Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Medicine and Health Sciences Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Articles 31 - 60 of 113

Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences

An Exploration In The Tools Of Options Pricing - Data, Ryan Hinson, Chris Schroeder Apr 2021

An Exploration In The Tools Of Options Pricing - Data, Ryan Hinson, Chris Schroeder

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

Stock options can be a useful tool in any investor’s portfolio. They allow the skilled investor to increase their leverage and possibility for a higher payout with less risk. However, they are only beneficial if the investor knows how to use them, and if they accurately reflect the price of the option. This presentation hopes to offer some insight into the binomial method of options pricing along with new adjustments to the model in hopes of reflecting a more accurate options price. This, along with the Monte Carlo simulation presented, will hopefully offer some insight into the mathematical investor’s toolbox.


The Role Of Depression And Fear Of Intimacy On Differences In Building Social Connection In Person Compared To A Video Chat Setting, Emma Gundler, Daniel Maitland Apr 2021

The Role Of Depression And Fear Of Intimacy On Differences In Building Social Connection In Person Compared To A Video Chat Setting, Emma Gundler, Daniel Maitland

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

Given the impact of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) on interpersonal connection (Maitland et al., 2017), researchers interested in FAP have increasingly shifted their focus to understanding the processes and moderates that influence feelings of connection and intimacy (e.g., Kanter et al., 2020). Given the theorized role of intimacy (Maitland, 2020) in the development of loneliness, and the prevalence of loneliness and social isolation in the era of COVID-19 (Kilgore et al., 2020), understanding how digital communication impacts feelings of closeness has become increasingly important. The current study utilizes an established protocol for generating feelings of closeness (Aaron et al., 1997) …


How Fear Of Intimacy Impacts Our Sex Life: A Quasi Experimental Design, Kayla Daulton, Daniel Maitland Apr 2021

How Fear Of Intimacy Impacts Our Sex Life: A Quasi Experimental Design, Kayla Daulton, Daniel Maitland

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

The relationship between sexual satisfaction and interpersonal intimacy is relatively well established (Freihart et al., 2020). However, little is known about how deficits in intimacy may impact maladaptive such as problematic pornography consumption or sexual compulsivity. Previous research has indicated that experiential avoidance, a conceptual precursor to a fear of intimacy (Maitland, 2020), predicts some of these problematic behaviors (Levin et al., 2019). Similarly, loneliness, thought to partially result from loneliness, is predictive of pornography use (Butler et al., 2018) and sexual compulsivity (Chaney & Burns-Wortham, 2015). The current study sought to investigate the role of fear of intimacy in …


Experiential Avoidance And Fear Of Intimacy In Social Interactions And Loneliness, Jacob Lewis, Daniel Maitland Apr 2021

Experiential Avoidance And Fear Of Intimacy In Social Interactions And Loneliness, Jacob Lewis, Daniel Maitland

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

Loneliness has become such a problem in the United States, that even before the COVID-19 pandemic, the USA’s surgeon general had warned of the epidemic of loneliness (Murthy, 2016). Even when accounting for other health behaviors, loneliness increases the likelihood of early death by 26% (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015). Previous research indicates that experiential avoidance and fear of intimacy are associated with loneliness and resulting psychological distress. However, little is known about how these variables impact daily social interactions and the resulting impact on loneliness and psychological well-being. This experiencing sampling study examined the extent to which social interactions were …


Are Telomeres Required? Genetically Engineering A Eukaryote With Circular Chromosomes, Nadia Richardson, Melissa Mefford Apr 2021

Are Telomeres Required? Genetically Engineering A Eukaryote With Circular Chromosomes, Nadia Richardson, Melissa Mefford

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

Telomeres are regions of repetitive DNA at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. While telomeres play important roles in protecting the ends of chromosomes, they cannot be fully copied by the DNA replication machinery. To overcome this end-replication problem, an enzyme called telomerase adds sequences to the 3’ end of the chromosome. Without telomerase activity, telomere lengths decrease and may be a leading cause of aging; while up-regulation of telomerase activity is implicated in >85% of cancers. Interestingly, prokaryotes have circular chromosomes that lack telomeres and these organisms have no need for telomerase. So, why did linear chromosomes, and thus …


Design Of Machine Learning Algorithms For Behavioral Prediction Of Objects For Self Driving Cars, Yevgeniy Byeloborodov, Sherif Rashad Apr 2021

Design Of Machine Learning Algorithms For Behavioral Prediction Of Objects For Self Driving Cars, Yevgeniy Byeloborodov, Sherif Rashad

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

Self-driving cars is a trending topic of the modern world. The ability to control a vehicle without human interaction can significantly increase safety on the road. In this research project, the main focus is on making the behavior of self-driving cars more like it was driven by a human driver in situations when pedestrians or animals are close by. While self-driving cars are equipped with cameras they can record and process the situations on the road and respond accordingly. It can be accomplished by image processing techniques, differentiation of objects, if they are alive or not, if they are moving …


College Students' Persistence In Stem: A Case Study Of Graduating Seniors, Dylan Pennington, Wilson Gonzalez-Espada Apr 2021

College Students' Persistence In Stem: A Case Study Of Graduating Seniors, Dylan Pennington, Wilson Gonzalez-Espada

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

According to several published reports, there are nearly 9 million science, technology, mathematics, and engineering (STEM) jobs in the United States, 6.2 % of total national employment. Despite a booming employment landscape, the U.S. is not graduating enough STEM majors. Attrition occurs when a student who entered college intending to graduate with a STEM degree decides to switch into nonSTEM majors, or may drop out of college altogether. Recent national statistics uncovered that STEM attrition is more serious in quantitative fields, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering. One way to minimize the factors associated with STEM attrition is to …


Oboe Reed Adjustment: Suggestions For Beginning Reed Makers, Kristen Daniel, Thomas Pappas Apr 2021

Oboe Reed Adjustment: Suggestions For Beginning Reed Makers, Kristen Daniel, Thomas Pappas

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

It is crucial that every oboist understand oboe reeds well enough to be able to make adjustments when needed. Kristen will conduct experiments on her own reeds and reference prominent literature from the field of reed making. The ultimate aim of this research project is to create a troubleshooting flowchart for beginning reed makers to reference while adjusting reeds to meet their personal needs and preferences.


Effects Of Online Presentation Format On Student Stress, Jessica Hamm, Leah Hayes, Makayla Reynolds, Raeanna Whitaker, Reganne Miller, Gregory Corso Apr 2021

Effects Of Online Presentation Format On Student Stress, Jessica Hamm, Leah Hayes, Makayla Reynolds, Raeanna Whitaker, Reganne Miller, Gregory Corso

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

The number of online courses has increased in recent years which calls into question the presentation format of online learning that is most beneficial for students. The purpose for this study was to measure stress levels as a function of different asynchronous online presentation formats: slides only, slides with audio of a male instructor and slides with video and audio of the same instructor. Temperature, oxygen levels, GSR, blood pressure, heart rate were measured because prior studies have indicated a relation between stress and these physiological variables. Participants (N=27) were randomly assigned to one of three formats. Each format presented …


Integrated Electric Control Board With Relay Ladder Circuit And Plc Units, Alexandre Lemaster Apr 2021

Integrated Electric Control Board With Relay Ladder Circuit And Plc Units, Alexandre Lemaster

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

Technologies and practices in industry are continuously evolving. In the 21st century, manufacturing has become more automated and computerized, and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) play a central role in automation in today’s world. Although fluid power offers distinctive advantages over other force/torque-generating technologies, its full potential can only be harnessed when it is combined with other technologies; among which electric control is the most important. In this project, an integrated electric control board will be developed. It consists of a relay ladder circuit unit and a PLC unit. The relay ladder circuit unit is comprised of selector switches, push-button switches, …


United We Stand Divided We Fall, Nicholas Deem, Douglas Mock Apr 2021

United We Stand Divided We Fall, Nicholas Deem, Douglas Mock

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

In modern times we have come to a point where many people have considered the United States a declining state. Many scholars, offering their reason as to why this is happening, ranging from not being involved enough in foreign affairs to our growing national debt. There are many reasons why this might be happening. There has been a massive problem that has plagued the United States well before the start of the 21st century. The Major Political Divide (MPD). The MPD or sometimes known as party politics or Hyper Partisanship has been a problem for many countries, with each one …


Circularized Chromosomes In The Eukaryotic Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Blake Hoover, Milissa Mefford Apr 2021

Circularized Chromosomes In The Eukaryotic Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Blake Hoover, Milissa Mefford

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

When eukaryotes first evolved, a transition occurred from circular chromosomes to linear chromosomes. The ends of chromosome have protective caps comprised of DNA repeats called telomeres. Telomeres play key roles in two of the biggest problems in modern medicine: aging and cancer. As individuals age, telomeres shorten due to an inability to fully copy the chromosome ends during replication. In cancer, on the other hand, the enzyme telomerase is upregulated to maintain telomere length and allow the unending cellular proliferation characteristic of this disease. The goal of our work is to explore the evolution of chromosomes and unravel the roles …


A Pilot Study Using Tic Tac Toe To Introduce Quantum Mechanics And Quantum Computing, Keaghan Knight, Joshua Qualls Apr 2021

A Pilot Study Using Tic Tac Toe To Introduce Quantum Mechanics And Quantum Computing, Keaghan Knight, Joshua Qualls

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

There are several difficulties with introducing students to quantum mechanics and quantum computing in most settings. For many students, their first exposure is only after years of basic and advanced mathematics and multiple introductory physics courses in physics. A pilot study was designed to explore the possibility of introducing fundamental concepts of quantum computing and quantum mechanics in a concise standalone module using educational games. The research subjects (N=50) completed identical pretest and posttest separated by introductory quantum computing curriculum. This curriculum is introduced and reinforced using Tic Tac Toe, a "Semi-classical" Tic Tac Toe and Quantum Tic Tac Toe. …


A Multi Wavelength Study Of Pks2135 147, Parker Poulos, Dirk Grupe Apr 2021

A Multi Wavelength Study Of Pks2135 147, Parker Poulos, Dirk Grupe

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

I present a multi-wavelength study of the radio-loud quasar PKS2135-147, a variable source in X-ray and UV emission. First identified in 1966, this source is variable on the scale of months to years. X-ray and UV data from Swift are primarily used in this study, and this source has been observed by Swift since 2013. It can be seen that the variable emission from this source is primarily due to accretion rate fluctuations, though there are also contributions from the jet.


“We (Don’T) Talk About It”: Parent’S Dismissing Strategies And Teen’S Discomfort With Sadness And Anger, Hannah Daniels, Kathryn Gallenstein, Lauren Wright, Shari Kidwell Apr 2021

“We (Don’T) Talk About It”: Parent’S Dismissing Strategies And Teen’S Discomfort With Sadness And Anger, Hannah Daniels, Kathryn Gallenstein, Lauren Wright, Shari Kidwell

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

In recent years, greater attention has been paid towards teaching individuals to be mindful and accepting of negative emotions rather than pushing them away. Gottman, Fainsilber, & Katz (1997) described parents as emotion coaching if they treated the child’s feelings as important and an opportunity to teach about feelings. Emotion coaching has been associated with children having less anxiety, less anger, better social skills, and higher self-esteem. The present study hypothesizes that parent’s attitudes and behaviors towards their teen’s feelings will be correlated with their teen’s own acceptance and comfort with feelings. Specifically, in our study of 21 families, parents …


Factors For Success In Rural Tourism: A Case Study Of Eastern Kentucky, Bethany Allen, Vijay Subramaniam Apr 2021

Factors For Success In Rural Tourism: A Case Study Of Eastern Kentucky, Bethany Allen, Vijay Subramaniam

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

This research study examines the variables of tourism that influence a traveler’s decision when traveling in Eastern Kentucky, specifically Morehead, Kentucky. Morehead is a destination with great potential to be built into a prominent location for tourism in Kentucky. To best understand the potential of the area, the resources available and the existing tourism locations were accessed to build the foundation of this project. Successful tourism destinations around the state of Kentucky have been assessed to determine what factors contribute to their success as well as what tactics/resources the businesses use to draw people in. In comparison to successful tourism …


Design And Implementation Of An Innovative System For Automatic Recognition Of Asl Using Machine Learning, Jon Jenkins, Sherif Rashad Apr 2021

Design And Implementation Of An Innovative System For Automatic Recognition Of Asl Using Machine Learning, Jon Jenkins, Sherif Rashad

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

Deaf and hearing-impaired persons learn American Sign Language (ASL) as their natural language. There is a need to a new innovative technology that will enable deaf and hearing-impaired persons to communicate without difficulty anytime and anywhere with persons who do not know ASL. The proposed research project will introduce a novel approach to explore the problem of automatic real-time conversion from ASL to speech using motion sensors, machine learning, and mobile technology. The goal of this project is to design a smart system to capture and analyze hand movement and gesture using different types of sensors and machine learning algorithms. …


Factors Associated The Underrepresentation Of Female Head Coaches In Intercollegiate Athletics, Chloe Whitlock, Steve Chen Apr 2021

Factors Associated The Underrepresentation Of Female Head Coaches In Intercollegiate Athletics, Chloe Whitlock, Steve Chen

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Oral Presentations

Past studies had shown the underrepresentation of females in the coaching profession. The purpose of this study was to examine the contributory factors to the underrepresentation of female head coaches in intercollegiate athletics. To further examine this issue, two studies were conducted to examine the perceptions of 124 current NCAA Division-I athletic coaches and 163 high school educators. Based on collegiate coaches’ responses, the factor analysis identified four important constructs that contribute to the success of female coaches’ job obtainment. According to the results of the second study, the high school educators (n = 163) believed there were gender biases …


Through The Eye Of The Beholder: Student Teaching In Kentucky During A Pandemic, Brittany Stidham, Kimberely Nettleton, Sandra Riegle Apr 2021

Through The Eye Of The Beholder: Student Teaching In Kentucky During A Pandemic, Brittany Stidham, Kimberely Nettleton, Sandra Riegle

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Student teaching is the capstone of student teaching preparation. The Covid-19 pandemic has changed many aspects of student teaching; and students have had to adapt to a new way of both learning and teaching. As the world turned upside down, student teachers were expected to interact with their students and provide instruction. The pandemic caused student teachers to develop new ways to engage lessons and hold conversations in a virtual environment. This pilot study examines the ways in which a small group of student teachers in eastern Kentucky internalized their experience.


Evidence Based Evaluation Of A Ventilator Management Clinical Practice Protocol, Kyle Mills, Michelle Mcclave Apr 2021

Evidence Based Evaluation Of A Ventilator Management Clinical Practice Protocol, Kyle Mills, Michelle Mcclave

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Nursing care and management of mechanically ventilated patients requires specific care elements to be achieved in order for optimal patient outcomes. The ventilator management policy guides nursing care for this select group of patients. The ventilator management policy of a rural community acute healthcare facility was evaluated for evidence-base and validity using the AGREE GRS rating scale. The evaluation process included interview of the director of the inpatient unit responsible for care of ventilator patients, as well as review of the most current evidence-based practice protocols. Evaluation results indicate the facility’s policy met the needs of the patients, and incorporated …


A Portable Analyzer For Rapid And Sensitive Protein Detection By Ac Electrokinetics Capacitive Sensing, Allie Skaggs, Cheng Cheng Apr 2021

A Portable Analyzer For Rapid And Sensitive Protein Detection By Ac Electrokinetics Capacitive Sensing, Allie Skaggs, Cheng Cheng

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Capacitive bioparticle detection is a promising method for point-of-care diagnosis. There are a wide range of applications for such a device: diagnostics, pharmacology, and medical science. The end goal of this project is to develop a portable capacitive sensing platform for rapid and sensitive bioparticles detection. When bioparticles bind to receptors located on the surface of the electrode there would be a change in the interfacial capacitance, which indicate the presence of the bioparticle. The ADuCM355 – a precision analog microcontroller with a chemical sensor interface – is being used to perform biased electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). An AC potential …


Catalogue Of Lichen Species In The Rowan County Sphagnum Swamp, Rowan County, Kentucky, Deanna Kidd, Allen Risk Apr 2021

Catalogue Of Lichen Species In The Rowan County Sphagnum Swamp, Rowan County, Kentucky, Deanna Kidd, Allen Risk

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Rowan County Sphagnum Swamp is one of the best remaining examples of a bottomland swamp forest left in the Knobs region of Kentucky. Bottomland swamp forests are characterized by soil with a high percentage of organic matter above clay and Devonian shale. This arrangement leads to standing water much of the year and a strongly acidic soil. Common tree species in the Rowan County Sphagnum Swamp include Acer rubrum (red maple), Quercus palustris (pin oak), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum), Nyssa sylvatica (sour gum) and Betula nigra (river birch). Bottomland swamp forests used to be more common, but have dwindled due …


Growth Performance Of Weaned Angus Bulls Housed In A Compost Bedded Pack Barn, Anna Meyers, Courtney Branham, Flint Harrelson, Patricia Harrelson Apr 2021

Growth Performance Of Weaned Angus Bulls Housed In A Compost Bedded Pack Barn, Anna Meyers, Courtney Branham, Flint Harrelson, Patricia Harrelson

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Compost-bedded pack barns (CBP) are a typical facility utilized in dairy cattle operations across the United States. Their popularity is the result of improved animal welfare and reduced costs. The crossover of CBP into the beef cattle industry is new and the benefits and downfalls are not yet explored. Through a grant from NRCS, a CBP was built at the Derrickson Agricultural Complex in 2019-2020. In fall of 2020, the pack was established by mixing manure and sawdust shavings to start the aerobic composting process and weaned bulls were given access to the barn in November 2020. The objective of …


Identification Of Kentucky Land Snail Species, Tessa Whalen, Allen Risk Apr 2021

Identification Of Kentucky Land Snail Species, Tessa Whalen, Allen Risk

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Land snails are members of the Phylum Mollusca and the Class Gastropoda. The importance of land snails to their native ecosystems has been greatly underestimated and understudied. For example, land snails play a huge role in the cycling of micronutrients in their ecosystems, they are active in the dispersal of plant seeds and fungal spores, and they have been shown to be bioindicators for vertebrates of conservation concern. They also contribute to the ecosystem by leaving their shells behind when they die, which is then used as a source of calcium carbonate by many species, and used in the formation …


Quantitative Sampling Of Ant Populations In Rowan County As A Measure Of Biodiversity In Rowan County Woodlands, Amber Schifano, Anna Grace Ehr, Maiyuki Druen, Charles Lydeard, Sean O'Keefe Apr 2021

Quantitative Sampling Of Ant Populations In Rowan County As A Measure Of Biodiversity In Rowan County Woodlands, Amber Schifano, Anna Grace Ehr, Maiyuki Druen, Charles Lydeard, Sean O'Keefe

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Biodiversity is an important metric used for conservation efforts and ecological assessments. Biodiversity is defined as the measure of taxonomic diversity within an area. Several groups of organisms have been used as surrogates to assess overall biodiversity for an area, for example plants, mammals, birds, beetles, etc. Ants represent another surrogate taxon for assessing biodiversity because ants are found in many types of habitats, fulfill a variety of ecological roles, are diverse, and are numerous. Leaf-litter samples were collected from three wooded sites in Rowan County: Eagle Lake, Stoney Cove, and Rodburn Hollow between the months of August and October …


Fall And Rise: Changes In The Fish Community Of Triplett Creek Following Restoration Of A Channelized Reach, Austin Spradlin, Jonathan Eisenhour, David Eisenhour Apr 2021

Fall And Rise: Changes In The Fish Community Of Triplett Creek Following Restoration Of A Channelized Reach, Austin Spradlin, Jonathan Eisenhour, David Eisenhour

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

In the early 1970s, Triplett Creek in Morehead, Kentucky, was straightened, deepened, and widened, resulting in a rather homogenous aquatic habitat, varying little in depth, flow, and substrate. In summer of 2018, a section of the stream was “restored” in order to alleviate the bank instability and flooding problems created by the 1970s channelization, restore the health of its aquatic community, and improve recreational opportunities. Our goal was to examine changes in the fish population resulting from the extensive changes to the channel and substrate during the restoration. We studied the fish populations at four sites (two sites in the …


Listen To Your Heart: Promoting Traditional Music In The Schools Of Appalachia, Cera Clark, Joy Gritton Apr 2021

Listen To Your Heart: Promoting Traditional Music In The Schools Of Appalachia, Cera Clark, Joy Gritton

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Appalachian culture has many distinguishing features, one of those being the traditional music that has endured generations. Fostering traditional music in the region’s schools could help keep that heritage alive. While there are multiple programs that have worked to promote traditional music in Appalachia’s public schools, many systems have found the cost of visiting artists, instruments, and field trips out of reach with increasing budget cuts. The past year presented additional problems, as many schools have been forced to turn to alternative delivery systems for education that rely heavily on technology. Organizing a series of instructional videos, featuring local instructors …


College Students' Understanding Of Analog Time Keeping And Rotational Directionality, Katelyn Collins, Wilson Gonzalez-Espada Apr 2021

College Students' Understanding Of Analog Time Keeping And Rotational Directionality, Katelyn Collins, Wilson Gonzalez-Espada

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Although time-telling using analog clocks is a topic covered in KY math standards in 1st and 2nd grades, and most older adults assume that everyone can read analog clocks, recent media reports and personal anecdotes have indicated that an ever-increasing proportion of young people struggle to correctly read them because most timing devices they are exposed to are digital. Although the personal and academic consequences of not mastering this skill are unknown, it is important to document the extent of this issue at a college level. Of particular interest to the researchers is the description of rotational direction as clockwise …


Increasing Student Engagement In Introductory Physics Hybrid Classes, Breanna Epperson, Kent Price Apr 2021

Increasing Student Engagement In Introductory Physics Hybrid Classes, Breanna Epperson, Kent Price

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

The demand for online instruction is on the rise. In a classroom setting, research shows that student interactions are important for overcoming common misconceptions, but it is challenging to achieve the same level of engagement in an online setting. To try to improve online interactions in a hybrid physics class at Morehead State University, the Fall 2020 online class was required to post a total of three times about a closed, multiple choice, conceptual physics question in each assignment while following certain criteria. In the Spring of 2021, the discussion format was kept the same, but was moved to a …


Backyard Bio Security: How Social Media Bridges The Gap Between Urban Chicken Farmers, Carrie Sorrell, Morgan Getchell Apr 2021

Backyard Bio Security: How Social Media Bridges The Gap Between Urban Chicken Farmers, Carrie Sorrell, Morgan Getchell

2021 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Urban chicken farming, defined as the practice of keeping a small flock of chickens in an urban or suburban setting for the purpose of this study, has increased in popularity in recent years. The purpose of this study is to examine how well-equipped urban chicken farmers are to care for their chickens, where they get information from, and how they judge that information to be credible. Specifically, the research looks at two diseases, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and Virulent Newcastle disease, and whether these urban farmers know about the diseases and can deal with them appropriately based on the …