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Articles 1 - 30 of 353
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Relationship Between Trunk Cross-Sectional Area Growth And Water Stress In Garry Oaks (Q. Garryana): A Species Of Conservation Concern, John Cochrane
Relationship Between Trunk Cross-Sectional Area Growth And Water Stress In Garry Oaks (Q. Garryana): A Species Of Conservation Concern, John Cochrane
Student Research Symposium
In the Pacific Northwest, Quercus garryana (Garry oak trees) support over 627 native species. Garry oak natural habitat was originally maintained by indigenous practices but has been reduced to 5-10% of its range due to change in land management strategies. To support oak conservation, we need to understand heat and water affect the growth and physiology of this species. In this study, we created a fixed linear model of trunk cross-sectional growth with water stress (Ψ), photosynthetic water-use efficiency (δ13C), and leaf Carbon-Nitrogen ratio. We collected branch samples from the canopies of 47-64 mature Garry oaks in the …
Construction And Mutagenesis Of Ssv1 Mutants In Extreme Viruses, Lou Ann F. O'Connor, Jono Abshier, Kenneth M. Stedman
Construction And Mutagenesis Of Ssv1 Mutants In Extreme Viruses, Lou Ann F. O'Connor, Jono Abshier, Kenneth M. Stedman
Student Research Symposium
Archaeal viruses with unique structures such as spindle-shaped virions are found abundantly in extreme environments like geothermal hot springs around the world. Among all spindle-shaped viruses, the model Sulfolobus Spindle-shaped Virus 1 (SSV1) is best studied. Creating the lemon-shaped or spindle-shaped virion structure are two proteins, VP1 as the major capsid protein, and VP3 as the minor capsid protein. The primary structure of VP1 consists of a proteolytic cleavage site at position 66 that is believed to be necessary for virus evolution. Recent studies showed that genetic mutation of the amino acid, glutamate (E) at position 66 in VP1 which …
Mutagenetic Analysis Of The Minor Capsid Protein Vp3 Of The Archaeal Fusellovirus Ssv1, Laura Costal Lagarde
Mutagenetic Analysis Of The Minor Capsid Protein Vp3 Of The Archaeal Fusellovirus Ssv1, Laura Costal Lagarde
Student Research Symposium
Viruses, while often associated with disease, are integral to life and play an important role in the microbiome. Despite their importance in medical research, archaeal viruses, particularly those found in extreme environments, are not widely understood. The Sulfolobus Spindle-Shaped Viruses (SSVs) of the Fuselloviridae family are unique among viruses in that they do not kill their host, the archaeon Sulfolobus Solfataricus in volcanic hot springs, but rather slow its growth, allowing for halo assay assessments.The study focuses on the type virus SSV1, which is predominantly composed of the Major and Minor capsid proteins vp1 and vp3, respectively. Previous study has …
Examining The Role Of Rgs2 In The Maintenance Of Diapause After Anoxic Stress In Embryos Of The Annual Killifish Austrofundulus Limnaeus, Patrick Clouser
Examining The Role Of Rgs2 In The Maintenance Of Diapause After Anoxic Stress In Embryos Of The Annual Killifish Austrofundulus Limnaeus, Patrick Clouser
Student Research Symposium
Austrofundulus limnaeus live in ephemeral ponds of Venezuela. They have evolved a unique life history that includes embryonic diapause, a period of developmental dormancy, metabolic arrest, and reduced protein synthesis. Diapausing embryos are resistant to environmental stress and survive months without oxygen (anoxia). A. limnaeus’ anoxia tolerance is an important survival mechanism as they can be buried in anoxic soil during development. Analysis of RNAseq data from diapausing A. limnaeus embryos show significant down-regulation of RGS2 transcripts in anoxic embryos. RGS2 regulates G-protein receptor signaling by inhibiting associated Ga-proteins and can inhibit protein synthesis. I hypothesis that …
Selection During Reproduction In Mimulus Guttatus, Desmond C. Willson, Karla De Lima Berg, Mitch Cruzan
Selection During Reproduction In Mimulus Guttatus, Desmond C. Willson, Karla De Lima Berg, Mitch Cruzan
Student Research Symposium
A lack of genomic studies examining gametophytic selection and selective embryo abortion—which occur during the reproduction of angiosperms—leaves questions regarding the adaptive and evolutionary effects of these processes. Analyzing deviations from Mendelian segregation offers an avenue for identifying loci targeted by GS and SEA, and their contributions to purging of genetic load. However, other selective processes such as meiotic drive and cytonuclear interactions, as well as pollen and ovule abortion, can cause distortion. To distinguish the effects of GS and SEA from other causes of distortion, we will perform reciprocal crosses between highly homozygous and highly heterozygous individuals of Mimulus …
Observing Orobanche Uniflora Parasitism Of Four Sedum Species In Relation To Soil Composition, Devin J. Forest-Hines, Sophie Wille, Noah Flick, Maxxie Barr
Observing Orobanche Uniflora Parasitism Of Four Sedum Species In Relation To Soil Composition, Devin J. Forest-Hines, Sophie Wille, Noah Flick, Maxxie Barr
Student Research Symposium
Sedums are commonly selected for green roof applications due to their horizontal growth, heat and drought tolerance, water-storage capacity, and heat absorption. A potential threat to sedum health is the presence of parasitic Orobanche. Orobanche are a genus of parasitic plants that extract nutrients, water and carbohydrates from its host via root attachments. This study seeks to investigate Orobanche parasitism on the four most abundant sedum species on a Portland State University green roof in relation to soil composition. Four sedum species were propagated in clear plastic compact-disc (CD) cases containing either mineral substrate, Miracle Gro, or a seedling mix, …
Histone Changes As A Response To Lactic Acid Selection In Cells Of Austrofundulus Limnaeus, Lori Tran, Jason Podrabsky, Chelsea Hughes
Histone Changes As A Response To Lactic Acid Selection In Cells Of Austrofundulus Limnaeus, Lori Tran, Jason Podrabsky, Chelsea Hughes
Student Research Symposium
The killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus is an extremophile native to small temporary ponds of Venezuela. Normal embryonic development of A. limnaeus is segmented into up to three stages of metabolic depression (diapause), and both developing and diapausing embryos can survive long bouts of the complete absence of oxygen (anoxia) by using anaerobic metabolic pathways. While there has been much focus on how mutations in DNA drive evolution, environmental stress can cause heritable changes to histone post-translational modifications (hPTMs) in multiple species. However, this evolutionary role of hPTMs has never been studied in A. limnaeus. Additionally, the possible evolutionary role of extracellular …
Exploring Factors That Contribute To Stem Transfer Student Sense Of Belonging, Brittney R. Gallant, Cate Pocitari
Exploring Factors That Contribute To Stem Transfer Student Sense Of Belonging, Brittney R. Gallant, Cate Pocitari
Student Research Symposium
There is an ongoing disconnect between the number of students who enter college intending to earn a STEM degree and the number of students who persist to degree, this is particularly true for transfer students. Sense of belonging has been named as a STEM persistence factor, yet how that belonging develops for transfer students is largely unknown. Here we used a mixed-methods design to explore the experiences of STEM transfer students at PSU (n=38). Participants completed a survey prior to participating in an interview. The survey and interviews explored their science identity, sense of belonging, and involvement in STEM-related activities. …
Describing Shen & Shen Ming Via A Hybrid Quantum Computational Model, Alex M. Cullen, Johnny Lemau
Describing Shen & Shen Ming Via A Hybrid Quantum Computational Model, Alex M. Cullen, Johnny Lemau
Student Research Symposium
Definitions for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) terminology within the context of quantum biology (QB) have recently been proposed. These definitions aim to elucidate concepts such as qi meridians in TCM. Our study presents a hypothesis that seeks to provide an operational definition for Spirit (Shen) and Bright Spirit (Shen Ming) in TCM via a scoping review. We propose that Shen represents physical, phenomenological proto-consciousness/consciousness in the forms of computation, such as singular particles/bits/qubits, computers, organisms, or computational strategies, whereas Shen Ming may refer to emergent, quasi-physical meta-proto-consciousness/consciousness formed by coherent relationships of multiple orchestrated/integrated units of computation; manifesting itself as …
Improved Genome Maintenance And Dna Replication In The Anoxia Tolerant Annual Killifish, Riley A. Roth-Carter
Improved Genome Maintenance And Dna Replication In The Anoxia Tolerant Annual Killifish, Riley A. Roth-Carter
Student Research Symposium
Timely and faithful replication of the genome is a requirement for cell survival and proliferation, with errors in this process leading to cancers and cell death. DNA replication during exposure to stressful conditions can lead to increased mutational burden, with collapsed replication forks causing mutations leading to cancers due to loss of repair capabilities during these exposures. Learning how stressful DNA replication takes places can lead to a better understanding of how resistant cancers survive similar conditions, like hypoxic tumor microenvironment, direct irradiation, and DNA damaging chemotherapeutics. Using an extremophile model, Austrofundulus limnaeus, which can survive these genotoxic stressors could …
Qibc Analysis On Killifish Cells Under Anoxic Conditions, Jaina Canlas
Qibc Analysis On Killifish Cells Under Anoxic Conditions, Jaina Canlas
Student Research Symposium
Faithful DNA replication is vital for all living organisms. Environmental stressors can cause a multitude of mutations and DNA lesions during replication leading to cell death if not accurately repaired. The annual killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus, has a heightened tolerance to many known genotoxic stressors, including anoxia. Embryos of the annual killifish can survive months of anoxia during the dry season when the ephemeral ponds they inhabit, completely dry. During these exposures, they have shown they are capable of repairing substantial amounts of damaged DNA. This resilience has led us to hypothesize that A. limnaeus have enhanced DNA repair capabilities. …
Guide Rna Design And Delivery For Crispr/Cas9 Editing In Annual Killifish, Keria N. Moritsugu-Vandehey, Isabel Henkes, Yekaterina Chmykh, Amie Romney, Jason Podrabsky
Guide Rna Design And Delivery For Crispr/Cas9 Editing In Annual Killifish, Keria N. Moritsugu-Vandehey, Isabel Henkes, Yekaterina Chmykh, Amie Romney, Jason Podrabsky
Student Research Symposium
The CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool has shown to be successful in knocking out genes in model organisms such as zebrafish, turquoise killifish, and cichlid fish. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing has been demonstrated in many species of fish, but this technology has not been verified in the annual killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus. We hypothesize that targeted editing of the tyrosinase gene in embryos of A. limnaeus would lead to the development of fish without the ability to produce melanin, the black/brown pigment molecule. Early embryos (1-cell stage) were injected with a Cas9 cocktail containing a mix of guide RNA molecules that target …
Annual Killifish: Eye Development And Retinal Cell Regeneration, Carmen Z. Rodriguez
Annual Killifish: Eye Development And Retinal Cell Regeneration, Carmen Z. Rodriguez
Student Research Symposium
Vertebrate eye development is highly conserved. Current models have allowed the understanding of gene expression patterns that support eye development, but lack the context of extreme environmental conditions that challenge these fundamental programs. Typical vertebrate life spans can be years, but annual killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus, are able to complete their entire adult lifespan in only weeks. Thus, A. limnaeus is a strong model for age-related macular degeneration. A. limnaeus also experiences embryonic diapause; a period of developmental dormancy. Developing/diapausing embryos of A. limnaeus are resistant to environmental stresses such as hypoxia/anoxia that would cause irreparable damage to vital organs, such …
Neuroscience Educational Interventions For Mental Health Management Within The Neurodiverse Population: A Working Model, Kadi Rae Smith, C.K. Miller, Bill Griesar, Jeff Leake
Neuroscience Educational Interventions For Mental Health Management Within The Neurodiverse Population: A Working Model, Kadi Rae Smith, C.K. Miller, Bill Griesar, Jeff Leake
Student Research Symposium
Sociological and environmental factors such as economic disparity and cultural marginalization hinder access to educational and medical resources and must be taken into account to ensure accurate diagnoses, effective self-regulation and mental health management for neurodiverse individuals, and offset disparities in access to healthcare and education. Arbitrary attachment of stigma to traits commonly associated with neurodivergence perpetuate neuro-myths1 that have dire consequences when internalized, informing individuals’ development and sense of self. Neuroscience outreach done by NW Noggin is an active model for engaging communities with limited resources and a greater need for services to offset economic disparity. Integrated arts programming …
Evaluation Of Sleep Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury In Children Using Questionnaires And Actigraphy, Connie Tran, Sydney Weese, Cydni Williams Md
Evaluation Of Sleep Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury In Children Using Questionnaires And Actigraphy, Connie Tran, Sydney Weese, Cydni Williams Md
Student Research Symposium
Traumatic brain injuries are the result of a sudden external blunt force to the brain and can result in long-term complications or death. In pediatrics, it is the leading cause of acute and chronic sleep wake disturbances, as well as cognitive deficits, which can lead to a reduction in the quality of life. These impairments can later result in lowered performance in work and school settings or decreased psychosocial function. Although there is sufficient evidence that traumatic brain injuries contribute to is that it is unknown whether or not sleep wake disturbances contribute to an increase in the mentioned cognitive …
Locating Vitamin D Receptors (Vdrs) In Annual Killifish, Austrofundulus Limnaeus, Rosalia N. Tanori, Amie L. Romney, Jason E. Podrabsky
Locating Vitamin D Receptors (Vdrs) In Annual Killifish, Austrofundulus Limnaeus, Rosalia N. Tanori, Amie L. Romney, Jason E. Podrabsky
Student Research Symposium
Austrofundulus limnaeus, a species of annual killifish found in unpredictable temporary habitats in South America, has a profound ability to survive long periods without water and oxygen. This tolerance is associated with the ability to enter metabolic dormancy associated with diapause. Entrance into diapause and tolerance of environmental stress is governed by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is among these factors and plays a crucial role in determining if an embryo will enter diapause or actively develop. My work aims to identify the genomic locations of VDR proteins in the A. limnaeus genome …
Dragon Pseudoscorpions Shed Light On Ancient Climate History In The Pacific Northwest, Joshua W. Hootman
Dragon Pseudoscorpions Shed Light On Ancient Climate History In The Pacific Northwest, Joshua W. Hootman
Student Research Symposium
Pseudoscorpions are an ancient and diverse group of understudied arachnids, and there is much to be learned about their relationships to each other. Pseudoscorpions are one of many leaf-litter dwelling and low dispersing invertebrates that inhabit the forests of the Pacific Northwest. Previous phylogeographic studies of Pacific Northwest taxa have shed light on some of the climatic and geologic events that have shaped the area's flora and fauna. One purpose of this study is to determine if there is similar genetic structuring within the pseudoscorpion populations present in the study area, or if there is even more structure likely influenced …
The Influence Of A Ubiquitous Filter Feeder On Coastal Microbial Communities., Melissa Steinman, Moritz S. Schmid, Robert K. Cowen, Su Sponaugle, Kelly R. Sutherland, Anne W. Thompson
The Influence Of A Ubiquitous Filter Feeder On Coastal Microbial Communities., Melissa Steinman, Moritz S. Schmid, Robert K. Cowen, Su Sponaugle, Kelly R. Sutherland, Anne W. Thompson
Student Research Symposium
Doliolids have a unique ability to impact the marine microbial community through bloom events and high filtration rates. Their predation on large eukaryotic microorganisms is established and evidence of predation on smaller prokaryotic microorganisms is beginning to emerge. We studied the retention of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbial taxa by wild-caught doliolids in the northern California Current system. We use qPCR to quantify the impact of doliolids on three important and globally abundant taxa: Synechococcus, SAR11 and diatoms. Doliolids were collected during bloom events identified at three different shelf locations with variable upwelling intensities. We discovered that in addition …
Understanding The Importance Of Social Emotional Learning In Children And The Link Between Mental Health, Lynette Marie Lubiak
Understanding The Importance Of Social Emotional Learning In Children And The Link Between Mental Health, Lynette Marie Lubiak
Student Research Symposium
I will examine how very important it is to society to teach structured Social Emotional Learning (SEL) programs to children in school. It can bring mental wellbeing and the ability to have healthy relationships, non addictive behaviors and being able to emotionally regulate themselves. Since we have pushed on only academia and not SEL for our children, mental illness has skyrocketed. This problem started after the SEL part of school was taken out of schools and then the division between rich and poor became wider and wider as time went on. If we were to bring back SEL into school, …
Phytoplankton Community Dynamics In The Northern California Current System, Kristin Forgrave
Phytoplankton Community Dynamics In The Northern California Current System, Kristin Forgrave
Student Research Symposium
The Northern California Current system is a productive coastal ecosystem that encompasses a variety of temporal and spatial features. The photosynthetic microbial community plays a crucial role in supporting the rich ecosystem and economically important fisheries. My research integrates data across distance and two years to investigate the community composition of two major phytoplankton groups in this system: picocyanobacteria and picoeukaryotes. The abundances and sizes of the phytoplankton were measured using flow cytometry. Picoeukaryotes were found to be present at similar concentrations in both summer and winter. Abundances of both cell types were comparable in the winter, but picocyanobacteria were …
Variability Of Grazing By Appendicularians On Prochlorococcus, Carey Sweeney
Variability Of Grazing By Appendicularians On Prochlorococcus, Carey Sweeney
Student Research Symposium
The marine picocyanobacterium, Prochlorococcus is the most abundant photosynthetic cell on Earth. These cells are critical to global primary productivity and are critical to biogeochemical cycles of the open ocean. While abiotic environmental factors that influence Prochlorococcus are relatively well-understood, biotic controls, especially predation, are not well-studied. Appendicularians are ubiquitous invertebrate grazers that feed on microbes including Prochlorococcus in the open ocean. However, the details of this feeding interaction have not been characterized. In a laboratory study, I showed that prey retention of Prochlorococcus increases as the life stage of the appendicularians advances and increases with increasing concentration of prey. …
Preliminary Maple Sap Data For Boxelder And Norway Maples, Jesse Mathews
Preliminary Maple Sap Data For Boxelder And Norway Maples, Jesse Mathews
Student Research Symposium
Maple sap is a popular agricultural product mainly produced in Quebec, Canada, and the Northeastern United States (U.S.).Almost the entire worldwide production of maple syrup exists in this area. Sugar maples (Acer saccharum) are the most popular tree to tap due to its higher sugar content. This species of maple doesn’t grow well in Utah’s soils, which might be a contributing factor to the lack of maple syrup production Utah. There exist about 211,714 boxelder (Acer negundo) trees that could be tapped in Utah. Estimates aren’t available for Norway maple (Acer platanoides) populations, but they exist in almost every park …
The Effect Of Different Juicing Methods On Fiber Content , Hannah Eddy, Kaylee West, Mj Wayment, Meg Chronister
The Effect Of Different Juicing Methods On Fiber Content , Hannah Eddy, Kaylee West, Mj Wayment, Meg Chronister
Student Research Symposium
Dietary fiber is an important component in the world of nutrition. Whole fruits and vegetables are great sources that can be added to add more fiber to one's diet. Many consumers prefer to drink juice rather than add whole fruits and vegetables to their diets. However, fiber is often lost during the juicing process. The purpose of this experiment was to find the best method of juicing for a good balance of dietary fiber and flavor for each fruit or vegetable. The first independent variable was the types of fruits and vegetables being juiced: apple, pomegranate, orange, and carrot. The …
All Purpose Flour Alternatives In Brownies, Georgia Johnson, Mckayl Black, Jouri Lacome
All Purpose Flour Alternatives In Brownies, Georgia Johnson, Mckayl Black, Jouri Lacome
Student Research Symposium
Brownies are a very popular dessert. Many people are not able to tolerate the gluten in their diets, while some people may just want to add different flours. You can get other nutritional benefits from switching the flour from the all purpose flour. The alternatives in our experiment, or independent variables, were oat flour, rice flour, and banana flour. Each flour was used to bake a batch of brownies. After the brownies were finished, twelve people participated in a blind taste test. These participants subjectively tested the appearance, texture, and taste. Overall, all-purpose flour was the most desirable among participants. …
Effects Of Folding On Laminated Dough, Shelby Thorpe, Sarah Moore, Heather Burr, Colton Coombs
Effects Of Folding On Laminated Dough, Shelby Thorpe, Sarah Moore, Heather Burr, Colton Coombs
Student Research Symposium
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effect on volume, flakiness, and air cell size and amount in basic croissants when the dough is folded less than and more than what’s currently considered standard. The process of dough lamination, or the creation of alternating layers of dough and fat, is a technique used in various pastries. The layer of fat, often butter or margarine, creates an impenetrable barrier to the steam, or water vapor, produced by surrounding dough layers. This facilitates lift within the pastry and while many types don’t contain yeast, lamination becomes crucial to the finalized …
How Does Protein Content Of Flour Affect Sourdough Bread?, Julie Eggett, Callie Goble, Whitney Nelson
How Does Protein Content Of Flour Affect Sourdough Bread?, Julie Eggett, Callie Goble, Whitney Nelson
Student Research Symposium
The goal of this experiment was to evaluate if the micro-differences in protein content of bread flour made a difference in volume, air cell size, appearance, texture and flavor of sourdough bread. The flour used in this experiment included Bob’s Red Mill Artisan Bread Flour, Big J Mill Golden Loaf Bread Flour, Gold Medal Bread Flour. The protein contents were 13%, 12.7%, and 10.5%, respectively. The bread was baked using a standard recipe with only the brand of bread flour varying from sample to sample. The samples were then objectively and subjectively measured. Volume of bread samples of equal weight …
Assessing How Various Cooking Methods Influence Several Physical Qualities Of Chicken Breasts, Matthew Hulse, Jinjer Smith, Sami Allen, Melody Loutzenhiser
Assessing How Various Cooking Methods Influence Several Physical Qualities Of Chicken Breasts, Matthew Hulse, Jinjer Smith, Sami Allen, Melody Loutzenhiser
Student Research Symposium
Juiciness and tenderness are two of the characteristics which define meat quality and acceptability for a consumer. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effect on moisture loss, tenderness, chewability, taste, aroma, color, and texture on chicken breast when cooked using different methods such as: sous-vide (water bath), baking, air-frying, and pan-frying. Killing harmful organisms by cooking is necessary for meat, and these different methods result in different moisture retention and texture of the product. The intention of this experiment is to equip consumers with the information they need to choose which cooking method best aligns with their …
Natural Product Biosynthesis Through Biotechnological And Fermentation Approaches, Hassan Sher
Natural Product Biosynthesis Through Biotechnological And Fermentation Approaches, Hassan Sher
Student Research Symposium
Natural products as a source of medicine have long been attractive due to the huge structural diversity and promising biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antitumor, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic as well as antioxidant properties. Discovery of novel and modified natural products is the need of this modern era. To expand the chemical diversity in natural products and to increase the production titers of natural products, researchers have come up with various solutions: heterologous expression, cocultivation, fermentation engineering, isolation of new species, and strain engineering/improvement. o-Coumaric acid and p-coumaric acid are phenolic antioxidants found in various plant sources. These also serve …
Nitrogen Use Efficiency And Soil Health Indicators In Corn Silage Production In A Semi-Arid Environment, Phearen Miller
Nitrogen Use Efficiency And Soil Health Indicators In Corn Silage Production In A Semi-Arid Environment, Phearen Miller
Student Research Symposium
The world faces the challenge of increasing food production while reducing the impact of excess reactive nitrogen (N) in the environment. A field study was conducted at USU Greenville farm in northern Utah since 2012 to examine the effects of different N sources in corn silage under semi-arid conditions. The study used a randomized complete block design with four blocks and four treatments: control (no nitrogen) (denoted as Control), low ammonium sulfate (AS 112 kg N/ha) (denoted as AS100), high ammonium sulfate (AS 224 kg N/ha) (denoted as AS200), and steer manure compost (224 kg total N/ha) (denoted as Compost). …
Glycosylation Of Anti-Tb Agent Chlorflavonin For Combating Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Jie Ren
Glycosylation Of Anti-Tb Agent Chlorflavonin For Combating Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Jie Ren
Student Research Symposium
More than two billion people were infected by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in 2020. However, during the past 50 years, the first-line (isoniazid, delamanid, and rifampicin) and second-line (capreomycin, streptomycin, and cycloserine) therapies have remained unchanged with disadvantages such as long treatment periods and severe side effects. The slow development of anti-TB drugs cannot combat the fast development of drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains from multidrug-resistant (MDR) into extensively drug resistant (XDR), which further hinders the World Health Organization’s goal to end the global TB pandemic by the year 2035. Flavonoids are a type of natural product with …