Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Iatrogenic Indirect Compression Of The Inferior Alveolar Nerve By A Dental Implant, Wesam T. Alsalman Dds, Mds, Saad Mulhi Alharbi Bds, Sbe, Haifa Alharbi Bds, Heba Alkhair Allah Bds, Marwan Abood Bds, Jbp, Abeer Hani Albattah Dds, Mds, Khalid Almas Bds

The New York State Dental Journal

Although there are multiple studies about direct injury to Inferior Alveolar Nerve (IAN) during dental procedures, however, data regarding compression phenomenon on the nerve is limited. The case report aims to review the topic of iatrogenic compression phenomenon of IAN following surgical placement of dental implant and to report a clinical case of compressed IAN with temporary loss of sensation following placement of dental implant in posterior mandible.

Exploring The Experiences Of Underrepresented Students Pursuing Health-Related Graduate Or Professional Programs, Alison Williams

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

For many years graduate and professional education programs for the health professions have sought to increase the diversity of their student body to include students from a wider variety of backgrounds. Increasing the diversity of healthcare providers is an essential component of addressing inequities in healthcare. However, despite initiatives to increase racial and ethnic diversity in the health professions, these professions remain largely White and female. Previous researchers have sought to identify the reasons that racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented in healthcare, and the barriers to persistence and success. Little research exists explaining why men are underrepresented in the …

Dentistry Must Continue To "Get It" Or "Lose It", Chester Gary Dds, Jd

The New York State Dental Journal

Participants in all aspects of the dental profession must understand our unique roles to succeed as leaders in our joint mission to meet society's oral health needs.

Vaccination Intention And Uptake Within The Black Community In Appalachia, Jamey T. Brumbaugh, Kalo C. Sokoto, Casey D. Wright, Sarah E. Francis, Jaliyah Hubbard, Linda Alexander, Daniel W. Mcneil

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

Objective:

Black communities have disproportionately experienced adverse health effects from the COVID-19 pandemic while simultaneously having less vaccination access and decreased vaccine utilization. As such, predictors of vaccination uptake within Black communities are a public health imperative. Black Americans from socio-geographic regions associated with health inequities (e.g., Appalachia), including vaccination disparities, represent an intersection of racial, economic, and ethnic social identities. To better understand the preventive health needs of Black communities in Appalachia and elsewhere, this study examined psychosocial predictors of vaccination intention or behavior.

Method:

Adults (n = 336) identifying as Black or African American from West …

Hipaa Update: Conducting A Security Risk Analysis, Jennifer Cosey

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Security Rule mandates periodic security risk analyses (SRA) to assess compliance. This analysis evaluates threats and vulnerabilities to electronic protected health information (EPHI) and considers all devices connected to a network. While the Security Rule is flexible, small organizations must still adhere to its standards. IT vendors and staff play a crucial role in implementing HIPAA safeguards. Threats and vulnerabilities must be identified to select appropriate safeguards for EPHI. These safeguards include administrative, physical, and technical measures. Addressable specifications should be implemented if reasonable, and documentation of decisions is essential. A Technical …

Dental Care Utilization Among U.S. Children Participating In Early Head Start Programs, Ahlam Ibraheem Joufi

Health Services Research Dissertations

Early childhood caries (ECC) remains one of the most common preventable diseases among children under the age of 6 years. Several national stakeholders recommend establishing a continuous collaboration of individuals involved with receiving oral health services (dental home) and routine dental care for the child by 12 months. Despite this recommendation, disparities exist among young, low-income children in preventive dental service utilization. The Early Head Start (EHS) program serves low-income children aged 0-3 years and their families and promotes oral health practices and service utilization within the program. This study aims to examine predictors of dental care utilization among children …

Impacts Of A Duf2207 Family Protein On Streptococcus Mutans Stress Tolerance Responses And Biofilm Formation, Xiaochang Huang, Camile G. Laird, Paul P. Riley, Zezhang Tom Wen

School of Dentistry Faculty Publications

Locus SMU.243 in Streptococcus mutans was annotated as a member of the DUF2207 family proteins highly conserved in all bacteria but with unknown function. To investigate its role in S. mutans physiology, a SMU.243-deficient mutant was constructed using allelic exchange mutagenesis, and the impacts of SMU.243 deletion on bacterial growth, stress tolerance response, and biofilm formation were analyzed. Compared to the wild-type UA159, S. mutans lacking SMU.243 displayed a reduced growth rate and a reduced overnight culture density (p < 0.01) when grown at low pH and in the presence of methyl viologen. Relative to the parent strain, the deficient mutant also had a reduced survival rate following incubation in a buffer of pH 2.8 (p < 0.01) and in a buffer containing hydrogen peroxide at 58 mM after 60 min (p < 0.001) and had a reduced capacity in biofilm formation especially in the presence of sucrose (p < 0.01). To study any ensuing functional/phenotypical links between SMU.243 and uppP, which is located immediately downstream of SMU.243 and encodes an undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase involved in recycling of carrier lipid undecaprenyl phosphate, a uppP deficient mutant was generated using allelic exchange mutagenesis. Unlike the SMU.243 mutant, deletion of uppP affected cell envelope biogenesis and caused major increases in susceptibility to bacitracin. In addition, two variant morphological mutants, one forming rough colonies and the other forming mucoid, smooth colonies, also emerged following the deletion of uppP. The results suggest that the SMU.243-encoded protein of the DUF2207 family in S. mutans plays an important role in stress tolerance response and biofilm formation, but unlike the downstream uppP, does not seem to be involved in cell envelope biogenesis, although the exact roles in S. mutans’ physiology awaits further investigation.

Dental Pulp Stem Cells And Current In Vivo Approaches To Study Dental Pulp Stem Cells In Pulp Injury And Regeneration, Dongwook Yang, Jea Giezl Niedo Solidum, Dongsu Park

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have garnered significant interest in dental research for their unique characteristics and potential in tooth development and regeneration. While there were many studies to define their stem cell-like characteristics and osteogenic differentiation functions that are considered ideal candidates for regenerating damaged dental pulp tissue, how endogenous DPSCs respond to dental pulp injury and supply new dentin-forming cells has not been extensively investigated in vivo. Here, we review the recent progress in identity, function, and regulation of endogenous DPSCs and their clinical potential for pulp injury and regeneration. In addition, we discuss current advances in new …

Knowledge Acquisition Efficacy Of A Remote Flipped Classroom On Learning About Removable Partial Dentures, Yuka Inamochi, Eiko Yoshida Kohno, Junichiro Wada, Natsuko Murakami, Atsushi Takaichi, Yuki Arai, Takeshi Ueno, Kenji Fueki, Noriyuki Wakabayashi

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Purpose: Coronavirus disease 2019 has forced the use of remote education worldwide. In 2020, the authors conducted a fully digitized, remote flipped (RF) classroom focusing on removable partial dentures. This study aimed to evaluate the learning outcomes of the RF classroom and compare these with those of the on-site classroom.

Methods: The fourth-year dental students in 2017-2019 attended on-site flipped classroom (OF; n=70) or on-site lecture classroom (OL; n=67), and those in 2020 (n=58) attended the RF classroom. Lecture videos and text were provided online in the OF and RF groups, while only the text was given to the OL …

The Effect Of 980 Nm Diode Laser In Relieving The Periodontal Pocket Symptoms: A Clinical Study, Hareth A. Alrikabi, Lamyaa A. Saeed

Al-Ameed Journal for Medical Research and Health Sciences

Introduction: Periodontal Pockets are pathological spaces located between the teeth and the adjacent soft tissue. Some Periodontal pockets asymptomatic, while others My have significant symptoms. Patients with active periodontal pockets may feel pain, bleeding and swollen gingiva (adjacent to pocket). These symptoms appear because of a microbial invasion to this space and the accumulation of food debris. Objective: This study aims to explore the effect of diode lasers in relieving the symptoms of active periodontal pockets. Materials and methods: The method is based on irradiating the active periodontal pocket by using 980 nanometer diode laser and recording the condition of …

Improved Super-Elastic Ti-Ni Alloy Wire For The Treatment Of Skeletal Class Iii With Unilateral Buccally Positioned High Canine, Yi-Mien Cheng, Chih-Chieh Lin, Yu-Cheng Lo, Yuan-Hou Chen, Jian-Hong Yu

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

A 20-year-old male adult came to the clinic with a chief complaint of poor dental alignment. Clinical examination had revealed Skeletal Class III with an upper right buccally positioned high canine, anterior crowding, midline deviation and both maxillary lateral incisors crossbite. Four bimaxillary premolars were extracted. Improved super-elastic Ti-Ni alloy wire (ISW, developed by Tokyo Medical and Dental University) leveling was performed to relieve the crowding and to correct the high canine and midline deviation. Intermaxillary elastics (IME) was applied for a better interdigitation. Treatment was completed within 29 months and a desirable occlusion was achieved.

Clear Aligner Treatment In An Adolescent Female With Hyperdivergent Growth Pattern Of The Mandible, Chih-Jan Chen, Yu-Ling Cheng, Yuen-Yung Tsang, Huei-Mei Tsai, Yi-Min Liu

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

This study investigated the application of a clear aligner system in treatment of an adolescent Taiwanese female exhibiting a high mandibular plane angle, with a particular emphasis on the alignment of crowded upper anterior teeth. The treatment plan excluded tooth extraction and applied sequential distalization and transverse expansion across both dental arches instead. The alleviation of crowding and increased arch width was accomplished, while maintaining optimal vertical dimension control. The treatment yielded observable improvements in both oral function and aesthetic appearance

Bilateral Maxillary Canine Substitution With High Impaction In The Center Of Anterior Palate, Chien-Man Chang, Ying-Chen Chen, Ellen Wen-Ching Ko

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

This case report described the treatment of a 16 y/o female who was referred for her bilateral maxillary impacted canines. Her chief complaint also involved lower crooked front teeth. She presented with skeletal Class I with orthodivergent facial pattern and dental Class II relationship. Clinical oral examination revealed two peg lateral incisors and two retained primary canines in the upper arch. The panoramic film showed two maxillary impacted canines near the center of palate. Before the orthodontic intervention, surgical exposure was conducted with open window technique. A transpalatal arch with 2 soldered hooks was inserted as anchorage for distal traction …

Surgical-Orthodontic Correction Of Skeletal Class Iii Anterior Open Bite With Facial Asymmetry, Hao-Hsiang Chang, Cheng-Hui Lin, Ellen Wen-Ching Ko

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

Class III anterior open bite (AOB) is characterized by mandibular downward movement with anteroposterior discrepancy and long face deformity. This often leads to esthetic and functional problem that decrease the Quality of Life in patients. Treatment decision of AOB is always challenging whether goes for camouflage therapy or orthognathic surgery. A 26-year-old female suffered from anterior open bite and facial asymmetry. The clinical and radiographic examination revealed skeletal Class III relationship with hyperdivergent facial type, facial asymmetry with chin deviation to right, and AOB of -5 mm overbite. The pre-surgical orthodontic treatment included partial anterior retraction of upper anterior teeth …

Orthodontic Retreatment Of Class Ii Division 2 Malocclusion With Deep Bite And Gummy Smile Using Miniscrews, Hsin-Yi Lo, Hung-Jen Wang, Yu-Lian Lin

Taiwanese Journal of Orthodontics

Orthodontic treatment of Class II Division 2 malocclusion with gummy smile and deep bite is a challenge under the circumstances of lacking skeletal anchorage device. In this case report, we illustrated a miniscrew-assisted orthodontic retreatment of a 29-year-old female patient, who came to our department with a chief complaint of her unpleasant smile. The patient had previously undergone orthodontic treatment with 4-bicuspid extractions to correct her protrusive incisors. The clinical examination revealed a Class II division 2 malocclusion, 100% overbite, and a gummy smile. The philosophy of the orthodontic retreatment in this case was to correct Class II molar relationship …

Covid-19: Variants, Immunity, And Therapeutics For Non-Hospitalized Patients., Cameron Y.S. Lee, Jon B. Suzuki

HPD Articles

The continuing transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a world-wide 21st-century public health emergency of concern. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused greater than 600 million cases of COVID-19 and over 6 million deaths globally. COVID-19 continues to be a highly transmissible disease despite efforts by public health officials and healthcare providers to manage and control the disease. Variants identified in selected worldwide epicenters add to the complexity of vaccine efficacy, overage, and antibody titer maintenance and bioactivity. The identification of the SARS-CoV-2 variants is described with respect to evading protective efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and …

Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma - A Case Report, Dr Godha Keesara Reddy Dr, Dr Anupama Chandrappa Dr, Dr Deepak K S

Radiology Teaching Files

15 year old male who presented with a 6 month history of nasal obstruction and recurrent nasal bleeding. He had had about ten episodes of epistaxis in the 3 months. Examination revealed that vital signs were essentially within normal limits.The nasal cavity revealed fresh blood in the right nasal cavity but the bleeding site could not be visualized. An impression of epistaxis secondary rhinosinusitis was made.

Treatment Of Periodontitis Affecting Human Primary Teeth—A Systematic Review, Protyusha Guha Biswas, Anusha Mohan, Eswar Kandaswamy

School of Dentistry Faculty Publications

The aim of this systematic review is to report the treatment options (Intervention) and outcomes (O) for primary teeth affected by periodontitis (Population) and if the treatment of primary teeth can prevent the spread of periodontitis to permanent teeth (Outcomes). The following databases were searched for papers published before December 2022: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Ebscohost. Studies on children affected by periodontitis involving the primary teeth were included and those on children who presented with periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease were excluded. Narrative synthesis and methodological quality assessments were performed for the included studies. Three interventional …

Access Cavity Design, Caries Driven Access, Canal Preparations, Finite Element Analysis, Mohamed Medhat Kataia, Mohamed Kataia

Dentistry

Aim: This study evaluated the influence of different access designs on maxillary two-rooted premolar teeth to assess their biomechanical behavior using finite element analysis. Methodology: Three simulated FEA models were accessed with three main different access cavity designs: the intact tooth (IT) model, the traditional access cavity (TAC), and the conservative access cavity (CAC). Two different radicular preparations were done for each simulated model. The buccal and palatal canals were prepared to the apical sizes #30/.04, and #40/.04. A cyclic load of 50 N was applied on the occlusal surface. The patterns of stress distribution, the maximum von Mises (VM), …

Accuracy And Trueness Of Exporting Computer Aided Designs Of 3-Unit Fixed Dental Prosthesis By 3 Cad Systems, Ezzat Abou-Alnaga, Ashraf Hussein, Ahmed Naguib, Shereen Ahmed Nossair

Future Dental Journal

Objectives: Computer-aided design (CAD) software programs offer the option to export 3D scans and designs across different CADCAM systems, commonly referred to as open CADCAM technology. However, there is insufficient evidence of whether this exporting procedure has an impact on the accuracy of digital designs.This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of exporting of computer aided designs (CAD) of three-unit fixed dental prosthesis using 3 CAD systems. Materials and Methods: Three CAD softwares (inLab 17™, CeraMill Mind™, Dental System 2017™) were used to generate designs of a three-unit fixed partial denture. The designs generated by each CAD software were exported …

Ada News - 07/10/2023, American Dental Association, Publishing Division

ADA News

Established in 1970 as the official newspaper of the American Dental Association, the ADA News serves practicing dentists and others allied to the dental profession in the U.S. and internationally. It is the No. 1 source of news and information about the many benefits and services the ADA delivers to members daily as well as timely information on scientific, social, political and economic developments affecting dentistry and health care.

Cpg Odn/Mangiferin Dual Delivery Through Calcium Alginate Hydrogels Inhibits Immune-Mediated Osteoclastogenesis And Promotes Alveolar Bone Regeneration In Mice., Yingzhi Gu, Yang Hu, Shengyuan Huang, Sunniva Ruiz, Toshihisa Kawai, Yuxing Bai, Xiaozhe Han

HPD Articles

The immune system plays an important role in the skeletal system during bone repair and regeneration. The controlled release of biological factors from the immune system could facilitate and optimize the bone remodeling process through the regulation of the activities of bone cells. This study aimed to determine the effect of the controlled delivery of immunomodulatory biologicals on bone regeneration. Immunostimulatory cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) and glucosylxanthone Mangiferin (MAG)-embedded microbeads were incubated with P. gingivalis-challenged splenocytes, or co-cultured with RAW264.7 cells. The effect of CpG ODN/MAG-containing microbeads on bone regeneration was then tested in vivo in a mouse alveolar bone …

Local Chlorhexidine Delivery For Periodontal Infection Therapy: A Short Review, Muhammad Guruh Najmudin, Azizah Intan Pangesty, Rini Riastuti, Sunarso Sunarso, Abdul Halim Abdullah

Journal of Materials Exploration and Findings

Oral diseases affected more than half of the world’s population. Periodontitis is the second biggest threat to oral health after dental caries. Periodontitis is an inflammation inside periodontal pockets caused by pathogenic microbial colonies which lead to destruction of bone tissue and soft tissue. Chlorhexidine gluconate is an antimicrobial agent that effective to destroy pathogenic microbial and cure periodontitis. Chlorhexidine gluconate is given locally using a carrier material to the infected area. There are several materials that can be used to deliver Chlorhexidine gluconate to the infected periodontal tissue such as gel, liquid (mouthwash), and chip. This short review aims …

Current Oral Hygiene And Recreational Behavioral Trends In Hiv Disease, Donald E. Mercante, Emily Guarisco, Elizabeth A. Lilly, Arni Rao, Kelly Treas, Clifford J. Beall, Zach Thompson, Ann L. Griffen, Eugene J. Leys, Jose A. Vazquez, Michael E. Hagensee, Paul L. Fidel

School of Dentistry Faculty Publications

Objective: HIV disease is evolving with more HIV+ persons experiencing a high quality of life with well-controlled viremia. We recently enrolled a large cohort of HIV+ and clinically relevant HIV− persons for oral microbiome analyses that included a questionnaire related to oral hygiene and recreational behaviors. Here, the questionnaire responses were analyzed for behavioral trends within the cohort, together with trends over time by comparison to a previous geographically centered HIV+ cohort. Methods: Data were collected by questionnaire at baseline visits as cross-sectional assessments. Multivariable analyses were conducted for associations of HIV status as well as age, race, and sex, …

Differentially Expressed Genes In Dental Pulp Tissues Of Individuals With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis With And Without History Of Covid-19, Han Na Cho, Leticia Chaves De Souza, Cleverick Johnson, John R Klein, Timothy C Kirkpatrick, Renato Silva, Ariadne Letra

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Introduction: Increased levels of proinflammatory markers have been reported in tissues of individuals with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). We hypothesize that inflamed dental pulp tissues of individuals with previous history of COVID-19 may present a differential inflammatory gene expression profile in comparison with individuals who never had COVID-19.

Materials and methods: Dental pulp tissues were collected from 27 individuals referred for endodontic treatment due to symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Of these, 16 individuals had a history of COVID-19 (6 months to 1 year post infection) and 11 individuals had no previous history of COVID-19 (controls). Total RNA from pulp tissue samples …

Factors Associated With Extraction Versus Non-Extraction Treatment Among Orthodontic Patients At Marquette University, Kelley Dentino

Master's Theses (2009 -)

Objective: This study aimed to use the available database (2017-2023) of the patients treated in the orthodontic graduate clinic at Marquette University School of Dentistry to survey epidemiologic characteristics and to determine the contributing diagnostic factors and their weights in decision-making for extraction vs. non-extraction treatment plans. Methods: Data were deidentified and extracted from the orthodontic module of the internal clinical records database in axiUm. We evaluated patients who presented between 2017-2023 for comprehensive treatment and collected the following parameters: age, race, gender, anteroposterior occlusal classification (Class I, II, III), skeletal vertical classification (high, normal, or low mandibular plane angle), …

The Effect Of Two Sintering Cycles And Aging On Biaxial Flexural Strength Of Strength Gradient Multi-Layered Zirconia (An Vitro Study), Passent Hm El Galab, Maged Zohdy, Fatma Makkeyah, Mustafa Noor

Dentistry

No abstract provided.

Overcoming The Dental Assistant Shortage Starts Here, Joanne Dawley Dds, Fagd

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

Michigan's dental profession faces a severe workforce shortage, with 248 designated shortage areas. The Michigan Dental Association is prioritizing support for registered dental assistants (RDAs) to reverse this trend. The Dental Assisting National Board and DALE Foundation are actively developing solutions, including expanding certification pathways and removing access barriers. Locally, programs like North Central Michigan College and partnerships with institutions like Northwestern Michigan College are addressing the workforce shortage. Dentists can strengthen the profession by recognizing their team's contributions and encouraging education and certification for dental assistants.

Maxillary And Mandibular Incisor And Molar Dentoalveolar Heights In Untreated Subjects Presenting Class I And Class Ii Malocclusion, Samantha Zavada Cardinal

Master's Theses (2009 -)

Objective : Class II malocclusion has been extensively studied, however there are many unanswered questions. This study analyzed the difference in incisor and molar dentoalveolar heights of untreated subjects presenting with Class I and Class II malocclusion. Dentialveolar heights are an aspect of the craniofacial complex that changes with growth and development and are manipulated by orthodontists. These changes hold important clinical implications for the development, maintenance and treatment of malocclusions. Methods : A sample of 96 untreated Class I and Class II subjects, with a total of 611 cephalograms was drawn from the archives of the University of Michigan …

Alveolar Bone Remodeling In Response To Orthodontic Tooth Movement, Matthew Raymond Mcgrady

Master's Theses (2009 -)

Objective: Dental protrusion and retrusion are common malocclusions in clinical orthodontics. When teeth are moved orthodontically, the alveolar bone surrounding the teeth remodels. In the past, incisor retraction-associated alveolar bone remodeling has been studied. However, less is known about the alveolar bone remodeling after incisors are proclined. This study aimed to assess the changes in alveolar bone thickness after proclination of maxillary incisors. The null hypothesis was that there is no difference in the surrounding alveolar bone thickness after orthodontic tooth movement. Materials and Methods: Patients were selected under the inclusion criteria of moderate-to-severe bimaxillary dental retrusion (U1-SN < 97°, L1-MP < 88.0°), absence of craniofacial anomalies, non-extraction, absence of missing teeth, with quality pre-and post-treatment lateral cephalometric images. Nineteen patients (10 males, 9 females; mean age 14.7 years) were selected, and their pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms were digitally traced using a customized cephalometric analysis to compare changes in labial and lingual alveolar bone thickness (ABT) after orthodontic treatment. A two-sample t-test with R statistical software version 4.1.2 was used to measure the differences between the pre- and post-treatment cephalometric measurements. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: According to the SN-7° measurement method, ABT increased at the labial(b) SN-7 (0.27mm ± 0.70; p<0.05) and U1 labial(c) SN-7 (0.79mm ± 1.56; p<0.05) levels; however, ABT decreased at the U1 lingual (c) SN-7 (1.13mm ± 1.35; p<0.05) level. According to the perpendicular of the long axis of U1 root measurement method, ABT increased at the U1 labial(c) ⊥U1 (0.55mm ± 1.35; p<0.05) level while ABT decreased at the U1 lingual (b) ⊥U1 (0.79mm ± 1.03; p<0.05) and U1 lingual (c) ⊥U1 (1.61mm ±1.39; p<0.05) levels. Statistically significant changes were also found in post-treatment incisor angulation U1-SN° (8.05° ± 8.25; p<0.05), U1 – NA° (7.44° ± 8.08; p < 0.05) and post-treatment incisor position U1 – NA (mm) (1.64mm ± 2.63; p<0.05). Conclusion:The null hypothesis was rejected based on our results. There are statistically significant changes to the labial and lingual alveolar bone (ABT) after proclination of the maxillary incisors. Our data support previous findings in orthodontics literature. Further studies should be conducted that can employ larger sample sizes with imaging methods that overcome the limitations of conventional two-dimensional imaging.