Life Sciences Commons^™

Asexual Reproduction Of Marine Invertebrate Embryos And Larvae, Jonathan D. Allen, Adam M. Reitzel, William Jaeckel

Arts & Sciences Book Chapters

The life histories of marine invertebrates are incredibly diverse and provide a wealth of opportunities to develop and test hypotheses about how and why modes of reproduction, development, and behavior evolve within and among lineages. With respect to the evolution of reproductive and developmental mode, phylogenetic, adaptive, and functional hypotheses presented over the past century have predominantly focused on the evolution of reproductive traits (e.g., free spawning, brooding, encapsulation; nutritional mode of larvae (e.g., planktotrophy and lecithotrophy; and developmental form (e.g., larval morphology; direct and indirect development. Frequently, but not exclusively, these hypotheses have been tied to changes in per-offspring …