Life Sciences Commons^™

How Can The Final Goal Of Completely Replacing Animal Procedures Successfully Be Achieved?, Christiane Baumgartl-Simons, Christiane Hohense

Validation of Alternative Methods Collection

Article 23 of European Union (EU) Directive 86/609/EEC required that Member States promote the development and validation of alternative technologies and stated that the European Commission (EC) “shall report before the end of 1987 on the possibility of modifying tests and guidelines” (European Parliament, 1986, Article 23). This Directive was replaced by Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, which now requires that Member States develop and validate alternative approaches much more precisely and specifies that the ultimate objective is the “full replacement of procedures on live animals for scientific and educational purposes, as soon as …

Beef Production & Consumption: Sustainable Alternatives, Jennifer W. Macadam, Roslynn Brain

Environment and Society Faculty Publications

Sustainable living involves choosing a lifestyle with minimal environmental impacts. The ultimate goal is to leave future generations with a healthier environment than the one we were born into. How can we do that with beef consumption? Beef is part of American culture, so is there a way to make wiser choices when it comes to purchasing beef ? The short answer is, yes!

A Kenyan Perspective On The Use Of Animals In Science Education And Scientific Research In Africa And Prospects For Improvement, Charles Kimwele, Duncan Matheka, Hope Ferdowsian

Experimentation Collection

Introduction: Animal experimentation is common in Africa, a region that accords little priority on animal protection in comparison to economic and social development. The current study aimed at investigating the prevalence of animal experimentation in Kenya, and to review shortfalls in policy, legislation, implementation and enforcement that result in inadequate animal care in Kenya and other African nations. Methods: Data was collected using questionnaires, administered at 39 highly ranked academic and research institutions aiming to identify those that used animals, their sources of animals, and application of the three Rs. Perceived challenges to the use of non-animal alternatives and common …

The Scher Report On Non-Human Primate Research — Biased And Deeply Flawed, Jarrod Bailey, Katy Taylor

Experimentation Collection

The European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) recently issued an Opinion on the need for non-human primate (NHP) use in biomedical research, and the possibilities of replacing NHP use with alternatives, as part of the Directive 86/609/EEC revision process. Here, we summarise our recent complaint to the European Ombudsman about SCHER’s Opinion and the entire consultation process. It is our opinion that the Working Group almost entirely failed to address its remit, and that the Group was unbalanced and contained insufficient expertise. The Opinion presumed the validity of NHP research with inadequate supporting evidence, and ignored …

Is The Consideration Of Better And Worse Alternatives To Reality Advantageous To Mood After A Positive Outcome?, Rebecca Zuchetti, Amy Y.C. Chan

Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Counterfactual thinking involves reflecting on how a given outcome may have been different. Such thoughts are centred on how the outcome could have been better (upward counterfactuals) or worse (downward counterfactuals), with most previous research focusing on a specified direction of these thoughts in response to a negative outcome. The current research explored how considering either one or both directions of counterfactuals after a positive outcome in an anagram task may be related to changes in affect and subsequent task performance. Undergraduate psychology students (N = 86) either imagined only better or worse counterfactual alternatives in response to their anagram …

Personal Reflections On Russell And Burch, Frame, And The Hsus, Martin Stephens

Animal Welfare Collection

The coincidence of anniversaries associated with the publication of William Russell and Rex Burch’s The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, the founding of the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME), and the establishment of the collaboration between FRAME and the University of Nottingham, provides an opportunity to reflect on Russell and Burch’s legacy and how it was carried forward by FRAME. The Principles, published in 1959, was the pioneering work in what later became the alternatives or Three Rs field of replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal use. Such was the book’s initial and undeserved obscurity, …

Nf05-621 Alternatives To Guardianship, Eileen Krumbach, John Defrain, Bruce Cudly, Dina Rathje, Carol Lieske, Rene Ferdinand, Mary Evans, Mary Gordon

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebFact, the sixth in a series, discusses legal guardianship and alternatives to guardianship.

Medical Training Using Simulation: Toward Fewer Animals And Safer Patients, Jonathan Balcombe

Experimentation Collection

This paper presents the current status of computer-based simulation in medicine. Recent technological advances have enabled this field to emerge from esoteric explorations in academic laboratories to commercially available simulators designed to train users to perform medical procedures from start to finish. Today, more than a dozen companies are producing virtual reality simulators and interactive manikins for training in endoscopy, laparoscopy, anaesthesia, trauma management, angiography, and needle insertion. For many of these procedures, thousands of animals are still being used in training. Yet simulation has many advantages that can transcend scientific, ethical, economic and logistical problems that arise when using …

The First Forty Years Of The Alternatives Approach: Refining, Reducing, And Replacing The Use Of Laboratory Animals, Martin L. Stephens, Alan M. Goldberg, Andrew N. Rowan

State of the Animals 2001

The concept of the Three Rs— reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal use in biomedical experimentation—stems from a project launched in 1954 by a British organization, the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW). UFAW commissioned William Russell and Rex Burch to analyze the status of humane experimental techniques involving animals. In 1959 these scientists published a book that set out the principles of the Three Rs, which came to be known as alternative methods. Initially, Russell and Burch’s book was largely ignored, but their ideas were gradually picked up by the animal protection community in the 1960s and early ’70s. …

Outdoor Recreation And Water Development: The National Recreation Lakes Study, Bruce R. Brown

Outdoor Recreation: Promise and Peril in the New West (Summer Conference, June 8-10)

12 pages.

Conflict Resolution: A Field Perspective, Ev Elmendorf

Outdoor Recreation: Promise and Peril in the New West (Summer Conference, June 8-10)

6 pages.

G98-1353 Fed Cattle Pricing, Dillon M. Feuz, Ted C. Schroeder, Clement E. Ward

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide discusses pricing alternatives for fed cattle, including live weight, dressed weight and grid pricing. Pricing fed cattle is becoming more complex, requiring more time to evaluate pricing alternatives and marketing cattle. Is there one best pricing method? How are live weight, dressed weight, and grid or formula prices related? This NebGuide will provide answers to these and other questions about fed cattle pricing.

G97-1323 Best Management Practices To Reduce Atrazine Runoff From Corn Fields In Nebraska, Thomas G. Franti, Fred W. Roeth, Gary L. Zoubek

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide presents best management practices (BMPs) which can be used to reduce atrazine runoff from dryland and irrigationd corn fields in Nebraska. Atrazine is one of the most widely used herbicides in Nebraska. It is used alone or combination with other herbicides for weed control in both dryland and irrigationd corn. Atrazine is popular because of its effectiveness and economy. However, environmental concerns are an increasingly important part of producer decisions regarding weed control, fertility and irrigation management practices. A public concern is reducing atrazine runoff to surface waters. Best management practices (BMPs) reduce the amount of atrazine at …

The Animal Research Controversy: Protest, Process & Public Policy, Andrew N. Rowan, Franklin M. Loew, Joan C. Weer

Experimentation Collection

The controversy today regarding the use of animals in research appears on the surface to be a strongly polarized struggle between the scientific community and the animal protection movement. However, there is a wide range of opinions and philosophies on both sides. Mistrust between the factions has blossomed while communication has withered. Through the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s, the animal movement grew in numbers and financial resources, and developed much greater public recognition and political clout. The research community paid relatively little attention to the animal movement for much of this period but, alarmed by several public relations coups …

G93-1161 Investment Alternatives...For The Beginner, Kathleen Prochaska-Cue

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This publication discusses risks associated with investing, and then gives a brief introduction to 21 investment alternatives. The alternatives are classified into seven types of investments.

Risks Associated With Investing

There are many types of risk involved with investments. Let's consider two types: investment risk and purchasing power risk.

Investment risk is the probability that the actual return on an investment will be different from what you expect. This is the type of risk one usually thinks of when considering investments. For example, CD's and EE savings bonds are considered safe investments because the probability that the actual return on …

Rp92-217 #2 Producer Marketing Mangement: Deferred Pricing Alternatives For Grain, Darrel Good

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Grain producers must make marketing decisions every day. First they must decide whether to price or hold grain. If they decide to price grain, they must then choose the most appropriate method of pricing: cash sale, forward contract, or hedging. If they decide to hold grain (not to price), they must choose the most appropriate method of retaining ownership.

This fact sheet presents some guidelines to help producers choose the least costly method of owning grain or speculating on price level changes.

Alternatives To And Reduction Of Animal Use In Biomedical Research, Education And Testing, John M. Frazier, Alan M. Goldberg

Experimentation Collection

Biomedical endeavours can be divided into three major categories: research, education, and testing. Within the context of each of these categories, activities involving whole animals have made major contributions and will continue to do so in the future. However, with technological developments in the areas of biotechnology and computers, new methods are already reducing the use of whole animals in certain areas. This article discusses the general tissues of alternatives and then focuses on the development of new approaches to toxicity testing.

Ec90-2502 Perspectives On Nitrates, Gary W. Hergert, Richard A. Wiese, Delynn Hay, William A. Lee, Ann Ziebarth, Richard B. Davis, Constance Kies, Carolyn Bednar, Norman Schneider, Alex Hogg, Robert A. Britton, J. David Aiken

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

The potential adverse consequences of nitrate on both human and animal health has long been recognized. This extension circular is comprised of six papers that include:

• Nitrogen in our Environment
• Alternatives When Excessive Nitrate is Present in Drinking Water
• Nitrates, Nutrites and Methemoglobinemia
• Nitrates, Nutrities, N-Nitroso Compounds and Nutrition
• Excessive Nitrate/Nitrite Exposure: Nitrate Poisoning and Related Animal Health Effects
• Nitrates and Ground Water Quality Protection Policies

Ec88-729 Irrigation Pumping Plant Alternatives, Richard T. Clark, Norman L. Klocke

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Irrigation pumping costs depend on the requirements of the individual pumping plant. Energy use is the major component of pump operating costs. Pumping efficiency, pumping lift, water pressure and the amount of water delivered all influence the energy required to operate the pumping plant.

This extension circular contains information for irrigators on how to use a computerized spreadsheet developed in 1988 to calculate irrigation pumping costs and savings.

Animals Are Suffering: Hsus Seeks To End Rabbit Blinding Tests

Close Up Reports

The research industry has long held that the use of animals is the only "reliable" way we have of determining the safety of a cosmetic, drug, or household product. Over the years this belief has served to support scientists as they subjected animals to many tests. The American public has seen little of the massive animal suffering that has taken place in the research labs.

Today, a new debate is taking place. People from all walks of life are asking if all the suffering and death is worth it. Many research scientists have joined the ranks of those who are …