Life Sciences Commons^™

Cardiac Correlates Of Individual Recognition In The Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes), Sarah T. Boysen, Gary G. Berntson

Sentience Collection

The ability of a chimpanzee to recognize individuals depicted in photographs was evaluated through the use of heart rate measures. Heart rate was recorded before and during photographic projections of human caregivers, familiar individuals, strangers, and blank control slides. In the absence of explicit training or reinforcement, the chimpanzee displayed a differential pattern of heart rate response to the stimulus categories. Although heart rate responses to all stimuli were predominantly deceleratory, the photographs of caregivers yielded consistently larger responses than other stimuli. Results indicate that the chimpanzee is able to recognize individual humans from novel photographic representations and that heart …

Study Of A Small Mammal Population In Bowling Green, Kentucky, Richard Cambron

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The small mammal population of a restricted study area was live-trapped on the University farm at Western Kentucky University from November 1984 through November 1985. A total of 1800 trap-nights yielded 81 different individuals representing five species. Members of the genera Peromyscus and Microtus were the dominant individuals representing over 90% of the total. Also caught were Mus musculus and Blarina brevicauda. The members of the two major genera were examined for population size and dynamics. In addition, a statistical analysis was carried out on the randomness of the location of the home ranges. This analysis gave evidence that …

Brook Trout Enhancement Through Rainbow Trout Removal By Electroshocking In The Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Jeanne Dyanne Riley

Masters Theses

Brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) populations have declined in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park since the early 1900's. The continuing range loss of the Parks' only native trout species has been attributed mainly to the introduced rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) . Past studies have indicated that removal of introduced trout by electroshocking results in the enhancement of brook trout populations.

Twelve study streams in the Park were grouped as control and treatment streams. Removal efforts of one, two, and three passes consecutively were conducted on treatment streams to determine the effort needed to control rainbow trout populations. …

Variation In Piglet Weights: Development Of Within-Litter Variation Over A 5-Week Lactation And Effect Of Farrowing Crate Design, B. K. Thompson, D. Fraser

Ontogeny Collection

Piglets from 51 litters were weighed weekly over a 5-wk lactation in an experiment that studied the effects of farrowing crate design and other factors on variation in piglet weight. Of two farrowing crates used, one had low horizontal bars that tended to impede access to the upper row of teats, while the other had angled vertical bars which permitted freer access. Fourteen-day weights were more uniform in the vertical-bar crates than in the horizontal-bar crates (P < 0.025), but the difference waned by day 35 (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in mean body weight owing to crate type (P < 0.05) for any of the weekly measurements but, by day 14, there was a significant linear trend (P < 0.05) at decreasing main body weight with increasing litter size. The interaction between crate type and litter size was significant at the later ages (P < 0.01 at day 35) because the linear trend was more pronounced for horizontal-bar crates than for vertical. Litters differed greatly in the uniformity of their body weights. Much of the variation became established in the first and, to a lesser extent, the second week after birth. In those weeks, weight gains were highly variable and were not closely related to weight at the beginning of the week. Thereafter, the established differences tended to be perpetuated to 35 d, because weight gains were largely proportional to body weight. Within-litter competition appeared to influence weight gain considerably.

Survey Of Parasite Control Practices In Sheep And Cattle, J R. Edwards, R V R Gwynn, R A. Love, Richard Thomas Norris, G Dalton-Morgan, Brown Besier

Technical Bulletins

Farms in the Albany, Esperance, Jerramungup and Katanning districts were surveyed to determine parasite control strategies currently used, to evaluate the adoption of recommended control practices and to detect areas of ineffective parasite control. For cattle, the number of drenches given in the low rainfall zone was higher than the number given in the high rainfall zone.

Variation In Piglet Weights: Relationship To Suckling Behavior, Parity Number And Farrowing Crate Design, David Fraser, B. K. Thompson

Ontogeny Collection

Suckling behavior and weight change of piglets were studied during the first 2 wk after birth. Thirty-six litters comprised a balanced comparison of parity number (first or second), litter size (8, 10 or 12), and two farrowing crate designs, one of which had a low horizontal bar that tended to impede the piglets' access to the udder. Piglets showed the expected preference for the anterior teats although the preference was more apparent in the second parity than in the first. Teat fidelity was most pronounced at the two ends of the udder; piglets occupying the middle positions did more fighting …

Hunting And The Evolution Of Human Intelligence: An Alternative View, Maxine Sheets-Johnstone

Intelligence Collection

No abstract provided.

Proceedings -- National Wilderness Research Conference: Current Research, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Includes more than 70 reports of current wilderness research. Papers are organized around nine topics: wilderness resource research, including natural fire, air quality, impacts to soil and vegetation, fish and wildlife, and water; and wilderness user research related to recreational use and user characteristics, attitudes and behavior, benefits, and management concepts and tools.

Live Animal Ultrasonic Evaluation Of Backfat Thickness And Loin-Eye (1986), L M. Turlington, L R. Corah, Dell M. Allen, Jim L. Nelssen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Determination of backfat thickness and loin-eye area in swine is essential for continued genetic progress, and ultimately, pork product acceptance. Leaner, faster growing boars and gilts must be provided by seedstock suppliers to the commercial swine producer. Research information has consistently shown that lean, fast growing boars are more feed efficient. Since feed represents 60% to 75% of the total cost of production, any genetic improvement in feed efficiency would have a rapid payback to the commercial producer. Obviously, swine producers that utilize "lean value" marketing programs must have backfat and loin-eye area data on replacement boars, in order to …

Adding Fat To Sow Lactation Diets: Effect On Sow And Litter Performance (1986), D Keesecker, B Wolf, Michael D. Tokach, Jim L. Nelssen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

An on-farm experiment was conducted utilizing 189 sows to evaluate the effect of adding 396 soybean oil to the lactational diet on subsequent pig performance and sow weight loss. Feeding sows a diet containing 3% soybean oil during lactation did not significantly decrease sow weight loss or improve litter performance. However, the oil addition tended to increase individual pig weaning weight (.5 Ib), litter weaning weight (3 lb), and sow feed intake (.5 lb/day) compared to feeding a 14% crude protein milo-soybean meal diet. Also, sow lactational weight loss was slightly reduced wit h the diet containing oil. Calculated metabolizable …

The Effects Of Additional Niacin During Gestation And Lactation On Sow And Litter Performance (1986), R C. Thaler, L M. Turlington, G L. Allee, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Sixty first-litter sows were utilized to evaluate the effects of additional niacin on sow and litter performance through two parities. The control diet provided sows with 50 mg niacin daily during gestation and 100 mg niacin daily during lactation. Dietary treatments were formulated to provide sows with either 5 or 10 times the level of supplemental niacin in the control diet. Litter size was equalized within dietary treatment by 24 hr after farrowing. During the first parity, sows fed additional niacin tended to have fewer total pigs born and pigs born alive (linear effect of niacin P<.10). In addition, sows fed additional niacin had fewer pigs equalized/litter (linear P(.05 and quadratic P<.06 effect of niacin), but tended to wean more pigs/litter and had a 6% greater pig survival rate than those fed the control diet. Average pig birth wt increased linearly (P<.05) as level of added niacin increased. Also, average pig wt and Litter wt at weaning were numerically higher for sows fed additional niacin during lactation. Sows fed the 250/500 mg/d niacin gestation-lactation sequence had more backfat on d 108 of gestation (quadratic effect of niacin, P<.05), but also lost more backfat during lactation (quadratic effect of niacin, P<.05).; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 20, 1986

Effect Of Dietary Addition Of Dried Whey And/Or Copper Sulfate On Starter Pig Performance (1986), R C. Thaler, M E. Johnston, G L. Allee, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert D. Goodband

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two 35-day trials involving 504 pigs were conducted to determine the efficacy of dietary supplementation of copper sulfate (CuS04) and/or dried whey to corn-soybean meal starter pig diets (1.25% lysine). Pigs were weaned at 21+3 days and ranged in average initial weight from 8.1 to 19.2 lbs. In trial 1, CuSO4 addition of either 0 or 250 ppm were made to diets containing 0, 10, and 20% extra-grade dried whey. At both 2 and 5 weeks, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (F/G) improved linearly (P<.05) with increasing whey levels. Also, CuSO4 additions of 250 ppm increased ADG and ADFI (P<.05) at 2 and 5 weeks. The six dietary treatments in trial 2 consisted of a negative control (no CuSO4 or dried whey), and five other diets containing 250 ppm CuS04: with graded levels of dried whey (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%). Dried whey additions linearly increased ADG and ADFI at both 2 and 5 weeks (P<.05), whereas F/G at 2 and 5 weeks was optimized at the 5% dried whey level. Copper sulfate supplementation improved ADG and F/G at 5 weeks (P<.05). These results suggest that CuS04 additions are beneficial for starter pig performance, and the 5% dried whey addition gave starter pig performance equal to that with 20% dried whey addition, when CuSO4 was present in both diets.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 20, 1986

Evaluation Of Soybean Oil Additions In Starter Pig Diets (1986), R C. Thaler, M E. Johnston, G L. Allee, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert D. Goodband

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two trials involving 420 weanling pigs (21+3 d) were conducted to determine the effects of additions of soybean oil (SO) on starter pig performance. Soybean oil additions of either 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5% were made to the 1.25% lysine corn-soybean meal-dried whey basaI diet. In each trial, there were 7 pigs/pen and 5 replications. Data from the two trials were pooled except for feed efficiency (F/G) at 2-weeks, where a trial x treatment interaction existed. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were not affected by SO additions at 2 weeks but gains were …

Kansas Bull Test 15-Year Summary, R.R. Schalles, K.O. Zoellner, W. Olson

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Bulls placed in Kansas Bull Tests have increased in weight, gain, frame, and scrotal circumference, while decreasing in fat thickness over the past 15 years. Bull buyers have been willing to pay for increased performance, with changes in bull prices generally reflecting changes in the other cattle prices.

Effects Of Compudose® Implants From Birth To Slaughter On Carcass And Meat Traits Of Young Bulls And Steers, T.D. Hopkins, Michael E. Dikeman

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Implanting young bulls with Compudose® three times from birth to slaughter resulted in performance similar to that of nonimplanted bulls, but decreased masculinity development. Implanted bulls tended to have higher marbling scores, more tender meat, more youthful carcasses, and lighter lean color than nonimplanted bulls. Although both implanted and nonimplanted bulls were more efficient and gained faster in the feedlot than implanted steers, the steers showed very little carcass masculinity and had finer-textured lean. Implanted steers had more youthful carcasses and lower Warner-Bratzler shear values than nonimplanted bulls. However, nonimplanted bulls grew faster, were more efficient, had larger ribeyes and …

Effects Of Castration, Dehorning, Frame Size, And Gut Fill On The Long-Term Performance Of Feeder Calves, F.K. Brazle, R.R. Schalles

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

In two experiments, calves purchased as steers gained substantially faster than calves purchased as bulls and then castrated, during both the starting period and the subsequent growing period. Large-framed calves gained .22 lb per day faster, and small-framed calves .21 lb per day slower, than medium-framed calves. Cattle appearing gaunt at the start of the trial gained 1.33 lb per day less than those with average gut fill.

Weight Changes And Estrous Cycles After Abortion In Beef Heifers, J.M. Wright, G.H. Kiracofe

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Ninety-one pregnant, crossbred Angus heifers aborted after receiving an injection of a prostaglandin analog at an average of 50, 75, 100, or 122 days of gestation. Weight change in the first 3 weeks after abortion and subsequent estrous cycles were observed. No detrimental effects were noted in those heifers aborting at 50 or 75 days of gestation, and growth rate was not altered. Those heifers aborting at 100 days of gestation exhibited a decreased growth rate; those aborted at 122 days lost weight. There was more udder development, vaginal discharge, and retained membranes in heifers aborted later in gestation. Typically, …

Comparison Of 36 Mg And 72 Mg Ralgro® For Suckling Steer Calves, D.D. Simms

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

In a study in which 525 Simmental-cross steer calves were assigned to five implant treatments in four trials, 72 mg Ralgro® implants failed to increase performance significantly over' conventional 36 mg implants.

Effect Of Maturity At Harvest On Yield, Composition, And Feeding Value Of Hybrid Forage Sorghum Silages, J. Dickerson, K. Bolsen, S. Hamma, J. Hoover

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Results from three trials showed the diversity among forage sorghum hybrids for both agronomic and nutritive characteristics. Later maturing and nonheading hybrids produced silages with low dry matter (DM) contents, low pH values, high levels of fermentation acids, and low voluntary intakes. Earlier maturing and moderate grain-producing hybrids, but their silages had high DM contents and higher voluntary intakes. Stage of maturity at harvest had surprisingly little influence on silage chemical composition, intake, or digestibility.

Effect Of Thiabendazole On Gains Of Stockers Grazing 50% Endophyte Fungus-Infected, Tall Fescue Pastures, F. Brazle

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Thiabendazole (TBZ®) wormer pellets were added to either a mineral or grain mix in two experiments with steers grazing 50% endophyte fungus-infected, tall fescue pastures. Research from other stations has suggested that TBZ® partially overcomes the toxicity of endophyte fungus. In our experiments, steers received .2 g of TBZ® per 100 lb body weight per day, but daily gain was not improved during the grazing period.

Effect Of Moisture, Bale Type, And A Preservative On Alfalfa Hay Quality And Feeding Value, A. Laytimi, J. Arledge, C. Grimes, K. Bolsen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

In the first of two alfalfa hay experiments, lambs fed small bale hays averaged 16% better gains and feed conversions than those fed large bale hays; Fresh Cut®-treated hay gave 9% better performance than untreated hays; and medium-moisture hays produced 12% faster and more efficient gains than low-moisture hays. In the second experiment, hay baled above 30% moisture had excessive heating, more discoloration and mold growth, higher storage losses, and lower dry matter and protein digestibilities compared with 15% moisture hay.

Supplementing Day-Old Pigs With Bovine Colostrum Or Milk Replacer (1986), C Bandyk, Robert H. Hines

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Seventy-five litters of newborn pigs from gilts were given either 20 cc of bovine colostrum or 20 cc of milk replacer through a stomach tube, and their weaning weight, scouring, and survival were compared with those of newborn pigs that were not treated. Results were broken down by birth weight groups: small-less than 2.3 lb.; medium-2.3 to 2.9 lbs.; large-3.0 lbs. and over. No significant differences in weaning weights were observed from treatment. Nontreated pigs tended to scour more than pigs treated with bovine colostrum but this difference was not statistically significant, partly because of the variation in the incidence …

Effects Of Farm Origin And Respiratory Disease On Pig Performance (1986), W H. Turlington, P F. Maxson, G L. Allee, S Potter, Jim L. Nelssen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Slaughter checks were conducted on 392 pigs from 9 producers to evaluate factors affecting pig performance, based on the age of the pig and its health status. Among herds, weight per day of age ranged from 1.07 to 1.32 lb/day, whereas days to 230 lb varied from 172 to 214 days. Based on statistical analysis, differences among farms accounted for 40% of the total variation in pig performance, whereas respiratory disease accounted for 20%. From our data, it was concluded that management is the major factor controlling pig performance, yet the health status of the animal is also a contributing …

The Effects Of Barley Particle Size On Finishing-Pig Performance (1986), Robert D. Goodband, Robert H. Hines

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two trials utilizing 280 finishing pigs were conducted to evaluate the effects of barley particle size on finishing-pig performance. In Experiment 1, pigs fed barley ground through a hammermill with a 1/8-in screen were not different in average daily gain (ADG) or feed efficiency (F/G) from pigs fed a milo-based diet ground through a 3/16-in screen. Pigs fed either 3/16 or 1/4-in ground barley grew slower and were less efficient (P<.02) than those fed either the milo or finely ground barley diet. Experiment 2 was conducted in a similar manner, with the exception that mill run barley was used instead of a specific variety. In Experiment 2, ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were not different between dietary treatments. This response resulted in a trial x treatment interaction for these criteria. Results for feed efficiency were similar to those in Experiment 1; pigs fed 3/16 or 1/4-in ground barley diets were less efficient (P<.02) than those fed l/8-in ground barley or 3/16-in ground milo. These results suggest that the variety of barley is an important criteria in determining feeding value for finishing-pigs, and that reducing particle size of the diet by fine grinding improves feed efficiency.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 20, 1986

Effects Of Preweaning And Post Weaning Implants On Suckling, Growing, And Finishing Steer Performance, D.D. Simms, R.W. Lee, S.B. Laudert, James J. Higgins

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

One hundred and ninety-five crossbred steers were used to compare lifetime implant strategies and study the effects of implanting during the suckling period on performance in the growing and finishing periods. There were no differences in growing period gains when both groups were implanted in the suckling period and the growing period. However, steers implanted in the suckling period but not implanted in the growing period had significantly lower gains than all other treatments including controls. Steers implanted only in the growing period had better feed efficiency in the growing period than both controls and steers implanted only in the …

Bacteriological And Histopathological Investigations Of Liver Abscesses, K.F. Lechtenberg, H.W. Leipold, Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Fusobacterium necrophorum was the predominant bacterial isolate from 49 liver abscesses. Biotype A tended to occur in pure infections and produced a more severe tissue reaction than biotype B, which tended to occur as a mixed infection.

Evaluation Of An Experimental Silage Inoculant In Laboratory And Farm Silos Using Alfalfa And Forage Sorghum, K. Bolsen, R. Smith, H. Ilg, Daniel Y.C. Fung

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

An experimental microbial inoculant dramatically increased the speed of pH drop and rate and amount of lactic acid production in alfalfa at both 60 and 90 F storage temperatures. In two trials with forage sorghums, the inoculant did not affect the silage fermentation at 60 F but it did produce small improvements in silages at 90 F. In general, sorghum silages at 60 F fermented slower and had high pH values, lower lactic acid, and higher acetic acid contents than silages at 90 F. The response to the additive in a farm silo trial was not consistent for the criteria …

Bovatec® Vs. Rumensin® Fed In Free-Choice Mineral-Grain Mixtures On Early Intensively Grazed, Native Grass, F. Brazle, Gerry L. Kuhl

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The performance of grazing heifers offered a free-choice mineral or two mineral-grain-ionophore mixtures was evaluated in 3-year study. Heifers ate more of the supplement containing Bovatec® than that containing Rumensin® (P<.05). Heifers fed Bovatec® gained faster (P<.10) than those fed Rumensin® or the control mineral mixture.

Endocrine Changes In Sows In Response To Altered Suckling And Boar Exposure (1986), E A. Newton, Jeffrey S. Stevenson, J Ernest Minton, Duane L. Davis

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Eighteen sows were treated as follows: 1) 10 multiparous and four primiparous sows were separated from their litters for 6 hr/day and exposed to a mature boar for 1 hr/day during the last 8 days of lactation, and 2) four sows (two multiparous and two primiparous) served as untreated controls during lactation. Blood was collected from sows during treatment and after weaning, and various hormones were measured. Altered suckling induced higher concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) that caused multiparous sows to show estrus (10/10) during lactation. Younger treated sows had similar increases in LH, but had higher follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) …

Best Weight To Market Hogs? (1986), Robert H. Hines

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

One of the important, recurring decisions that each hog producer must make is the weight at which to sell hogs. The decision to sell hogs may be influenced by cost and availability of feed, anticipated market hog price changes, weather conditions, overcrowding or need for facilities, or the need for cash for unpaid bills. All of these factors play an intricate role in the decision to market; however, the choice of when to sell may also influence production costs, price received, and carcass quality.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 20, 1986