Life Sciences Commons^™

Neutrosophic Superhyperalgebra And New Types Of Topologies, Florentin Smarandache, Memet Sahin, Derya Bakbak, Vakkas Uluçay, Abdullah Kargı

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

In general, a system S (that may be a company, association, institution, society, country, etc.) is formed by sub-systems Si { or P(S), the powerset of S }, and each sub-system Si is formed by sub-sub-systems Sij { or P(P(S)) = P^2(S) } and so on.

That’s why the n-th PowerSet of a Set S { defined recursively and denoted by P^n(S) = P(P^(n-1)(S) } was introduced, to better describes the organization of people, beings, objects etc. in our real world.

The n-th PowerSet was used in defining the SuperHyperOperation, SuperHyperAxiom, and their corresponding Neutrosophic SuperHyperOperation, Neutrosophic SuperHyperAxiom in order …

[Research Note] The Random Somatic Mutation Is Not Quite Random, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This research note challenges the idea that Random Somatic Mutations are entirely random, highlighting their non-equiprobable nature and their influence on evolution, involution, or indeterminacy. It recalls the Neutrosophic Theory of Evolution, extending Darwin’s theory, and emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between different senses of “random mutation” in evolutionary theory.

Land Rich, Cash Poor: Hispanic Subsistence Agri-Culture On Acequia Farms Of Northern New Mexico, 1880-1950s, José A. Rivera Ph.D.

Faculty Publications

Acequia-based agriculture in Hispanic northern New Mexico originated with the arrival of settlers from the central valley of Mexico in the late sixteenth century and later following the Camino Real into the upper Río Grande and its tributaries. The high desert environment required irrigation for food production and survival. Land parcels in the rural villages of northern New Mexico were small, and crop yields were limited to home consumption on a subsistence basis, an economy that lasted well into the territorial period and statehood of New Mexico. Despite a wage economy introduced with the arrival of the railroad around 1880 …

3d Library From Body Size From Unconventional Specimens: A 3d Geometric Morphometrics Approach To Fishes From Ancestral Pueblo Contexts, Jonathan Dombrosky, Thomas F. Turner, Alexandra Harris, Emily Lena Jones

Anthropology Faculty & Staff Publications

Animal body size estimation from zooarchaeological specimens often relies on specific, one-dimensional (i.e., conventional) measures from skeletal elements. Here, we introduce an animal body size estimation technique for archaeological fishes that relies on 3D reference scans and the calculation of centroid size, a standard 3D geometric morphometric proxy measure for organism size. Centroid size-based estimations on whole caudal vertebrae are strongly correlated with a widely accepted measure (i.e., centrum width), but the scalability and flexibility of the centroid size-based approach allows for use on a wide variety of fragmented remains. We use zooarchaeological fish remains (subfamily Ictiobinae) from late pre-Hispanic …

Collected Papers (On Various Scientific Topics), Volume Xiii, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This thirteenth volume of Collected Papers is an eclectic tome of 88 papers in various fields of sciences, such as astronomy, biology, calculus, economics, education and administration, game theory, geometry, graph theory, information fusion, decision making, instantaneous physics, quantum physics, neutrosophic logic and set, non-Euclidean geometry, number theory, paradoxes, philosophy of science, scientific research methods, statistics, and others, structured in 17 chapters (Neutrosophic Theory and Applications; Neutrosophic Algebra; Fuzzy Soft Sets; Neutrosophic Sets; Hypersoft Sets; Neutrosophic Semigroups; Neutrosophic Graphs; Superhypergraphs; Plithogeny; Information Fusion; Statistics; Decision Making; Extenics; Instantaneous Physics; Paradoxism; Mathematica; Miscellanea), comprising 965 pages, published between 2005-2022 in different …

Small Tech, High Touch: A Permutation, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

In an earlier paper published in a neutrosophic math journal (IJNS), we discussed a new approach to technology, which may be called as ‘opti-realism’ or ‘pess-optimism’ as alternative to utopianism based on technocracy, which may lead the world into global techno-totalitarianism. In this article, we submit a new approach to Nature and technology, which is more modest and humble, rather than a techno-utopianism version of reality that most futurists argue for. Our proposed approach resembles more to Myer-Briggs 16 types of personality, including IJNS, IFNS etc. In our scheme, there are 8 characters of approach toward technology which can lead …

Collected Papers (On Neutrosophic Theory And Its Applications In Algebra), Volume Ix, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This ninth volume of Collected Papers includes 87 papers comprising 982 pages on Neutrosophic Theory and its applications in Algebra, written between 2014-2022 by the author alone or in collaboration with 81 co-authors from 19 countries.

Collected Papers (On Neutrosophic Theory And Applications), Volume Vi, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This sixth volume of Collected Papers includes 74 papers comprising 974 pages on (theoretic and applied) neutrosophics, written between 2015-2021 by the author alone or in collaboration with 121 co-authors from 19 countries.

Collected Papers (On Neutrosophic Theory And Applications), Volume Viii, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This eighth volume of Collected Papers includes 75 papers comprising 973 pages on (theoretic and applied) neutrosophics, written between 2010-2022 by the author alone or in collaboration with 102 co-authors from 24 countries.

The Tijeras Pueblo (La 581) Archaeofaunal Project, Emily Lena Jones, Scott Kirk, Caitlin S. Ainsworth, Asia Alsgaard, Jana Valesca Meyer, Cyler Conrad

Anthropology Datasets

These files contain data generated by the Tijeras Pueblo (LA 581) Archaeofaunal Project, a project of the University of New Mexico Department of Anthropology Zooarchaeology Laboratory between 2011 and the present. This project has been supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1732622 and by a grant from the Research Allocations Committee of the University of New Mexico.

These data are the basis of the analyses presented in the following publication:

Jones, Emily Lena, Scott Kirk, Caitlin S. Ainsworth, Asia Alsgaard, Jana Valesca Meyer, and Cyler Conrad. 2021. The Community at the Crossroads: Artiodactyl Exploitation and …

A Review On Electroculture, Magneticulture And Laserculture To Boostplant Growth, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

While several reviews on potential applications of electroculture are available, in this survey, we discuss these issues from history, starting from earliest experiments by Ross. And in the last section, we discuss possible application of laserculture, another form of potential improvement. It is our hope that what we present here may be found useful for improving agricultural performance in many countries, as well as reducing dependence on fertilizer.

Introduction To Neutrosophic Genetics, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

Neutrosophic Genetics is the study of genetics using neutrosophic logic, set, probability, statistics, measure and other neutrosophic tools and procedures. In this paper, based on the Neutrosophic Theory of Evolution (that includes degrees of Evolution, Neutrality (or Indeterminacy), and Involution) – as extension of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, we show the applicability of neutrosophy in genetics, and we present within the frame of neutrosophic genetics the following concepts: neutrosophic mutation, neutrosophic speciation, and neutrosophic coevolution.

Faunal Remains From Archaeology Sites In Southwestern New Mexico, Karen Gust Schollmeyer, S. O. Macdonald

Occasional Papers

This study attempts to create a comprehensive catalog of all known records of faunal remains recovered from 105 archaeological sites located across southwestern New Mexico. These sites range in age from 2000BC to AD 1450. Approximately 250 taxa of mollusks, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are represented in this compilation. Primary reference materials from published and unpublished sources are included, along with the repositories where relevant collections may be found for potential reexamination by researchers from a variety of fields of interest.

A Neutrosophic Clinical Decision-Making System For Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Analysis, Florentin Smarandache, Shaista Habib, Wardat-Us- Salam, M. Arif Butt, Muhammad Akram

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Early diagnosis of heart disease can reduce this large number of deaths so that treatment can be carried out. Many decision-making systems have been developed, but they are too complex for medical professionals. To target these objectives, we develop an explainable neutrosophic clinical decision-making system for the timely diagnose of cardiovascular disease risk. We make our system transparent and easy to understand with the help of explainable artificial intelligence techniques so that medical professionals can easily adopt this system. Our system is taking thirtyfive symptoms as input parameters, which are, gender, …

Digitized Galapagos Tortoise Whaling Data From 1831-1868, Cyler Norman Conrad, Noah Garwood, James P. Gibbs

Anthropology Datasets

This repository includes a spreadsheet of digitized Galapagos tortoise count data originally transcribed from whaling and sealing logbooks by Charles H. Townsend and published in 1925. Notes are included which describe how the counts were digitized. Data published in Townsend (1925) and digitized here are presented in: Conrad, C. and Gibbs, J.P. (in preparation). Chapter 4: The Era of Exploitation: 1535-1959. In Galapagos Giant Tortoises, Gibbs, James P., Linda J. Cayot and Wacho Tapia (eds.). Elsevier.

A Harmless Wireless Quantum Alternative To Cell Phones Based On Quantum Noise, Florentin Smarandache, Robert Neil Boyd, Victor Christianto

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

In the meantime we know that 4G and 5G technologies cause many harms to human health. Therefore, here we submit a harmless wireless quantum alternative to cell phones. It is our hope that this alternative

New Types Of Neutrosophic Set/Logic/Probability, Neutrosophic Over-/ Under-/ Off Set, Neutrosophic Refined Set, And Their Extension To Plithogenic Set/Logic/Probability, With Applications, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This international collective massive book, edited by Florentin Smarandache, has 716 pages, and represents the special issue on neutrosophic environment at SYMMETRY international journal (Scopus, Web of Science, IF: 2.143). The book contains 37 published papers, by 73 authors and coauthors, from 13 countries from around the world, in alphabetical order: China, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Jordan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Romania, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, and United States of America.

Opportunities To Enhance Environmental Flows On The Rio Chama, Anjali Bean

Water Resources Professional Project Reports

The construction of El Vado dam on the Rio Chama in 1935 dramatically changed the natural flow of the river, reducing spring runoff and summer scouring floods in favor of providing a constant water supply to downstream users. The San Juan-Chama Project, a trans-basin water diversion built as part of the Colorado River Compact, also significantly increased water flow in the river, a unique situation in the state of New Mexico. This increase in management of the river for human benefit has permanently altered the natural hydrograph of the river and the ecology and geomorphology of the system that depends …

Surface-Water Groundwater Interactions In The Middle Rio Grande, Nm Implications For Bank Storage And Native Species, Tom Heller

Water Resources Professional Project Reports

Riparian zones are important for ecological purposes and ecosystem processes, and are valued for aesthetic, recreational, cultural, and historical reasons. The declining integrity of cottonwood-dominated riparian systems in the Middle Rio Grande (MRG) of central New Mexico has been evident for several decades, of which the largest cause has been the severe alterations riparian hydrology. While cottonwood germination responses to changing flood regimes have been well studied, the response to changing groundwater dynamics - and the suitability of groundwater regimes in the MRG - is less well understood. This study used pressure transducer groundwater datasets installed in the Rio Grande …

Providing Water For A Forgotten People: A Waterline Assessment Of The Former Bennett Freeze Area, Nikki Rae Tulley

Water Resources Professional Project Reports

The Bennett Freeze was established in 1966 and imposed for 40 years on 1.5 million acres of land within the boundaries of the Western Agency of the Navajo Nation. Bennett Freeze came as a result of the Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute. The “freeze” halted all construction, development, and improvements made to enhance the quality of life within the boundaries of the Bennett Freeze area. Public works were included in the restrictions created by the freeze, which effectively denied residents access to basic sanitation facilities. There are approximately 2,685+ homes (~20,000 residents) within the Former Bennett Freeze Area (FBFA) without access to …

A Real-Time Data Monitoring Prototype Protocol To Advance Environmental Management Through A Citizen Science Approach– A Case Study In Nepal, Corinne Fox

Water Resources Professional Project Reports

The lack of environmental monitoring data has restricted the efficiency of proper environmental management in the developing world. Although monitoring technologies have been touted for their potential to advance environmental understanding and management, there are very few examples of practical applications where this has been accomplished in the developing world. Due to the positive influx of urbanization and tourism in Siddharthanagar, South Nepal, the Nepal Study Center (NSC) from the University of New Mexico (UNM) teamed up with the poly-tech college Pratiman-Neema Health Institute (PNMHI) to address future environmental changes through a citizen science approach, known as the Danda River …

How A Brownfield Redevelopment Planning Effort In Gallup Resulted In A New Regulation For Vapor Intrusion In New Mexico, Michelle G. Hunter

Water Resources Professional Project Reports

The Puerco River basin has, within its confines, one small city, Gallup, New Mexico. Gallup is located within close proximity to the Navajo Nation, and many Navajo Nation members live and work in Gallup and need affordable housing. A local Gallup non-profit proposed a multi-family housing development on a long-vacant, and blighted property in the middle of downtown Gallup. After several environmental assessment investigations, the developer discovered significant groundwater contamination, from an adjacent dry cleaner, that had the potential to migrate into the indoor air at the future housing facility. A series of brownfield assessment, planning, and cleanup efforts resulted …

An Update And Analysis Of The Corrales Bosque Preserve Vegetation Map, Brett Feldhahn

Water Resources Professional Project Reports

An updated vegetation map of the Corrales Bosque Preserve in Corrales, New Mexico was developed for this project using Hink and Ohmart community-structure survey protocol and vegetation classifications. The vegetation composition was analyzed and compared to the Middle Rio Grande Conservation Action Plan (MRG-CAP) rating criteria for dynamic mosaic vegetation, also known as the Dynamic Patch Mosaic (DPM). The DPM attribute indicates the mix of vegetation community types—the vegetation mosaic—that facilitates the best outcome for ecosystem resilience and biodiversity in the bosque. The updated vegetation community-structure types were used to classify each polygon into general vegetation types per the MRG-CAP, …

Bank Erosion Control: Rio Pueblo De Taos, Noelani Eba-Jah-Mi Villa

Water Resources Professional Project Reports

Bank failure can occur from multiple reasons including geotechnical failure, failure from hydraulic forces, or a combination of both. Hydraulic failure is driven by a lack of vegetation, high boundary velocities, and toe scour. Erosion from hydraulic forces is often related to flow velocities or direction (Baird, 2005). Large-scale bank erosion is initiated by failure of bank materials at the base or toe of the outer bank (Sclafani, 2011). The Taos Pueblo are concerned with channel migration which has caused bank failure of the Rio Pueblo along Pueblo Canyon Road leading to the sacred Blue Lake. The objective of this …

Mental Models And Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps (Modelos Mentales Y Mapas Cognitivos Neutrosóficos), Maykel Leyva-Vazquez, Rebeca Escobar-Jara, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

In this work, elements related to mental models elicitation and analysis are addressed through causal models. Issues related to the need to include indeterminacy in causal relationships through neutrophic cognitive maps are discussed. A proposal for static analysis in neutrosophic cognitive maps is presented. The following activities are included in the proposal: Calculate, measures of centrality, Classify nodes, De-neutrosification, and Ranking nodes. As future works, the incorporation of new metrics of centrality in neutrosophic cognitive maps is proposed. The inclusion of scenario analysis to the proposal is another area of future work.

Diatom Community Response To An Acidic, Ambient Temperature, Geothermal Gradient, April Fox

Water Resources Professional Project Reports

Geothermally influenced surface waters are typically linked to high temperatures; however, they can also be associated with ambient temperature and have the distinct solute chemistry that identifies them as geothermal in origin. Few studies have been linked to diatom assemblages in ambient temperature, geothermally influenced waters. This study focused on the Sulphur Creek watershed in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, northern New Mexico. Seven representative sites were sampled monthly between May 2016-September 2016 for physicochemical parameters and diatom community composition. Ambient temperature waters with high conductivities, lower pH values (≤ 4.0), and increased Al+++, Fe++, SO4=, and SiO2 concentrations are …

Investigation Of Physical And Chemical Characteristics Of Soils From High, Moderate, Low And Unburned Severity Areas Following The 2011 Las Conchas Fire, Amanda A. Otieno

Water Resources Professional Project Reports

Soils play an essential role in ecosystem health as they are the medium for terrestrial and aquatic life. Soils can be drastically altered by wildfire as seen in the Jemez River watershed following the 2011 Las Conchas fire which burned over 31,800 acres. The aim of this research is twofold: 1) to characterize the effects of fire on the cation and anion composition in soil by burn severity following the 2011 Las Conchas wildfire and 2) to assess the leaching capacity of nitrate (NO₃^-), phosphate (PO₄^3-)_, sulfate ₍SO₄^2-), aluminum …

Diatom Communities Of Travertine-Precipitating Springs On A Gradient Of Anthropogenic Disturbance In The Sandia Mountains, New Mexico, Kathryn E. Mendoza

Water Resources Professional Project Reports

Carbonate-rich waters of travertine-precipitating springs facilitate unique physiochemical environments that support distinct diatom species assemblages adapted to the environmental stress of constant carbonate precipitation. Diatom communities in spring systems may be further limited by the impacts of historical and ongoing anthropogenic disturbance, which includes recreational activity and hydrologic modification of springs using spring boxes and wells. This study focused on impacts of water chemistry and anthropogenic disturbance on diatom assemblages found in travertine-precipitating springs. Data were collected in the fall of 2016 and spring of 2017 at eight spring sites, including six known to precipitate travertine, in the Sandia Mountains …

Middle Rio Grande Surface And Well Water Quality And The Health Implications To Humans, Juan Carlos Peña-Philippides

Water Resources Professional Project Reports

This professional project reviews the water quality along The Middle Rio Grande in New Mexico from the Cochiti Dam to the town of Bernalillo to San Acacia. This project focuses on the quality of the surface and well water and its implications to human health. The State of New Mexico Environment Department provided historical data of the well water quality in Albuquerque and the surrounding area. This project focuses on the analysis of chemical and microbiological testing in the areas of the North Valley, South Valley and Albuquerque Acres. The Bosque Ecosystem Monitoring Program (BMEP) provided historical data that identifies …

Final Report: Status Of The Arizona Toad (Anaxyrus Microscaphus) In New Mexico, Mason J. Ryan, Jacek Tomasz Giermakowski, Ian M. Latella, Howard L. Snell

Biology Faculty & Staff Publications

This report covers the fourth consecutive year (2013-2016) of research on the population dynamics, ecology, and conservation status of the Arizona Toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus) in New Mexico. The year 2016 represented the rare opportunity to study the effects of El Niño, which typically brings above average precipitation to New Mexico, on the breeding behavior and ecology of the Arizona toad. We expected that the El Niño-driven above average precipitation during the winter of 2015 and spring of 2016 would result in increased detection of toads at breeding sites, especially those sites that were dry in 2013, 2014, and …