Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Aha Guidelines For Primary Prevention Of Cardiovascular Disease And Stroke: 2002 Update - Consensus Panel Guide To Comprehensive Risk Reduction For Adult Patients Without Coronary Or Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases, Thomas A. Pearson, Steven N. Blair, Stephen R. Daniels, Robert H. Eckel, Joan M. Fair, Stephen F. Fortmann, Barry A. Franklin, Larry B. Goldstein, Philip Greenland, Scott M. Grundy, Yuling Hong, Nancy Houston-Miller, Ronald M. Lauer, Ira S. Ockene, Ralph L. Sacco, James F. Sallis, Sidney C. Smith Jr., Neil J. Stone, Kathryn A. Taubert

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Prevention Conference Vi: Diabetes And Cardiovascular Disease - Writing Group Iii: Risk Assessment In Persons With Diabetes, Rita F. Redberg, Philip Greenland, Valentin Fuster, Kalevi Pyörälä, Steven N. Blair, Aaron R. Folsom, Anne B. Newman, Daniel H. O'Leary, Trever J. Orchard, Bruce Psaty, J. Sanford Schwartz, Rodman D. Starke, Peter W. F. Wilson

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Dietary Exposures And Oral Precancerous Lesions In Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India, James R. Hébert, Prakash C. Gupta, Ramesh B. Bhonsle, Hemali Mehta, Wei Zheng, Maureen Sanderson, Jane Teas

Faculty Publications

Objective: To test the effect of dietary nutrients on oral precancerous lesions in a reverse-smoking (i.e. smoking with the glowing end inside the mouth) population in South India. Design: Case–control. Cases with precancerous lesions were matched to an equal number of lesion-free controls matched on age (^5 years), sex and village. All subjects used tobacco in some form. Dietary data were obtained using an intervieweradministered food-frequency questionnaire, designed for use in this population. All interviews were conducted blinded to the disease status of the subject. Data were analysed using logistic regression. Setting: Nineteen rural villages in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh. …

Correlates Of Vigorous Physical Activity For Children In Grades 1 Through 12: Comparing Parent-Reported And Objectively Measured Physical Activity, James F. Sallis, Wendell C. Taylor, Marsha Dowda, Patty S. Freedson, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

Correlates of physical activity were examined in young people in grades 1 through 12, and analyses were conducted separately for eight age/grade and sex subgroups. Twenty-one explanatory variables were assessed by parental report. Physical activity was assessed in 781 young people via parent report, and 200 wore an accelerometer for seven days. Between 11% and 36% of parent-reported child vigorous physical activity was explained. The most consistent correlates were peer support and use of afternoon time for active rather than sedentary recreation. Peer support was the only significant correlate of objectively monitored activity in multiple subgroups.

Descriptive Epidemiology Of Body Mass Index Of An Urban Adult Population In Western India, H. C. Shukla, P. C. Gupta, H. C. Mehta, James R. Hébert

Faculty Publications

Study objective: To describe height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) of the adult urban population in Mumbai, western India and to estimate the prevalence and severity of thinness and overweight in this population. To describe the association of BMI with education, age, and tobacco habits in an urban Indian population. Design: Cross sectional representative survey of 99 598 adults (40 071 men and 59 527 women). Setting: The survey was carried out in the city of Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay) in western India. Participants: Men and women aged >35 years who were residents of the main city of …

Aha/Acc Guidelines For Preventing Heart Attack And Death In Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: 2001 Update - A Statement For Healthcare Professionals From The American Heart Association And The American College Of Cardiology, Sidney C. Smith Jr., Steven N. Blair, Robert O. Bonow, Lawrence M. Brass, Manuel D. Cerqueira, Kathleen Dracup, Valentin Fuster, Antonio M. Gotto, Scott M. Grundy, Nancy Houston-Miller, Alice Jacobs, Daniel Jones, Ronald M. Krauss, Lori Mosca, Ira S. Ockene, Richard C. Pasternak, Thomas A. Pearson, Marc A. Pfeffer, Rodman K. Starke, Kathryn A. Taubert

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Proteolytic Enzymes In The Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas Atlantica: Post-Secretional Activation And Effects Of Environmental Conditions, Monica Hoffman, Alan W. Decho

Faculty Publications

Production and activities of cellular and extracellular proteolytic enzymes associated with the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas atlantica were examined in response to physiological state and changing environmental variables under laboratory conditions. Enzymes evidenced by zymography were metalloproteases, as defined by substrate preference and susceptibility to inhibitors (EDTA and 1, 10-phenanthroline). Distinct bands (i.e. molecular-weight [MW] size classes) of enzymes were isolated from within cellular and extracellular compartments. Susceptibility of extracellular enzymes to environmental stressors was related, in part, to the MW size classes of the enzymes. While all bands of enzymes showed some degree of inhibition when pH was decreased, the …

Biomedical Research Leaders: Report On Needs, Opportunities, Difficulties, Education And Training, And Evaluation, Samuel H. Wilson, Deborah Brown, Jay Moskowitz, Dan Hurley, David Brown, David Brown, Byron J. Bailey, Michael Mcclain, Marilyn Misenhimer, Judith Buckalew, Thomas Burks

Faculty Publications

The National Association of Physicians for the Environment (NAPE) has assumed a leadership role in protecting environmental health in recent years. The Committee of Biomedical Research Leaders was convened at the recent NAPE Leadership Conference: Biomedical Research and the Environment held on 1–2 November 1999, at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. This report summarizes the discussion of the committee and its recommendations. The charge to the committee was to raise and address issues that will promote and sustain environmental health, safety, and energy efficiency within the biomedical community. Leaders from every important research sector (industry laboratories, academic health …

Risk Factors And Gender Differentials For Death Among Children Hospitalized With Diarrhoea In Bangladesh, Amal K. Mitra, Mohammad M. Rahman, George J. Fuchs

Faculty Publications

To identify risk factors for death among children with diarrhoea, a cohort of 496 children, aged less than 5 years, admitted to the intensive care unit of a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh, was studied during November 1992-June 1994, Clinical and laboratory records of children who died and of those who recovered in the hospital were compared, Deaths were significantly higher among those who had altered consciousness, hypoglycaemia, septicaemia, paralytic ileus, toxic colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, invasive or persistent diarrhoea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and malnutrition, Females experienced a 2-fold higher risk of death than males (p=0.003). Several indices of …

The Use Of Uniaxial And Triaxial Accelerometers To Measure Children's "Free-Play" Physical Activity, Alise E. Ott, Russell R. Pate, Stewart G. Trost, Dianne S. Ward, Ruth P. Saunders

Faculty Publications

In order to effectively measure the physical activity of children, objective monitoring devices must be able to quantify the intermittent and nonlinear movement of free play. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the Computer Science and Applications (CSA) uniaxial accelerometer and the TriTrac-R3D triaxial accelerometer with respect to their ability to measure 8 "free-play" activities of different intensity. The activities ranged from light to very vigorous in intensity and included activities such as throwing and catching, hopscotch, and basketball. Twenty-eight children, ages 9 to 11, wore a CSA and a heart rate monitor while performing …

Children's Understanding Of The Concept Of Physical Activity, Stewart G. Trost, Angela M. Morgan, Ruth P. Saunders, Gwen A. Felton, Dianne S. Ward, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

This study evaluated 4th-grade students' understanding of the concept of physical activity and assessed the effects of two interventions to enhance the students' understanding of this concept. Students were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: the video group (n=40) watched a 5-min video describing physical activity; the verbal group (n=42) listened to a generic description of physical activity; the control group received no instruction (n=45). Students completed a 17-item checklist testing their understanding of the concept of physical activity. Compared to controls, students in the verbal and video group demonstrated significantly higher checklist …

Comparison Of A Dietary Record Using Reported Portion Size Versus Standard Portion Size For Assessing Nutrient Intake, Desiree C. Welten, Ruth A. Carpenter, R. Sue Mcpherson, Suzanne Brodney, Deirdre Douglass, James B. Kampert, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Objective: Because the percentage of missing portion sizes was large in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS), careful consideration of the accuracy of standard portion sizes was necessary. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the consequences of using standard portion size instead of reported portion sizes on subjects' nutrient intake.

Methods: In 2307 men and 411 women, nutrient intake calculated from a 3-day dietary record using reported portion sizes was compared with nutrient intake calculated from the same record in which standard portion sizes were substituted for reported portion sizes.

Results: The standard portion sizes provided significantly …

Low Fasting Plasma Glucose Level As A Predictor Of Cardiovascular Disease And All-Cause Mortality, Ming Wei, Larry W. Gibbons, Tedd L. Mitchell, James B. Kampert, Michael P. Stern, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Background - Although medical textbooks usually classify fasting plasma glucose <70 or 80 mg/dL (<3.89 or 4.44 mmol/L) as abnormal, the prognosis for patients with low fasting plasma glucose is unclear.

Methods and Results - We conducted prospective cohort studies among 40,069 men and women to investigate the association between fasting plasma glucose levels and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. We documented a U-shaped relation between fasting plasma glucose and mortality. In addition to diabetes and impaired fasting glucose levels, low fasting plasma glucose levels were also associated with high morality. After multivariate adjustment for age, sex, study population, ethnicity, current smoking status, high blood pressure, total cholesterol, body mass index, triglycerides, history of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and a family …

Correlates Of Physical Activity In Male And Female Youth, Timothy Bungum, Marsha Dowda, Anne T. Weston, Stewart G. Trost, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

This study examined associations between psychosocial factors and physical activity in a group of youth (n=520). Students completed the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall and a survey of potential determinants of physical activity. Regression analyses of intentions to be physically active revealed that enjoyment and self-efficacy predicted intentions for both males and females. Attitudes predicted moderate to vigorous activity (MVPA), and enjoyment and self-efficacy predicted vigorous activity (VPA) for males. Self-efficacy predicted both MVPA and VPA for females. The findings suggest that intervention programs targeted at youth should include developmentally appropriate activities that are fun and promote physical …

Moderate Intensity Exercise Training Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness In Women, J. David Branch, Russell R. Pate, Sharon P. Bourque

Faculty Publications

Among women, there is an increased prevalence of sedentary lifestyle and less participation in physical activity at levels recommended by the Surgeon General. As a result, women have been identified as a target group in public health initiatives to increase physical activity. The health-related benefits of habitual, moderate intensity physical activity are well documented in the epidemiological literature, but less is known about the effect of such physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness. Our hypothesis was that moderate and vigorous exercise training regimens of similar estimated energy expenditure would result in similar changes in cardiorespiratory fitness. Eighteen sedentary premenopausal women with …

Cardiovascular Disease Prevention By Sports: Myth Or Reality?, Maria João C. A. Almeida, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Low levels of physical activity and fitness substantially increase risk of several chronic diseases, reduce longevity, and lead to loss of function. The strength and relation of inactivity to health problems and the high prevalence of sedentary habits in most countries of the world make lack of exercise a major public health problem. Fortunately, there is now good consensus regarding public health recommendations for physical activity from many important medical, scientific, and public health organizations. Recent research on physical activity interventions provides additional approaches to helping sedentary adults become more physically active.

Is Malnutrition Declining? An Analysis Of Changes In Levels Of Childhood Malnutrition Since 1980, Mercedes De Onis, Edward A. Frongillo Jr., Monika Blo¨ Ssner

Faculty Publications

Nutritional status is the best global indicator of well-being in children. Although many surveys of children have been conducted since the 1970s, lack of comparability between them has made it difficult to monitor trends in child malnutrition.

Cross-sectional data from 241 nationally representative surveys were analysed in a standard way to produce comparable results of low height-for-age (stunting). Multilevel modelling was applied to estimate regional and global trends from 1980 to 2005.

The prevalence of stunting has fallen in developing countries from 47% in 1980 to 33% in 2000 (i.e. by 40 million), although progress has been uneven according to …

Validity Of The Previous Day Physical Activity Recall (Pdpar) In Fifth-Grade Children, Stewart G. Trost, Dianne S. Ward, Ben Mcgraw, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

This study evaluated the validity of the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall (PDPAR) self-report instrument in quantifying after-school physical activity behavior in fifth-grade children. Thirty-eight fifth-grade students (mean age, 10.8 ± 0.1; 52.6%; female; 26.3% African American) from two urban elementary schools completed the PDPAR after wearing a CSA WAM 7164 accelerometer for a day. The mean within-subject correlation between self-reported MET level and total counts for each 30-min block was 0.57 (95% C.I., 0.51-0.62). Self-reported mean MET level during the after-school period and the number of 30-min blocks with activity rated at > 6 METs were significantly correlated with the …

Tracking Of Physical Activity, Physical Inactivity, And Health-Related Physical Fitness In Rural Youth, Russell R. Pate, Stewart G. Trost, Marsha Dowda, Alise E. Ott, Dianne S. Ward, Ruth P. Saunders, Gwen A. Felton

Faculty Publications

This study examined the tracking of selected measures of physical activity, inactivity, and fitness in a cohort of rural youth. Students (N=181, 54.7% female, 63.5% African American) completed test batteries during their fifth- (age=10.7±0.7 years), sixth-, and seventh-grade years. The Previous Day Physical Activity Recall (PDPAR) was used to assess 30-min blocks of vigorous physical activity (VPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), TV watching and other sedentary activities, and estimated energy expenditure (EE). Fitness measures included the PWC 170 cycle ergometer test, strength tests, triceps skinfold thickness, and BMI. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for VPA, MVPA, and after-school EE …

Dietary Assimilation Of Cadmium Associated With Bacterial Exopolymer Sediment Coatings By The Estuarine Amphipod Leptocheirus Plumulosus: Effects Of Cd Concentration And Salinity, Christian E. Schlekat, Alan W. Decho, G. Thomas Chandler

Faculty Publications

Bacterial extracellular substances (also known as exopolysaccharides, or EPS) may serve as vectors for trophic transfer of metals in benthic systems because these ubiquitous sediment coatings can sorb high concentrations of toxic metals, and because many benthic invertebrates assimilate EPS sediment coatings upon ingestion. We conducted 3 sets of experiments to determine the assimilative bioavailability of EPS-associated Cd to the benthic amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus as a function of Cd concentration and salinity. Bioavailability was measured as L. plumulosus Cd assimilation efficiency (AE) from EPS-coated silica (EPS●Si) and from uncoated silica (NC●Si) using modified pulse-chase methods with the gamma-emitting radioisotope ^{109 …}

Development And Testing Of A Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire For Use In Gujarat, India, James R. Hébert, Prakash C. Gupta, Ramesh B. Bhonsle, Pesi N. Sinor, Hemali Mehta, Fali S. Mehta

Faculty Publications

Objective: To develop and test a quantitative, interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to ascertain nutrient intakes of individuals in northern India. Design: A 92-item FFQ was developed based on food use and market surveys of the study area. A validation study was conducted consisting of 24-h diet recalls (24HR) administered on 6 randomly selected days over 1 year. Two FFQs were administered, one each at the beginning and end of the 1-year period. FFQ and 24HR-derived nutrient scores were compared using correlation and regression analyses and by computing differences between nutrient intakes estimated by the two methods. Setting: Rural villages …

Development And Testing Of A Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire For Use In Kerala, India, James R. Hébert, Prakash C. Gupta, Ramesh B. Bhonsle, P. R. Murti, Hemali Mehta, Florence Verghese, Mira Aghi, Kamala Krishnaswamy, Fali S. Mehta

Faculty Publications

Objective: To develop and test a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for use in rural areas of Kerala, India. Design: Based on food use and market surveys of the study area, a quantitative 81- item interviewer-administered FFQ was developed. A validation study was conducted consisting of 24-h diet recalls (24HR) administered on 8 days randomly selected over an entire year and two administrations of the FFQ, one at the beginning of the l-year period and the other at the end. FFQ and 24HR-derived nutrient scores were compared using correlation and regression analyses and by examining differences in the nutrient scores. Setting: …

Warming-Up For Martial Arts Practice: Scientific Foundations, Brett L. Netherton, J. Larry Durstine

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

God's Perspectives On Health, P. Gerard Damsteegt

Faculty Publications

As Creator, God knows exactly what it takes to keep the humanbody in excellent health, and because health depends so much onour life-style, God is intimately concerned about how we live. Nowonder, then, that the Bible gives so much sound instruction onhow to maintain our health. As we study God’s Word, we come torealize that many of the current practices of preventive medicinecome straight from Him— medicine is finally catching up with thecounsels of Scripture. Let us take another look at what the Biblesays.

Student Evaluations Of Teaching Effectiveness: The Interpretation Of Observational Data And The Principle Of Faute De Mieux, B. Burt Gerstman

Faculty Publications

Student opinion surveys are important but widely misunderstood tools for evaluating teaching effectiveness. In this brief review, an analogy is drawn between the use and interpretation of observational data for public health and biomedical research and the use of student opinion data in evaluating teach ing effectiveness. Sources of systematic error in the form of selection bias, information bias, and confounding are defined and illustrated. Original data concerning intermittent "quid pro quo" confounding (i.e., the effect of expected grades on student evaluations of teaching) are presented. Finally, the principle of faute de mieux ("lack of anything better") and the interpretation …

The Effects Of Malnutrition On Child Mortality In Developing Countries, D.L. Pelletier, Edward A. Frongillo Jr., D.G. Schroeder, J.P. Habicht

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Life, Death And Public Policy, Larry I. Palmer

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Fibrinolytic Responses To Moderate Intensity Exercise: Comparison Of Physically Active And Inactive Men, Linda M. Szymanski, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

The purposes of this study were to compare fibrinolytic responses to moderate intensity exercise in physically active and inactive men and during morning and evening exercise. Fourteen physically inactive men (mean age, 34.7 ± 4.0 years) and 12 regularly active men (34.8 ± 4.0 years) performed two exercise sessions, morning and evening, at 50% of maximal oxygen consumption. Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) andplasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity were measured before and after exercise. Data were analyzed using a three-way ANOVA with repeated measures. TPA actively increased with exercise in both groups, although the active group demonstrated greater increases than the …

Descriptive Epidemiology Of Physical Activity In Adolescents, Russell R. Pate, Barbara J. Long, Gregory W. Heath

Faculty Publications

This paper reviews the descriptive epidemiology of physical activity in adolescents. Large population-based studies were reviewed, along with smaller studies using objective monitoring of physical activity. Estimates showed that adolescents engage in physical activity of any intensity for a mean of one hour per day. Approximately two thirds of males and one quarter of females participate in moderate to vigorous activity for 20 min 3 or more days per week. Activity levels decline with increasing age across adolescence, and this decrease is more marked in females than in males. Comparison of these data to physical activity guidelines for adolescents suggests …

Aging And Exercise: A Health Perspective, Joanna L. Bokovoy, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Habitual exercise provides protection against fatal coronary heart disease, extends longevity, and enhances quality of life. National surveys show less physical activity in older men and women compared with middle-aged and younger persons; older women are particularly sedentary. Although there are still few longitudinal studies on exercise and physical activity in older individuals, the data support a positive relationship between physical activity and health function in older individuals. The data further show that with regular physical activity, health and fitness are maintained or even increased over time in older individuals. Studies on physical activity requirements for beneficial health effects in …