Life Sciences Commons^™

A Cytochemical Scanning Electron Microscopy Study Of Non-Specific Acid Esterase And Acid Phosphatase Activities In Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes, A. Campos, E. Fernández-Segura, J. M. García-López

Scanning Microscopy

We analyzed the distribution patterns of nonspecific acid esterase and acid phosphatase activities with cytochemistry-scanning electron microscopy in backscattered and secondary electron imaging modes in isolated normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes . The analysis of non-specific acid esterase activity in the backscattered electron imaging mode showed, in some cells, focal distribution with a well-defined, homogenous deposit. Two patterns of acid phosphatase activity were evident with the backscattered electron imaging mode, i.e., focal and granular. Peripheral blood lymphocytes showing focal activity of both enzymes presented a smooth surface with few scattered microvilli as seen with the secondary electron imaging mode ; …

Conventional And High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Biological Sectioned Material, C. Scala, G. Cenacchi, P. Preda, M. Vici, R. P. Apkarian, Gianandrea Pasquinelli

Scanning Microscopy

Intracellular structures of embedded biological tissues (rat kidney, myocardium and small intestine) were observed by conventional-scanning electron microscopy (C-SEM) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) after glass knife sectioning. C-SEM of semi -thin sections of material processed the same way as conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provided strong backscattered electron (BSE)-dependent, two-dimensional secondary electron images (SEI(-)) which precisely integrated and further extended previous light microscopy (LM) observation of the same specimen. In addition, the three-dimensional (3-D) arrangement of intracellular organelles was appreciated using a mixture of acetone-soluble acrylic resin in place of epoxy resin embedding. Since the identification of such …

Cytology Of Pollutant Metals In Marine Invertebrates: A Review Of Microanalytical Applications, J. A. Nott

Scanning Microscopy

X-ray microanalysis (XRMA) is customized for investigations of the metabolic and detoxification strategies of heavy metals taken by marine organisms from polluted environments. Sites of uptake, intracellular accumulation, transport and excretion are visualized, analysed and quantified . Cryopreparation techniques are required to prevent the translocation or loss from specimens of soluble metal species.

In marine invertebrates, metals are detoxified by systems of chemical binding and intracellular compartmentalization. XRMA investigations have concentrated on marine molluscs and crustaceans and even within these restricted groups there are marked inter-species differences in the biochemical and cytological processes which reduce metal bioavailability. Some detoxification systems …

Phenotypic Subpopulations Of Macrophages And Dendritic Cells In Human Spleen, Patrick J. Buckley

Scanning Microscopy

Using immunohistochemical techniques and a large number of monoclonal antibodies, the presence and distribution of phenotypic subpopulations of macrophages (Mθs) and dendritic cells in human spleen were assessed. The results of this study show that different subsets of Mθs and dendritic cells are present in the spleen and that some of these occupy discrete microanatomic locations . In the red pulp (RP) certain antigens are expressed by different proportions of uniformly distributed Mθs in the cords . On the other hand, some antigens are present on Mθs that form clusters of variable size within the red pulp . These include …

Innervation And Vascular Pharmacodynamics Of The Mouse Spleen, Frank D. Reilly

Scanning Microscopy

Neurohistochemical and in vivo and electron microscopic methods demonstrated α-and ,β-adrenergic receptors and adrenergic innervation in arterioles and "arterial" capillaries of the mouse spleen. Such innervation and receptors in venules and channels within the red pulp were sparse. Cholinergic innervation and receptors were judged to be absent in the microvasculature. Histamine elicited arteriolar dilation which was blocked by metiamide suggesting the presence of H₂ receptors. However , following blockade of H₂ receptors, histamine produced arteriolar constriction. Serotonin elicited only venular constriction. Lactic acid caused arteriolar constriction; bradykinin and prostaglandins (PG) E₂ and PGF_2α triggered arteriolar constriction, …

Development And Use Of A Pneumoconiosis Database Of Human Pulmonary Inorganic Particulate Burden In Over 400 Lungs, Jerrold L. Abraham, Bryan R. Burnett, Andrew Hunt

Scanning Microscopy

Over 400 cases with data from in situ electron microprobe quantitation of non-fibrous inorganic particles (e.g., silica, alumino-silicates, talc, metals) in pulmonary tissue sections, and data from quantitative digestion analyses for fiber content (e.g., asbestos, silica, alumino-silicates, man-made fibers, talc) comprise an extensive microcomputer data set of lung particle burden. When allied with demographic and histopathologic information the result is a comprehensive database of occupational pulmonary pathology. Examples of the kinds of information which can be extracted from the database include: 1) summary information on the types sizes and associations of particles in lungs with a variety of exposures, 2) …

Ultrastructural Effects Of Ionizing Radiation On Plant Cells, Á. Keresztes, E. Kovács

Scanning Microscopy

Ultrastructural effects of ionizing irradiation were investigated on the specific constituents of plant cells, primarily in fruits, with reference to mushroom cells and comparable data in the literature. In the cell wall the dissolution of the middle lamellae, probably due to radiation damage of pectin, and irregular thickenings were found. In the vacuole the quantity of inclusions changed, or unusual aggregations appeared, presumably in connection with altered phenolic biosynthesis . In chloroplasts the senescence was inhibited, and dedifferentiation occurred into agranal state. In amyloplasts starch hydrolysis was hind ere d. These platidial effects are considered as visible signs of inhibition …

The Role Of Polar Pili In The Adherence Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa To Injured Canine Tracheal Cells: A Semiquantitative Morphologic Study, D. E. Zoutman, W. C. Hulbert, B. L. Pasloske, A. M. Joffe, K. Volpel, M. K. Trebilcock, W. Paranchych

Scanning Microscopy

Pseudomonas aeruginosa adheres to respiratory epithelial cells in a highly specific fashion. In order to study the role of P. aeruginosa polar pili in the adherence process we conducted a quantitative morphological electron microscopic examination of P. aeruginosa adherence to SO₂ injured canine tracheal cells in vitro. A pilin lacking background strain of P. aeruginosa PAK (BLP2) was constructed using a gene replacement and it in turn was engineered to express either the pilin gene of P. aeruginosa PAO, PAK , or no pilin gene . After 30 minutes incubation of these bacterial strains with injured canine tracheal …

Diapause In The Earthworm, Aporrectodea Longa: Morphological And Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis Of Cryosectioned Chloragogenous Tissue, A. J. Morgan, C. Winters

Scanning Microscopy

The earthworm, Aporrectodea longa, which experiences an apparent obligatory physiological resting state (“diapause”) in the temperate Summer, was collected monthly from February through to October. Morphological examination of the chloragocytes, and quantitative electron probe X-ray microanalysis of their constituent chloragosome granules prepared by cryoultramicrotomy and air-dried/smearing, were undertaken over this period. Worms entered diapause in May, and emerged from it between August and September. The long-term energy stores in the form of lipid, in addition to the more usual polysaccharide (glycogen) reserves, were accumulated by early diapause; the lipid was gradually consumed during diapause. In addition, the structure and composition …

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study Of Pulp Stones In Human Permanent Teeth, O. Le May, J. C. Kaqueler

Scanning Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine pulp stones which are small calcified formations found in the coronal and/or radicular part of the dental pulp. Pulp stones range considerably in size and shape. Most are round or oval but others can be irregular and may correspond to a reduced duplicate of the pulp chamber anatany. Both free and attached pulp stones were observed. The surface aspect was variable and frequently exhibited large resorption zones. Three characteristic features were observed on fractures a) no characteristic organization where the mineralized mass is compact and hanogeneous, b) a concentric architecture around an initiating …

A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study Of The Morphology Of Scyphidia Physarum Lachmann, 1856 (Ciliophora: Peritrichida), A. Warren

Scanning Microscopy

The morphology of Scyphidia physarum was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both contracted and uncontracted zooids were examined. The pellicular striations encircled the body at mean intervals of 1.1 µm. Pores were randomly distributed over the body surface with a mean density of 21 pores per 100 µm 2. The telotroch band was represented by three closely spaced striations. The adoral ciliature consisted of a single row of cilia in the haplokinety and three rows in the polykinety. The two sets of cilia were separated by a pellicular ridge. At the end of each row of cilia was a …

Crystal-Induced Inflammation: Studies Of The Mechanism Of Crystal-Membrane Interactions, Helen M. Burt, John K. Jackson, Wendy Wu

Scanning Microscopy

Studies of the interactions of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) crystals and calcium Pyrophosphate dihydrate triclinic (CPPD) crystals with biomembranes have been reviewed. Crystalmembrane binding and crystal-induced membranolysis have been studied using human erythrocytes as a model membrane system. The extent of MSUM-membrane binding was determined by incorporating a hydrophobic, fluorescent probe into the membranes, centrifugation to separate free membranes from membranes with bound crystals and quantitation of free membranes by measuring the total fluorescence intensity. The ability of MSUM and CPPD to hemolyse red cells was used as a measure of the membranolytic potential of the crystals. Fluorescence polarization studies …

Changes In Sodium Concentration In Cardiac Myocytes From Diabetic Rats, Alice Warley

Scanning Microscopy

The effects of streptozotocin induced diabetes on rats were studied. The animals showed an increase in blood glucose concentration and a loss of weight from both the body and the heart. Loss of weight from the heart was less severe leading to an increased heart to body weight ratio. Study of element concentrations by X-ray microanalysis showed that there was an increase in intracellular Na concentration in cardiac myocytes from the diabetic animals, but no change in Mg. These results agree with studies which show changes in Na/K ATPase after the onset of diabetes.

X-Ray Microanalytical Studies Of Freshwater Biota: Changes In The Elemental Composition Of Anabaena Spiroides During Blooms Of 1988 And 1989, S. Clay, D. C. Sigee, E. Bellinger

Scanning Microscopy

Samples of Anabaena spiroides were collected from a eutrophic freshwater lake (Rostherne Mere, Cheshire) during the bloom periods of 1988 and 1989, and analysed by SEM electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Vegetative cells, akinetes and heterocysts consistently had clear peaks of Mg, Si, P, S, Cl, Kand Ca.

In comparison to vegetative cells, akinetes had generally higher elemental mass fractions (particularly K and P) while heterocysts had significantly lower levels of Mg, P, and Ca.

For both years, elemental mass fractions in vegetative cells showed significant changes during the course of the bloom, but these were not consistent from one year …

Detectors For Fluorescence Microscopy, Kenneth R. Spring

Scanning Microscopy

The low light levels originating from living cells viewed in the fluorescence microscope place significant limitations on the spatial and temporal resolution which can be achieved . The development of intensified video cameras has enabled the detection , visualization and measurement of these low level signals . The performance characteristics of popular intensified video cameras are compared and guidelines are given for the selection of the appropriate detector for various experimental requirements. Intensified or cooled CCD cameras appear to be the most suitable device for quantitative imaging at low light levels in fluorescence microscopy.

Lung Particulate Burdens Of Subjects From The Cincinnati, Ohio Urban Area, L. E. Stettler, S. F. Platek, R. D. Riley, J. P. Mastin, S. D. Simon

Scanning Microscopy

Because of the relatively small data base existing for lung particulate burdens of subjects with no overt pneumoconioses, the total exogenous lung particulate concentrations of 91 subjects from the Cincinnati, Ohio urban area were determined using an automated scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray analysis-image analysis system. Four of these subjects were foundry workers and had the highest exogenous particle concentrations seen in the 91 lungs, ranging from 1860 to 2990 x 10⁶ particles per gram of dry lung (ppg). The average exogenous particle concentration for the remaining 87 subjects was 476 ± 380 x 10⁶ ppg with a …

A Straightforward Scanning Electron Microscopy Technique For Examining Non-Metal Coated Dental Hard Tissues, S. M. Mccormack, F. J. Tormo, J. D. B. Featherstone

Scanning Microscopy

Modifications to the standard operating settings for accelerating voltage , condenser lens current, scan rate, working distance and tilt on the conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) enabled non-metal coated dental hard tissues and synthetic apatite pellets to be viewed free of charging effects . Well -resolved images at magnifications as high as 35,000x were achieved using accelerating voltages less than 5 kV . The methodology detailed here allowed for serial SEM examination of the same sample at various points during an experimental procedure , and may be applied to other sample types. The procedure is non-destructive to the sample and …

Microcirculatory Pathways And Blood Flow In Spleen: New Insights From Washout Kinetics, Corrosion Casts, And Quantitative Intravital Videomicroscopy, A. C. Groom, E. E. Schmidt, I. C. Macdonald

Scanning Microscopy

The dynamics of splenic microcirculatory blood flow and the role of the spleen with respect to red blood cells (RBCs) have been elucidated by means of several different experimental approaches. First, the organ was treated as a 'black box' and input/output relationships were studied, such as the kinetics of RBC and plasma washout during Ringer perfusion. Second, micro-corrosion casts were prepared from minimal amounts of injected material, such that 'fast' pathways for flow were selectively identified. Third, high-resolution video-microscopy was carried out in rat and mouse spleens transilluminated in vivo, with subsequent quantitative analysis of the data. New insights were …

Microprobe Analyses Of The Potassium-Calcium Distribution Relationship In Predentine, H. J. Höhling, H. Mishima, Y. Kozawa, T. Daimon, R. H. Barckhaus, K. -D. Richter

Scanning Microscopy

Apex regions of continuously growing incisors of Wistar rats were quickly dissected, shock-frozen in liquid nitrogen-cooled propane, freeze-dried at -80 °C and infiltrated with Spurr's resin . 400nm thick dry sections were cut with a diamond knife on an ultramicrotome . Relatively flat sections were transferred with an eye lash onto collodium coated aluminum grids. They were flattened with a glass stick and by placing another collodi um coated aluminum grid just on top of the first one, exerting a uniform pressure . After carbon coating the sections were observed using the backscattered and secondary electron signals in a scanning …

The Hall Method In The Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis Of Biological Specimens: A Review, Godfried M. Roomans

Scanning Microscopy

In the two decades since its inception by T.A. Hall, the continuum theory of quantification has become the general method for quantitative analysis of biological specimens. Although the method was originally developed for thin specimens, its use has been extended to thicker specimens, and it has also been used in quantitative determinations of local water content. The single most important difficulty in the application of the "Hall method" is the accurate calculation of the extraneous continuum, i.e., the continuum due to non-specimen sources. The different variations in methods for quantitative analysis of local water content are critically compared and a …

Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis Of Mineral Fiber Content Of Lung Tissue In The Evaluation Of Diffuse Pulmonary Fibrosis, Victor L. Roggli

Scanning Microscopy

The mineral fiber content of lung parenchyma in 24 cases of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis of unknown cause was determined by scanning electron microscopy and compared with that of 36 autopsy cases of histologically confirmed asbestosis and 20 autopsy cases of patients with normal lungs . Fibers were isolated from the lung using a hypochlorite digestion technique and collected on the surface of a polycarbonate filter. In addition, the types of fibers present (asbestos vs. other mineral fibers) were determined by energy dispersive x - ray analysis (EDXA). When the histologic grade of fibrosis in the cases of asbestosis was compared …

The Observation Of The Displacement Of Emulsifiers By Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy, I. Heertje, J. Nederlof, H.A.C.M. Hendrickx, E. H. Lucassen-Reynders

Food Structure

The stability of food emulsions is an important aspect of the processing and the shelf life of many food systems. In order to control the stability, knowledge of the competitive adsorption of different emulsifiers is required. Current methods to study the displacement of emulsifiers from interfaces are rather laborious. A new method has been developed which is based on the observation of a planar interface between oil and water by fluorescent Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM). The displacement of fluorescein isothio-cyanate- labeled sodium caseinate by monoacylglycerols and proteins has been studied. Quantitative information on the competitive adsorption as a function …

High Energy Proton Induced X-Ray Emission And Its Applications, J. S. C. Mckee, G. R. Smith, A. A. Mirzai, M. S. Mathur, N. M. Halden, C. Pinsky, R. Bose

Scanning Microscopy

High energy protons of energies between 30 and 60 MeV are particularly valuable in particle induced X-ray analysis of elements in the rare earth region and above. Transmission samples of thickness up to 100 μm can be used, and damage to both biological and mineral samples is minimal. Detection limits are estimated, and the use of Fourier transformation techniques in the analysis of data is discussed in some detail. The quality of the raw data from mineralogical and biological experiments is such as to permit immediate identification of all elements above Germanium present at the part per million level or …

Rheological And Microstructural Changes Of Oat And Barley Starches During Heating And Cooling, K. Autio

Food Structure

Microstructural and rheological changes in barley and oat starch dispersions during heating and cooling were studied by light microscopy and dynamic viscoelastic measurements. The two starch pastes showed similar viscoelastic properties after gelatinization, but during cooling the 20% barley starch pastes heated at 95°C underwent a sharp transition in viscoelastic behaviour probably due to the gelation of amylose. This transition was shifted to lower temperatures at 10% starch concentration.

Microstructural studies of an 8% barley starch dispersion heated to 90°C using the smear technique showed amylose to form a network structure around the granules. The granules in starch paste heated …

Digital Correlation Of Ion And Optical Microscopic Images: Application To The Study Of Thyroglobulin Chemical Modification, J. C. Olivo, E. Kahn, S. Halpern, P. Fragu

Scanning Microscopy

A method has been developed in order to digitally correlate ion and optical microscopic images of the same sample areas. Serial cross-sections of human thyroid tissue were analyzed by secondary ion mass microscopy and by light microscopy. The resulting chemical and immunochemical map images were superimposed and correlated by means of a two-pass registration algorithm which allows to correct for geometrical distortions introduced by the ion microscope. Results are presented for the study of thyroglobulin chemical modification in pathological thyroid tissue that demonstrates heterogeneous molecular activity.

Emulsifiers As Additives In Fats: Effect On Polymorphic Transformations And Crystal Properties Of Fatty Acids And Triglycerides, J. Aronhime, S. Sarig, N. Garti

Food Structure

The role of emulsifiers in polymorphic transformations of fats and fatty acids is treated in this paper. Their effect as crystal modifiers in solution-mediated transformations (in fatty acids) is compared to that of a dynamic controller of polymorphic transformations in triglycerides. The importance of chemical structure both in the hydrophilic and in the hydrophobic moieties of the emulsifier for an inhibitory effect on phase transitions has been emphasized. The emulsifier solubility and crystallization behavior in different solvents are probably the main factors affecting its ability to interfere with the kinetics of solution-mediated transformations. On the other hand, certain requirements for …

Direct Observations Of Surface Diffusion, Gert Ehrlich

Scanning Microscopy

The field ion microscope, with its ability to depict individual metal atoms on crystals, has made it possible to measure diffusivities of individual atoms. After a brief sketch of the technical problems in such quantitative studies of surface diffusion, data on the effects of different surface structures upon the diffusion characteristics of individual a toms are presented for both bee and fee metals. Through the use of the field ion microscope the mechanisms of atomic motion have for the first time become accessible to direct examination; recent studies are presented which indicate that the traditional view of surface diffusion as …

Classification Of The Apidae (Hymenoptera), Charles D. Michener

Mi

No abstract provided.

Characteristics Of Granulation Tissue Which Promote Hypertrophic Scarring, C. Ward Kischer, Jana Pindur, Peggy Krasovitch, Eric Kischer

Scanning Microscopy

Hyper trophic scars and keloids are characterized by nodules of collagen that originate in granulation tissue arising from full thickness or deep 2° injuries to the skin. Fifty-six granulation tissues of varying ages post-injury were examined morphologically for evidences of how the nodules and, thus, the scar form. New microvessels grow in ascension towards the free surface in a milieu of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. Collagen deposition increases with time from the base of the wound to the free surface and begins to concentrate between lateral branching of the new microvessels. Computer derived serial reconstructions of hypertrophic scar nodules indicate …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of The Celloidin-Embedded Inner Ear Sections, Kunihiro Mizuta, Tomoyuki Hoshino, Hirofumi Morita

Scanning Microscopy

The nerve fibers running inside the organ of Corti were studied in cats by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fixed temporal bones were decalcified and embedded in celloidin according to the conventional method. Thick serial sections (100-150 μm) were cut parallel to the basilar membrane. After removing the celloidin, the sections were freeze-dried in t-butyl alcohol. Though some outer hair cells had been deformed, the nerve fibers were well preserved for analysis.

Some new findings were observed in the present SEM study. The tunnel spiral bundle in a kitten took an atypical course on the floor of Corti's tunnel apart …