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Agricultural Service Disparities Between White And Non-White Farmers Provided By The Federal Extension Service During The Jim Crow Era, José Leonel Ramírez Solís, Ben Montgomery
Agricultural Service Disparities Between White And Non-White Farmers Provided By The Federal Extension Service During The Jim Crow Era, José Leonel Ramírez Solís, Ben Montgomery
University of South Carolina Upstate Student Research Journal
The Federal Extension Service (FES) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was segregated during the Jim Crow era. FES farm agents provided agricultural education and outreach; they answered questions in office, hosted meetings, and made farm visits. Agents also ran 4-H, which educated youth about agriculture through camps, and demonstrated farming activities carried out by participants. This study investigated whether segregation of services led to disparities between white and non-white (mostly African American) farm operators and families among four South Carolina regions. We compared the level of service provided to white and non-white operators and youth based on …