Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Perceived Neighborhood Safety And Incident Mobility Disability Among Elders: The Hazards Of Poverty, Cheryl R. Clark, Ichiro Kawacgu, Louise Ryan, Karen A. Ertel, Martha E. Fay, Lisa F. Berkman

Karen A. Ertel

Background: We investigated whether lack of perceived neighborhood safety due to crime, or living in high crime neighborhoods was associated with incident mobility disability in elderly populations. We hypothesized that low-income elders and elders at retirement age (65 – 74) would be at greatest risk of mobility disability onset in the face of perceived or measured crime-related safety hazards. Methods: We conducted the study in the New Haven Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE), a longitudinal cohort study of community-dwelling elders aged 65 and older who were residents of New Haven, Connecticut in 1982. Elders were interviewed …

Evolving The Theory And Praxis Of Knowledge Translation Through Social Interaction: A Social Phenomenological Study, Carol L. Mcwilliam, Anita Kothari, Cathy Ward-Griffin, Dorothy Forbes, Beverly Leipert

Anita Kothari

Background: As an inherently human process fraught with subjectivity, dynamic interaction, and change, social interaction knowledge translation (KT) invites implementation scientists to explore what might be learned from adopting the academic tradition of social constructivism and an interpretive research approach. This paper presents phenomenological investigation of the second cycle of a participatory action KT intervention in the home care sector to answer the question: What is the nature of the process of implementing KT through social interaction?

Methods: Social phenomenology was selected to capture how the social processes of the KT intervention were experienced, with the aim of representing these …

Metro-Urbam Mental Health In Developing Countries: From Origin To Outcome: An Indian Experience, Amresh Srivastava

Amresh Srivastava

Metro-Urban Mental health in developing countries: from origins to outcome: an Indian experience

Amresh Shrivastava: MD,DPM,MRCPsych, Executive Director: Mental Health Resource Foundation, & Prerana Charitable Trust, Mumbai, India. Assistant professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Address of presenting author E Mail: dr.amresh@gmail.com 467, Sunset Drive, Regional Mental Health care, St.Thomas, Ontario, Canada, N5H 3V9 Phone: 519-631-8510 x 49252, fax 519-631-2512. & 519-641-3833 The life of the mentally ill in large metropolitan areas is presumed to be more Challenging. The impact of urbanization on service utilization and outcome is not clearly known. The present paper discusses …

The Construct Validity Of Rule-Breaking And Aggression In An Adult Clinical Sample, Christopher J. Hopwood, S. Alexandra Burt, John C. Markowitz, Shirley Yen, M. Tracie Shea, Charles A. Sanislow, Carlos M. Grilo, Emily B. Ansell, Thomas H. Mcglashan, John G. Gunderson, Mary C. Zanarini, Andrew E. Skodol, Leslie C. Morey

Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D.

Previous research has demonstrated that aggression (AGG) and non-aggressive rule-breaking (RB) represent elements of antisocial behavior with different etiological mechanisms and associations to personality and psychopathology. However, these constructs have not been investigated in an adult clinical sample. In the current study, interview and self-report derived AGG and RB were associated with personality traits and disorders as well as functioning across several domains, family history, concurrent psychopathology, and prospective behaviors. Both AGG and RB were similarly related to disagreeableness. RB was uniquely related to low conscientiousness, cluster B personality disorders, functioning, problems in childhood, suicide risk, arrests, and substance use …

Evaluation Of The Effect Of Patient Education On Rates Of Falls In Older Hospital Patients: Description Of A Randomised Controlled Trial, Anne-Marie Hill, Keith Hill, Sandra Brauer, David Oliver, Tammy Hoffmann, Christopher Beer, Steven Mcphail, Terry P. Haines

Tammy Hoffmann

Background: Accidental falls by older patients in hospital are one of the most commonly reported adverse events. Falls after discharge are also common. These falls have enormous physical, psychological and social consequences for older patients, including serious physical injury and reduced quality of life, and are also a source of substantial cost to health systems worldwide. There have been a limited number of randomised controlled trials, mainly using multifactorial interventions, aiming to prevent older people falling whilst inpatients. Trials to date have produced conflicting results and recent meta-analyses highlight that there is still insufficient evidence to clearly identify which interventions …

Can Clinicians Recognize Dsm-Iv Personality Disorders From Five-Factor Model Descriptions Of Patient Cases?, Benjamin M. Rottman, Woo-Kyoung Ahn, Charles A. Sanislow, Nancy S. Kim

Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D.

Objective: This article examined, using theories from cognitive science, the clinical utility of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of Personality, an assessment and classification system under consideration for integration into the forthcoming fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders. Specifically, the authors sought to test whether FFM descriptors are specific enough to allow practicing clinicians to capture core features of personality disorders.

Method: In two studies, a large nationwide sample of clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and clinical social workers (N = 187 and N = 191) were presented case profiles based on symptom formats from either the …

Soil Metal Concentrations And Toxicity: Associations With Distances To Industrial Facilities And Implications For Human Health, C. Marjorie Aelion, Harley Davis, Suzanne Mcdermott, Andrew Lawson

C. Marjorie Aelion

Urban and rural areas may have different levels of environmental contamination and different potential sources of exposure. Many metals, i.e., arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg), have well-documented negative neurological effects, and the developing fetus and young children are particularly at risk. Using a database of mother and child pairs, three areas were identified: a rural area with no increased prevalence of mental retardation and developmental delay (MR/DD) (Area A), and a rural area (Area B) and an urban area (Area C) with significantly higher prevalence of MR/DD in children as compared to the state-wide average. Areas were mapped …

What Education Do Stroke Patients Receive In Australian Hospitals?, Tammy Hoffmann, Tammy Cochrane

Tammy Hoffmann

Objective: This study evaluated the educational practices of staff working in acute stroke wards in Australian hospitals, including the coordination and methods of patient education provision, postdischarge education and support services available, and the education and support services that health professionals would like to provide.

Methods: Health professionals who worked in acute stroke wards in Australian hospitals were surveyed about the stroke education practices of staff in their ward. Thirty-four hospitals returned a completed questionnaire via email or fax.

Results: Verbal communication and written materials were the most frequently used methods of information provision. Twenty-three (67.6%) wards developed their own …

Why Public Health Agencies Cannot Depend On Good Laboratory Practices As A Criterion For Selecting Data: The Case Of Bisphenol A, John Peterson Myers, Frederick S. Vom Saal, Benson T. Akingbemi, Koji Arizono, Scott Belcher, Theo Colborn, Ibrahim Chahoud, D. Andrew Crain, Francesca Farabollini, Louis J. Guillette Jr., Terry Hassold, Shuk-Mei Ho, Patricia A. Hunt, Taisen Iguchi, Susan Jobling, Jun Kanno, Hans Laufer, Michele Marcus, John A. Mclachlan, Angel Nadal, Jörg Oehlmann, Nicolás Olea, Paola Palanza, Stefano Parmigiani, Beverly S. Rubin, Gilbert Schoenfelder, Carlos Sonnenschein, Ana M. Soto, Chris E. Talsness, Julia A. Taylor, Laura Vandenberg, John G. Vandenbergh, Sarah Vogel, Cheryl S. Watson, Wade V. Welshons, R. Thomas Zoeller

Laura Vandenberg

BACKGROUND: In their safety evaluations of bisphenol A (BPA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and a counterpart in Europe, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), have given special prominence to two industry-funded studies that adhered to standards defined by Good Laboratory Practices (GLP). These same agencies have given much less weight in risk assessments to a large number of independently replicated non-GLP studies conducted with government funding by the leading experts in various fields of science from around the world. OBJECTIVES: We reviewed differences between industry-funded GLP studies of BPA conducted by commercial laboratories for regulatory purposes and …

Why Do Doctors Use Treatments That Do Not Work? For Many Reasons - Including Their Inability To Stand Idle And Do Nothing., Jenny Doust, Chris Del Mar

Jenny Doust

Why do we still use ineffective treatments? One reason is that our expectations for the benefits of treatment are too high. Also clinical experience can be a poor judge of what does and does not work - hence the need for randomised controlled trials. Even when empiricism is satisfied we can be misled by looking at the wrong outcome. Indeed some treatments have harms that outweigh their benefits and are not evident in trials. Much of the clinical examination and diagnostic testing is more of a ritual than diagnostically useful. Doctors must be willing to continually question their own managements …

Book Review 19 The Third Chapter By Sara Lawrence Lightfoot, William C. Mcpeck

William C. McPeck

This is my personal review of the book The Third Chapter by Sara Lawrence Lighfoot which was published in 2009 by Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.

Antioxidant Responses And Nrf2 In Synergistic Developmental Toxicity Of Pahs In Zebrafish, Alicia R. Timme-Laragy, Lindsey A. Van Tiem, Elwood A. Linney, Richard T. Di Giulio

Alicia R. Timme-Laragy

Early piscine life stages are sensitive to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure, which can cause pericardial effusion and craniofacial malformations. We previously reported that certain combinations of PAHs cause synergistic developmental toxicity, as observed with coexposure to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist b-naphthoflavone (BNF) and cytochrome P4501A inhibitor a-naphthoflavone (ANF). Herein, we hypothesized that oxidative stress is a component of this toxicity. We examined induction of antioxidant genes in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) exposed to BNF or ANF individually, a BNF 1 ANF combination, and a prooxidant positive control, tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBOOH). We measured total glutathione (GSH) and attempted to modulate …

Improvement In Borderline Personality Disorder In Relationship To Age, M. Tracie Shea, Maria O. Edelen, Shirley Yen, John G. Gunderson, Andrew E. Skodol, Charles A. Sanislow, Carlos M. Grilo, Emily B. Ansell, Maria T. Daversa, Mary C. Zanarini, Thomas H. Mcglashan, Leslie C. Morey

Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D.

Objective: It is commonly believed that some features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) improve as individuals reach their late 30s and 40s. This study examined age-related change in borderline criteria and functional impairment, testing the hypothesis that older age would be associated with relatively more improvement than younger age.

Method: A total of 216 male and female participants with BPD were followed prospectively with yearly assessments over 6 years.

Results: Participants showed similar rates of improvement in borderline features regardless of age. A significant age by study year interaction showed functioning in older subjects to reverse direction and begin to …

Stroke Mortality In Brazil: One Example Of Delayed Epidemiological Cardiovascular Transition, Paulo A. Lotufo

Paulo A Lotufo

No abstract provided.

Australian Consumer Attitudes To Health Claim - Food Product Compatibility For Functional Foods, P. G. Williams, L. Ridges, M. Batterham, B. Ripper, M. C. Hung

Peter Williams

This study with Australian consumers investigated how appealing different health claims combined with particular food carriers were to Australian consumers, and compared the results of a similar study with Dutch consumers. 149 shoppers considered up to 30 different food concepts, rating how ‘attractive’, ‘believable’, and ‘new and different’ they found each concept and their ‘intention to try’. Each variable was significantly related to intention to try (p<0.001) and together explained 56% of the intention score. Claims and carriers independently had a significant effect on ratings of attractiveness and intention to try but, unlike the Dutch study, the carrier was a more important predictor of intention to purchase than the claim. Implications for regulation of health claims for food are discussed.

Stigma And Discrimination: The Mumbai Experience, Amresh Srivastava

Amresh Srivastava

Title: Stigma & Discrimination: The Mumbai Experience

Main Author: Amresh Shrivastava MD, DPM, MRCPsych, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.

Co-Authors: Gopa Sarkhel, MA, Iyer Sunita MA, Thakar Meghana MA, Shah Nilesh, MD, DPM

Address of Presenter: Executive Director, Mental health foundation of India (PRERANA Charitable Trust) Mumbai, India; Currently at Department of Psychiatry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Address: Regional mental health care, 467 Sunset Drive, St. Thomas, N5N 3V9, St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada Phone: 1-5196318510; Fax: 1-519-631-2512. E-mail: amresh.edu@gmail.com

Background: People with schizophrenia suffer from stigma and discrimination to a great extent, and this …

Genographic Reflections: A Course Based Experiment, John Mazzeo

John Mazzeo, Ph.D.

No abstract provided.

Club Drug Use In Hispanic College Students, Michelle R. Resor, Theodore V. Cooper

Theodore V. Cooper

No abstract provided.

Polymorphisms In Uracil-Processing Genes, But Not One-Carbon Nutrients, Are Associated With Altered Dna Uracil Concentrations In An Urban Puerto Rican Population, Aurelie Chanson, Laurence D. Parnell, Eric D. Ciappio, Zhenhua Liu, Jimmy W. Crott, Katherine L. Tucker, Joel B. Mason

Zhenhua Liu

Background: Five genes—UNG, SMUG1, MBD4, TDG, and DUT—are involved in the repair or prevention of uracil misincorporation into DNA, an anomaly that can cause mutagenic events that lead to cancer. Little is known about the determinants of uracil misincorporation, including the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the abovementioned genes. Because of their metabolic function, folate and other one-carbon micronutrients may be important factors in the control of uracil misincorporation. Objectives: We sought to identify polymorphisms in uracil-processing genes that are determinants of DNA uracil concentration and to establish whether one-carbon nutrient status can further modify their effects. Design: …

Zimbabwe Household Livelihood Security Assessment. Care., John Mazzeo

John Mazzeo, Ph.D.

No abstract provided.

Effects Of Low-Dose Aspirin In In-Vitro Fertilization, Enrique F. Schisterman, Audrey J. Gaskins, Brian W. Whitcomb

Brian W. Whitcomb

Purpose of review—In theory, use of aspirin in IVF is based on its anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, and platelet aggregation inhibition properties, which improve blood flow to a woman's implantation site. It is hypothesized that this effect on blood flow will improve success rates. Recent findings—Clinical studies investigating the use of low-dose aspirin (LDA) as an adjuvant therapy to IVF have produced conflicting results. The conflicting results have come as a consequence of the heterogeneous mixture of clinical trials with lack of adequate power. Even after multiple metaanalyses, differing estimates of effect were calculated as to whether aspirin should be used in …

The Importance Of Identity, History, And Culture In The Wellbeing Of Indigenous Youth, Lisa Wexler

Lisa Wexler

Alaska Native youth suffer disproportionately from suicide. Some researchers explain this by pointing to social disintegration brought on by rapid social change, but few make the connection to an ongoing colonialism explicit. This paper articulates some of the ways that colonial discourses affect Inupiat young people's self-conceptions, perceived choices, and, consequently, their behavioral health. Inupiat youth narratives will illustrate these connections and, in so doing, offer new ways to understand youth suicide in Native communities.

Zimbabwe Household Livelihood Security Assessment. Catholic Relief Services., John Mazzeo

John Mazzeo, Ph.D.

No abstract provided.

Zimbabwe Household Livelihood Security Assessment. World Vision., John Mazzeo

John Mazzeo, Ph.D.

No abstract provided.

Hiv And Aids Stigma And Discrimination In China: Results From A National Survey, Karen Hardee, Tim Manchester, Victor Yuan, Benjamin Y. Clark, Amy Qi, Sarah Bradley, Zoe Shen

Benjamin Y. Clark

Because stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes and tendencies are largely prevalent in China, national and local mass media interventions have an important role to play in making Chinese citizens aware of the debilitating effects of stigma and discrimination and in reinforcing information on HIV/AIDS to reduce baseless fears of transmission.

Festival Elephants And The Myths Of Global Poverty, John Mazzeo

John Mazzeo, Ph.D.

No abstract provided.

Identifying Natural And Anthropogenic Sources Of Metals In Urban And Rural Soils Using Gis-Based Data, Pca, And Spatial Interpolation, Harley T. Davis, C. Marjorie Aelion, Suzanne Mcdermott, Andrew B. Lawson

C. Marjorie Aelion

Determining sources of neurotoxic metals in rural and urban soils is important for mitigating human exposure. Surface soil from four areas with significant clusters of mental retardation and developmental delay (MR/DD) in children, and one control site were analyzed for nine metals and characterized by soil type, climate, ecological region, land use and industrial facilities using readilyavailable GIS-based data. Kriging, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to identify commonalities of metal distribution. Three MR/DD areas (one rural and two urban) had similar soil types and significantly higher soil metal concentrations. PCA and CA results suggested that …

Accounting For The Experiences Of Participants In The Evaluation Of Hiv/Aids Home Based Care Programs In Zimbabwe, John Mazzeo

John Mazzeo, Ph.D.

http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~db=all~content=g921011820

Microdose Follicular Flare: A Viable Alternative For Normal Responding Patients Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization?, Eric D. Levensa, Brian W. Whitcomb, Jonathan D. Kortc, Donna Materia-Hoovere, Frederick W. Larsena

Brian W. Whitcomb

Objective—To compare cycle outcomes among normal responding patients ≤30 years receiving microdose follicular flare (MDF) and long-luteal agonist (LL). Design—Retrospective cohort study. Setting—Military-based ART center. Patients—First, autologous ART cycles among 499 women ≤30 years old from 01/1999 to 12/2005. Interventions—Following OCP administration prior to cycle start, patients were non-randomly assigned to either LL or MDF for LH surge suppression. LL received 1 mg/d leuprolide acetate (LA) on cycle day 21, which was reduced to 0.25 mg/day 10–14 days later. MDF received LA (40 μg BID) beginning 3 days after discontinuing OCPs. Both groups received a combination of hMG and rFSH. …

Answering The Millennium Call For Maternal Health, Margaux Hall, Aziza Ahmed, Stephanie Swanson

Aziza Ahmed

Complications during childbirth and pregnancy are a main source of death and disability among women of reproductive age. Approximately 536,000 women die from pregnancy-related complications each year. Developing countries suffer most profoundly, accounting for 99% of deaths. The world's nations, by endorsing U.N. Millennium Development Goals, recognized that most deaths are preventable; they have pledged to reduce maternal mortality by 75% by 2015. This Article assesses the barriers presented by user fees — formal charges for health services still charged by many countries — to the attainment of MDGs. It shows that user fees hamper healthcare access, particularly in emergency …