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Cranes Of The World [Complete Work], Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World [Complete Work], Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes are a group of birds that can lift the human spirit as few other wild animals can do; their great size, marvelous soaring abilities, humanoid traits such as "dancing," and penetrating voices, all strike deep into the human psyche and forcefully remind us of the beauty and mystery of the natural world around us. We cannot lose even a single species of crane without seriously rendering our own existence that much poorer. It is in that spirit that I decided to write the present book, which I hope will be of value to ecologists, ethologists, conservationists, aviculturalists, and anyone …
Cranes Of The World: 6. Aviculture And Hybridization, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: 6. Aviculture And Hybridization, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
The keeping of cranes in captivity, either as pets or as animals to be fattened for the pot, is evidently a very old practice. Captive cranes are depicted on the walls of the Temple of Deir-el-Barari of the Nile Valley, where cranes are shown walking in stately fashion between slaves. Each crane's bill is tied down close to its neck, which would upset its balance and thus prevent it from flying away (Whymper, 1909). Armstrong (1979) noted that cranes were apparently domesticated in ancient Greece, and that Plutarch (c. A.D. 46-c. A.D. 120) mentions the nesting of tame cranes, presumably …
Cranes Of The World: Black-Necked Crane (Grus Nigricollis), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Black-Necked Crane (Grus Nigricollis), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Other Vernacular Names:
None in general English use; Grue á cour noir (French); Schwarzhals Kranich (German); Cheniozheuleu zhuravl (Russian); Grulla de cue110 negro (Spanish).
Range:
Breeds from Ladakh east through Tibet (Xizang Zizhiqu) to the Koko Nor Region in eastern Tsinghai (Qinghai), probably mostly between 4,300 and 4,600 meters elevation. Migratory, and reported on migration or during winter from central and eastern Sikang, Yunnan, and Tonkin (Vaurie, 1965). Also winters in small numbers in the southern Himalayas (Bhutan and Frontier Division of Subansiri Pradesh) at elevations of 1,500-3,000 meters (Ali, 1976).
Cranes Of The World: Demoiselle Crane (Anthropoides Virgo), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Demoiselle Crane (Anthropoides Virgo), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Other Vernacular Names:
None in General English use; Shuai-yu-hao (Chinese); Grue demoisella, Demoiselle de Numidae (French); Jungfernkranich (German); Karkarra (Hindi); Aneha-zuru (Japanese); Krasavka zhuravl (Russian); Grulla damisela, Grulla moruria (Spanish).
Range:
Bred at least formerly in northwestern Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, possibly northern Morocco); currently breeds in Europe from the southern IJkraine and the Crimea through southeastern Russia (north to the region of Volgograd and south to the steppes to the east of the lower Volga), eastward through the steppes of the Kirghiz, western Siberia, southern Minusinsk, and the Altai, Lake Baikal, and of southern Transbaikalia, to the steppes of northwestern …
Cranes Of The World: 1. Classification And Evolution, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: 1. Classification And Evolution, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes and their relatives the limpkins and trumpeters are fairly closely related members of the order of birds (Gruiformes) that also includes rails, gallinules, coots, and other marsh-adapted birds. Cranes, limpkins, and trumpeters are usually included within a superfamily, Gruoidea, although at least one recent authority (Cracraft, 1973) has suggested that the three groups all be included within a single family, Gruidae. However, traditionally only the cranes have been included within the Gruidae, and only the cranes will be dealt with in detail in this book. Nevertheless, the limpkins and trumpeters must be considered if the evolution of cranes is …
Cranes Of The World: 0. Contents -- Foreword -- Preface, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: 0. Contents -- Foreword -- Preface, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
I. COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY OF CRANES
1. Classification and Evolution / 3
2. Individualistic and Social Behavior / 11
3. Vocalizations / 25
4. Ecology and Population Dynamics / 35
5. Comparative Reproductive Biology / 44
6. Aviculture and Hybridization / 51
7. Endangered Species and Conservation / 60
8. Cranes in Myth and Legend / 70
II. NATURAL HISTORIES OF INDIVIDUAL CRANE SPECIES
1. Crowned Cranes / 77
2. Blue Crane / 87
3. Demoiselle Crane / 95
4. Wattled Crane / 121
5. Siberian Crane / 131
6. Australian Crane / 141
7. Sarus Crane / 151
8. White-naped …
Cranes Of The World: Blue Crane (Anthropoides Paradises), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Blue Crane (Anthropoides Paradises), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Other Vernacular Names:
Stanley crane; Bloukraan (Afrikaan); Grue bleue (French); Paradieskranich (German); Hagoromo zuru (Japanese); Chetyrekhkrydy zhuravl (Russian); Grulla azul (Spanish); Groote Sprinkhaan-vogel (Boers, Transvaal).
Range:
Resident in the upland interior of South Africa and possibly adjacent Mozambique north almost to the Zambezi, and with a small isolated population near the Etosha Pan of Namibia (South- West Africa).
Cranes Of The World: 5. Comparative Reproductive Biology, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: 5. Comparative Reproductive Biology, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
The reproductive biologies of cranes are surprisingly similar. All crane species are strictly monogamous, have long pair bonds and a prolonged period of juvenile dependency, and are highly territorial during the breeding season. All cranes also have an extremely limited reproductive potential, resulting from their deferred sexual maturity, low clutch size, and limited renesting tendencies following the loss of a clutch or hatched young.
Cranes Of The World: 4. Ecology And Population Dynamics, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: 4. Ecology And Population Dynamics, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Like other animals, cranes exist as natural populations that are dependent upon particular environmental conditions and that vary in population density between the absolute minimum numbers that have permitted survival to relatively dense populations that may approach or even temporarily exceed the carrying capacity of the habitat. Each species may also have an upper species-typical limit on population density, or "saturation point," which is independent of the carrying capacity of the habitat but which may be determined by such social adaptations as territorial requirements or individual distance characteristics. Within crane populations, individual birds or families remain within home ranges or …
Cranes Of The World: Index, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Index, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
This index is limited to the English vernacular and Latin names of crane species and subspecies, including fossil terms. Complete indexing is limited to entries for the English vernacular names of species as used in this book. The principal account of each species or genus is indicated by italics.
Cranes Of The World: Origins Of Scientific And Vernacular Names Of Cranes, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Origins Of Scientific And Vernacular Names Of Cranes, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Origins of scientific and vernacular names of cranes
Cranes Of The World: Key To The Species And Subspecies Of Cranes Of The World, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Key To The Species And Subspecies Of Cranes Of The World, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Key to the Families of Gruoidea
Key to Cranes of the World
Cranes Of The World: Color Plates, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Color Plates, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Color photographs:
1. South African crowned crane, adult. Photo by K. B. Newman.
2. West African crowned crane, adults. Photo by author.
3. South African crowned crane, adult at nest. Photo by W. R. Tarboton.
4. Blue crane, adult incubating. Photo by K. B. Newman.
5. Blue crane, adults at nest. Photo by K. B. Newman.
6. Demoiselle crane, adult. Photo by author.
7. Wattled crane, adult incubating. Photo by W. R. Tarboton.
8. Wattled crane, adult. Photo by author.
9. Siberian crane, adult. Photo by author.
10. Siberian crane, adult. Photo by author.
11. Australian crane, adult. Photo by …
Cranes Of The World: References, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: References, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
The following list of more than 400 references is by no means a complete bibliography of cranes, but does include a few titles that for various reasons were not specifically cited in the text. Walkinshaw's (1973) monograph contains a large number of citations not found in the present list, and he additionally has recently (1981c) updated and supplemented his earlier bibliography. All told, his two citation lists include nearly 2,500 citations. Nearly 40 percent of the 1973 list deals with the whooping crane, 20 percent with the sandhill crane, 15 percent with the Eurasian crane, and 8 percent with the …
Cranes Of The World: White-Naped Crane (Grus Vipio), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: White-Naped Crane (Grus Vipio), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Other Vernacular Names:
Japanese white-necked crane; Ts-ang-kua (Chinese); Grue á cour blanc (French); Weissnacken-Kranich (German); Mana-zuru (Japanese); Dachkai zhuravl (Russian); Grulla de cuelle blanco (Spanish).
Range:
Breeds on the Transbaikalian steppes probably from the Onon and Argun rivers eastward through northwestern and central Manchuria to the southern Ussuri Valley, the basin of Lake Khanka, and in southwestern Ussuriland. Known recent breeding areas (Yamashina, 1978) include the marshlands around the central part of the Primorskiy Kraj (Maritime Territory), the middle drainage of the Amur River (from the upper Zeya to the Bureya and the Archara), and in northwestern Manchuria (Jaranton). Also …
Cranes Of The World: Crowned Crane (Balearica Pauonina), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Crowned Crane (Balearica Pauonina), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Other Vernacular Names:
Blue-necked or gray crowned crane (regulorum and gibbericeps), Black-necked or dark crowned crane (pavonina and ceciliae); Ma-hem (Afrikaan); Grue couronnee, Grue ronnee du Cap (French); Konigskranich (German); Minima kanmuri-zuru (Japanese); Makoka zhuravl (Russian); Grulla corona (Spanish); I-hem (Xhosa); U-Nohemu (Zulu).
Range:
Resident in open country over most of Africa south of the Sahara, excepting the Congo Basin and the driest portions of southwestern Africa.
Cranes Of The World: Australian Crane (Grus Rubicundus), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Australian Crane (Grus Rubicundus), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Other Vernacular Names:
Brolga, Native companion (Australia); Grue d'Australie (French); Australischer Kranich (German); Goshu zuru (Japanese); Australiyka zhuravl (Russian); Grulla Australiana (Spanish).
Range:
Resident in grassland habitats in lowland New Guinea and northern and eastern Australia, more rarely to southern and southeastern Australia.
Cranes Of The World: Black And White Plates, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Black And White Plates, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Black and white Photographs
1. West African crowned crane, adult. Photo by L. H. Walkinshaw.
2. South African crowned crane, adult at nest. Photo by W. Tarboton.
3. South African crowned crane, adult at nest. Photo by W. Tarboton.
4. Blue crane, adult at nest. Photo by W. Tarboton.
5. Demoiselle crane, adult. Photo by author.
6. Wattled crane, adult incubating. Photo by W. Tarboton.
7. Wattled crane, adults at nest. Photo by W. Tarboton.
8. Siberian cranes, adults taking off. Photo by G. W. Archibald.
9. White-naped cranes, adults in flight. Photo by Eizi Takabayashi, courtesy International Crane Foundation. …
Cranes Of The World: 8. Cranes In Myth And Legend, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: 8. Cranes In Myth And Legend, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Wherever cranes occur in the world, their stature, intelligence, wariness, and sociality have captured the human imagination and have given rise to a variety of legends, myths, and folktales. Among the best sources of such information for England and southern Europe are the manuscript writings of Edward Topsell (1572-1625), which have been edited and recently republished (1972). Topsell reported that "when fables ruled the world" it was believed that a proud queen of Pygmies named Oenoe or Gerania was turned into a crane by Juno and Diana, because she taught her people to neglect other gods and worship her. Gerania …
Cranes Of The World: 7. Endangered Species And Conservation, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: 7. Endangered Species And Conservation, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Few families of birds, other than some associated with small island archipelagos, have such a large proportion of their species in danger of extinction as does the crane family. Of the 14 extant species of cranes, King (1979) regards two full species (whooping crane and Siberian crane) as endangered, three more (Japanese, hooded, and white-naped) as vulnerable, and the black-necked crane as of indeterminate status. Additionally, one race (the Mississippi) of the sandhill crane is classified as endangered, and the Cuban race is regarded as rare and local. Thus, more than a third of the world's crane species are currently …
Cranes Of The World: Epilogue, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Epilogue, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
And as wee see strange Crane are won’t to doe
First stalke a while ere they their wings can finde,
Then soare from ground not past a yard or two,
Till in their wings they gathered have the winde;
At last they mount the very cloudes unto,
Trianglewise according to their kind.
-Topsell, 1972
Cranes Of The World: Eurasian Crane (Grus Grus), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Eurasian Crane (Grus Grus), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Other Vernacular Names:
Common crane, Crane; Huiho (Chinese); Grue cendree (French); Kranich (German); Kuro-zuru, Kurotsuru (Japanese); Seryi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla comun (Spanish).
Range:
Breeds in northern Eurasia from Scandinavia east to at least the Indigirka River, and probably to the Kolyma, and south to northern Germany, the Ukraine, the Kirghiz Steppes, Russian and Chinese Turkestan, Mongolia, and northern Manchuria, with isolated colonies in the Dobrogea, Turkey, and Transcaucasia. Migratory, wintering in the Mediterranean region to northwestern and northeastern Africa, the Persian Gulf region, peninsular India, and from southern China to northern Indo- China, Burma, and Assam (Vaurie, 1965).
Cranes Of The World: Hooded Crane (Grus Monachus), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Hooded Crane (Grus Monachus), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Other Vernacular Names:
None in general English use; Huan-has (Chinese); Grue-moine (French); Monchskranich (German); Nabe-zuru (Japanese); Chernyi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla capachina (Spanish).
Range:
Breeding range not well known, but currently known to breed only in a few isolated areas of the USSR, including the Ussuri River and the lower Amur, in the basin of the middle reaches of the Vilyuy, and in the Olekma-Chara uplands. Breeding probably also occurs in the upper Nizhnaya Tunguska River and its tributary the Nyepa, along the Chona River, in the lower Amur along the In and Mukhen rivers, in the basin of the Evur …
Cranes Of The World: 2. Individualistic And Social Behavior, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: 2. Individualistic And Social Behavior, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Like all higher organisms, cranes perform a variety of behavior patterns throughout their lives that have evolved to fulfill diverse functions. Much of their time is spent in self-directed activities necessary to maintain life and health. These individualistic or "egocentric" activities include such fundamental behaviors as breathing, eating, defecation, drinking, and sleeping or resting. Other activities, while not vital to life, are usually performed during "leisure time"; these include preening, shaking, stretching, oiling, and other actions that fall within a general umbrella of "comfort" activities. Still other activities, such as foraging and the seeking of shelter, result in aggregations of …
Cranes Of The World: Japanese Crane (Grus Japonensis), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Japanese Crane (Grus Japonensis), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Other Vernacular Names:
Manchurian crane, Redcrowned crane; Tan-ting ho, Hsien-ho (Chinese); Grue de Mandchourie (French); Mandschuren- Kranich (German): Tancho, Tozuro (Japanese); Manshuskiy zhuravl, Ussuriskii zhuravl (Russian); Grulla blanc (Spanish).
Range:
Breeds in northeastern Mongolia on the border of Manchuria (Hahlin Basin) and eastwards through northern and central Manchuria to Lake Khanka and along the Ussuri to its mouth, and in the middle Amur Valley west to the Bureya or Gorin River. An essentially resident population also occurs in northeastern Hokkaido, Japan. The continental population is migratory, wintering in Korea and in eastern China (north of the Gulf of Chihli, and …
Cranes Of The World: Sandhill Crane (Grus Canadensis), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Sandhill Crane (Grus Canadensis), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Other Vernacular Names:
Canadian crane, Little brown crane; Grue du Canada (French); Kanadischer Kranich (German); Kanada-zuru (Japanese): Kanadaski zhuravl (Russian); Grulla del Canada (Spanish).
Range:
Breeds in extreme northeastern Siberia and in North America from Alaska to Baffin Island, south to northeastern Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Additional nonmigratory populations exist in Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines. The migratory races winter from California and Baja California eastward to New Mexico, Texas, and Florida. The breeding range was formerly much more extensive in the United States, extending south to Nebraska, Indiana, and Ohio.
Cranes Of The World: Sarus Crane (Grus Antigone), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Sarus Crane (Grus Antigone), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Other Vernacular Names:
Sharpe's crane; Khur-sang, Korchan (Assam); Grue antigone tropicale, Grue á collier (French); Sarus-kranich, Halsbandkranich (German); Saras, Sirhans (Hindi); O-O zuru (Japanese); Belyi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla blanco cue110 (Spanish).
Range:
Resident in northern India, east to Burma, on the Malay Peninsula, and in Indo-Chinese countries, and in northern Australia. Probably extirpated from the Philippine Islands, and perhaps also from Burma, Thailand, and Malaysia.
Cranes Of The World: Siberian Crane (Bugeranus Leucogeranus), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Siberian Crane (Bugeranus Leucogeranus), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Other Vernacular Names:
Siberian white crane, Asiatic White Crane; Grue nonne, Grue blanche d'Asie (French); Nonnenkranich, Schnee-Kranich, Weisse indische Kranich (German); Sod egura-zuru (Japanese); Sterch, Belyi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla siberiana, Grulla blanco (Spanish).
Range:
Known breeding areas are currently only two. The first is from about the confluence of the Ob and Irtysh rivers north to the region of Berezovo, and the second is from the basin of the Indigirka (from its mouth south to the Moma River) west to the Khroma River and the lower Yana. Other possible breeding areas may extend the second range east to the lower …
Cranes Of The World: 3. Vocalizations, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: 3. Vocalizations, Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Of all avian sounds, few have the power to catch the human imagination and thrill the senses as much as does the bugling of a flock of distant cranes. Leopold (1949) referred to the progressively louder sounds of an approaching flock of sandhill cranes as “a tinkling of little bells,” the “baying of some sweet-throated hound,” and finally as “a pandemonium of trumpets, rattles, croaks, and cries.” The Greeks called it “iangling,” and most recent writers have compared the calls of typical Grus cranes to trumpets or bugles. In doing so, they have inadvertently drawn attention to the similarity of …
Cranes Of The World: Wattled Crane (Bugeranus Carunculatus), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes Of The World: Wattled Crane (Bugeranus Carunculatus), Paul A. Johnsgard
Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard
Other Vernacular Names:
Great African wattled crane; Grue caroncule (French); Glockenkranich, Klunkerkranich (German); Hooka Zuru (Japanese); Asbrikanskiy Sorodavachaty (Russian); Mothlathomo (Sotho, Sesuto); Grulla zarzo (Spanish); Makalanga (Zambian).
Range:
Resident in eastern and southern Africa, from Ethiopia in the north southward discontinuously through southern Tanzania (apparently absent from Kenya and northern Tanzania) and Mozambique to the Transvaal and Natal, and westward to southern Angola and Namibia (South West Africa), in the latter area breeding locally only. Now extirpated from Cape Province and Orange Free State, and probably declining elsewhere (West, 1976)