In an effort to address the global crisis of HIV/AIDS and to reduce the spread of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), maternal and child health/family planning (MCH/FP) programs have attempted to integrate the management of STIs into their services. This integration was endorsed at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo. However, as noted in this report, programs have encountered a number of difficulties as they try to effectively manage STIs in an MCH/FP setting. In particular, the effective detection and treatment of STIs has proven difficult among MCH/FP populations. This current study was developed to help …

American Indians And Crime, Bureau Of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department Of Justice, L.A. Greenfeld, S. Smith

Native Health Database Full Text

This report represents a compilation and new analysis of data on the effects and consequences of violent crime among American Indians. The report uses data from a wide variety of sources, including statistical series maintained by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), the FBI, and the Bureau of the Census. Data are reported from American Indian crime victims on how they were affected by the victimization and about who victimized them. The report also includes the first BJS estimates of the total number of American Indians under the custody or supervision of the justice system.

Editorial: Mental Health Needs Assessments Performed By Four Urban American Indian Organizations, D.K. Novins

Native Health Database Full Text

In 1991, the Indian Health Service funded a nationwide initiative with the goal of determining the need for culturally appropriate mental health services among American Indian people residing in urban areas. In the author's opinion, the assessment method used in this initiative is a valuable, fresh approach that is a significant change from flawed attempts to make these assessments in the past.

Farm Tractor Safety In Kentucky, 1995, Steven R. Browning, Susan C. Westneat, Helena Truszczynska, Deborah Reed, Robert Mcknight

Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

Objective: Tractor rollovers are a major cause of farm injuries and fatalities. The authors used data from a statewide surveillance study to estimate the prevalence of safety features such as rollover protective structures, seat belts, and power take-off shields on farm tractors in Kentucky.

Methods: Using data from the Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance Project, the authors report on the prevalence of farm tractor safety features by size of farm, by region of the state, by number of tractors per farm, and by tractor age and estimate the prevalence of tractors equipped with rollover protection by region and for …

Effectiveness Of The "Baby Think It Over" Program On Adolescents' Contraceptive And Child-Rearing Attitudes, Stephanie Ann Johnson

Masters Theses

An increasing number of high schools in the United States have begun to use the "Baby Think It Over" doll as part of their curriculum in certain classes. This study examined the effectiveness of this doll on influencing 46 male and female adolescents' attitudes and behaviors regarding pregnancy, sexual activity, and contraceptives. Five specific subscales were developed to measure the teens' contraceptive attitudes and behaviors before and after using the doll regarding their feelings about becoming pregnant, understanding/comprehension of the responsibilities of child-rearing, appreciation of the impact of child-bearing on their lives/future, and attitudes toward premarital sex. Also, a qualitative …

Concepções De Doença Por Familiares De Pacientes Com Diagnóstico De Esquizofrenia: Illness Conceptions Among Relatives Of Patients Diagnosed With Schizophrenia, Cecilia C. Villares, Cristina Redko, E Jair J. Mari

Population and Public Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Family conceptions of the nature of their relative's illness are part of the coping process and reveal the cultural construction of the illness experience. As part of a larger qualitative study conducted at the Schizophrenia Program of the Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Unifesp, 14 relatives of 8 out-patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were interviewed and invited to talk freely about their ideas and feelings concerning their relative's problem. Qualitative analysis was conducted to elicit categories of illness representations. Three main categories are presented for discussion, Problema de Nervoso, Problema na Cabeça and Problema Espiritual (Nerves, Head and …

Completing The Demographic Transition, John Bongaarts, Rodolfo A. Bulatao

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Despite ongoing declines in fertility in many countries, the population of the world is experiencing a period of rapid expansion, and its size is expected to exceed 10 billion by the end of the demographic transition. Three causes of this growth are identified and quantified: 1) fertility above the replacement level of two surviving children per woman, 2) continuing declines in mortality, and 3) population momentum resulting from a young age structure. A set of simple analytic expressions is proposed for estimating these factors from standard demographic indicators. Population momentum is shown to be the main cause of future growth …

The Fertility Impact Of Changes In The Timing Of Childbearing In The Developing World, John Bongaarts

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This study examines the role of tempo effects in the fertility declines of developing countries. These effects temporarily inflate the total fertility rate (relative to the actual fertility of cohorts of women) during periods when the age at childbearing declines and they deflate it when childbearing is postponed. An analysis of data from the World Fertility Surveys and the Demographic and Health Surveys demonstrates that fertility trends observed in many developing countries are likely to be distorted by changes in the timing of childbearing. In most countries women are delaying childbearing, which implies that observed fertility is lower than it …

Population Weights In The International Order, Geoffrey Mcnicoll

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Population relativities play little part in the international system. A nation’s economic and military power is influenced by population size, but as one factor among many. Formal relations among states exclude population from consideration by the principle of sovereign equality. Three sources of possible change in this situation are explored, in which states would be “population-weighted” to a greater degree than before. Convergence of productivity levels around the world, expected by many, would bring the economic and population rankings of states more into line. Such convergence is occurring, but selectively and for the most part quite slowly. Anticipation of its …

Premarital Sex And School Dropout In Kenya: Can Schools Make A Difference?, Barbara Mensch, Wesley H. Clark, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Annabel Erulkar

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Although an overall decline has occurred in adolescent fertility in Kenya, the proportion of births to teenagers that takes place prior to marriage is rising. At the same time that premarital sex and childbearing have increased, educational participation has expanded considerably, especially for girls. Using data from nearly 600 adolescents aged 12-19 in combination with data collected from 33 primary schools that the adolescents attended, this paper explores whether certain aspects of the school environment affect the likelihood of early and unprotected sex among adolescent girls and boys in three districts of Kenya. Because of the concern with “schoolgirl pregnancy” …

Mortality Decline And The Demographic Response: Toward A New Agenda, Mark R. Montgomery

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

A central proposition of demographic transition theory is that declines in infant and child mortality can encourage subsequent declines in fertility. Even the earliest formulations of the theory recognized that fertility decline would occur only with a lag, but neither theory nor empirical work has explored the length of such lags. This paper urges that individual perceptions and beliefs about mortality risks, conspicuously absent from the demographic research agenda, be studied directly. It proceeds to link mortality perceptions to health care decisionmaking and investments in children. The paper concludes by calling for a new agenda on mortality decline. This agenda …

The Decline Of Female Circumcision In Egypt: Evidence And Interpretation, Omaima El-Gibaly, Barbara L. Ibrahim, Barbara Mensch, Wesley H. Clark

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Female circumcision is widespread in Egypt. Research suggests that the practice persists because of a belief that circumcision will moderate female sexuality, that it will assure a girl’s marriageability, and that it is sanctioned by Islam. Using data from a nationally representative survey of adolescents, this paper investigates the prevalence and social correlates of circumcision among girls aged 10-19, the circumstances surrounding the procedure, and the attitudes of adolescents towards it. While the vast majority of adolescents are circumcised, a life table analysis indicates that girls today are at least 10 percentage points less likely to undergo female circumcision than …

Fertility Preferences And Contraceptive Change In Developing Countries, Bamikale J. Feyisetan, John B. Casterline

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Fertility has declined substantially in developing countries in the period since 1960, primarily as the result of increases in contraceptive prevalence. Little dispute is found on this point, but considerable debate has arisen about the causes of the increase in contraceptive prevalence. One unresolved issue is the causal contribution of changes in fertility desires. The sources of increase in contraceptive prevalence are analyzed in 22 countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa in the period from the 1970s to the 1990s, using World Fertility Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys data. Through regression decomposition, change in prevalence is attributed to …

Urban Growth In Developing Countries: A Review Of Projections And Predictions, Martin Brockerhoff

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Comparison of the United Nations’ earliest and most recent projections to the year 2000 suggests that urban and city growth in developing regions has occurred much more slowly than was anticipated as recently as 1980. A modified “urban population explosion” in developing countries since the 1970s conforms to explanatory models of urban growth developed by economists around 1980. Trends in productivity and terms of trade, in particular, have been highly favorable to agriculture as compared to manufacturing, presumably slowing migration to urban centers. Increases in national population growth rates have produced less than commensurate in rates of city growth, further …

Measuring Living Standards With Proxy Variables, Mark R. Montgomery, Michele Gragnolati, Kathleen A. Burke, Edmundo Paredes

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Very few demographic surveys in developing countries gather information on household income or consumption expenditure, despite the theoretical importance of these measures. Consequently, researchers have been forced to rely on ad hoc collections of proxy measures for living standards, and the properties of these proxies have not been systematically analyzed. In this research, we ask what hypotheses can be tested using proxy variables, and evaluate the performance of proxy measures in relation to consumption expenditures per adult, our preferred measure of living standards. We find that the proxy variables commonly employed in demographic research are very weak predictors of consumption …

The Decline Of Female Circumcision In Egypt: Evidence And Interpretation [Arabic], Omaima El-Gibaly, Barbara L. Ibrahim, Barbara Mensch, Wesley H. Clark

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Female circumcision is widespread in Egypt. Research suggests that the practice persists because of a belief that circumcision will moderate female sexuality, that it will assure a girl’s marriageability, and that it is sanctioned by Islam. Using data from a nationally representative survey of adolescents, this paper investigates the prevalence and social correlates of circumcision among girls aged 10-19, the circumstances surrounding the procedure, and the attitudes of adolescents towards it. While the vast majority of adolescents are circumcised, a life table analysis indicates that girls today are at least 10 percentage points less likely to undergo female circumcision than …

Is Old Bridge High School Meeting The Needs Of All Students' Knowledge With Respect To The Hiv/Aids Curriculum?, Dawn Forgerson

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

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