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Articles 1 - 27 of 27
Full-Text Articles in Taxation-Federal
Corporate Tax Competition: An Examination Of National Tax Reaction Functions To Corporate Tax Rate Reductions In Other Countries, Yaw O. Awuah
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation primarily examines tax competition at the national level, with a particular focus on the tax reaction functions of countries within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). There are three different studies in the dissertation. The first study uses the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) as a setting to empirically examine whether members of the OECD reduced their own statutory corporate tax rates in response to the US statutory corporate tax cut ushered in by the TCJA in a process of tax competition. The second study is a non-empirical examination of tax competition and …
Coca-Cola: A Decisive Irs Transferpricing Victory, At Last, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Gianluca Mazzoni
Coca-Cola: A Decisive Irs Transferpricing Victory, At Last, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Gianluca Mazzoni
Articles
In this article, Avi-Yonah and Mazzoni examine the Tax Court’s decision in Coca-Cola, the first decisive IRS victory in a major transfer pricing case since 1979.
The Games They Will Play: Tax Games, Roadblocks, And Glitches Under The 2017 Tax Legislation, David Kamin, David Gamage, Ari Glogower, Rebecca Kysar, Darien Shanske, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Lily Batchelder, J. Clifton Fleming, Daniel Hemel, Mitchell Kane, David Miller, Daniel Shaviro, Manoj Viswanathan
The Games They Will Play: Tax Games, Roadblocks, And Glitches Under The 2017 Tax Legislation, David Kamin, David Gamage, Ari Glogower, Rebecca Kysar, Darien Shanske, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Lily Batchelder, J. Clifton Fleming, Daniel Hemel, Mitchell Kane, David Miller, Daniel Shaviro, Manoj Viswanathan
Articles
The 2017 tax legislation brought sweeping changes to the rules for taxing individuals and business, the deductibility of state and local taxes, and the international tax regime. The complex legislation was drafted and passed through a rushed and secretive process intended to limit public comment on one of the most consequential pieces of domestic policy enacted in recent history. This Article is an effort to supply the analysis and deliberation that should have accompanied the bill’s consideration and passage, and describes key problem areas in the new legislation. Many of the new changes fundamentally undermine the integrity of the tax …
The Beat And Treaty Overrides: A Brief Response To Rosenbloom And Shaheen, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Bret Wells
The Beat And Treaty Overrides: A Brief Response To Rosenbloom And Shaheen, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Bret Wells
Articles
In a recent article in Tax Notes International, H. David Rosenbloom and Fadi Shaheen argue that the base erosion and antiabuse tax (IRC section 59A, as enacted in 2017) is a potential violation of articles 23 and 24 of U.S. tax treaties. They say the BEAT does not override those treaties, so those agreements can be relied on to overcome the effects of the BEAT. In our opinion, that conclusion is wrong for two reasons: The BEAT is not a treaty violation, and even if were, it is a treaty override.
Beps, Atap, And The New Tax Dialogue: "A Transatlantic Competition?", Reuven Avi-Yonah, Gianluca Mazzoni
Beps, Atap, And The New Tax Dialogue: "A Transatlantic Competition?", Reuven Avi-Yonah, Gianluca Mazzoni
Articles
Since its launch in 2013, the US actively participated in all aspects of the BEPS project. However, until recently, the general view was that following the conclusion of the BEPS negotiations and the change of Administration the US is stepping back from the BEPS process. While the EU was charging ahead with implementing BEPS through the Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (ATAD), the US stated that it was already in compliance with all BEPS minimum standards and therefore other than Country-by-Country Reporting (CbCR) it had no further BEPS obligations. The US decided not to sign the Multilateral Instrument (MLI) to implement BEPS …
Nobody’S Stock Compares To Your Own: How Treasury Can Revive Stock Compensation In Cost-Sharing Agreements, Tyler Johnson
Nobody’S Stock Compares To Your Own: How Treasury Can Revive Stock Compensation In Cost-Sharing Agreements, Tyler Johnson
Northwestern University Law Review
In Altera Corp. v. Commissioner, the United States Tax Court invalidated a 2003 Treasury Regulation for failing to meet State Farm’s reasoned decisionmaking standard under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). Invalidating this specific regulation eliminates one of the federal government’s latest attempts to limit income tax avoidance by some of the world’s largest and wealthiest corporations in the murky world of transfer pricing. This Note demonstrates that the Tax Court’s ruling must be limited to its specific APA holding and argues that Treasury may enact a similar regulation under the existing statutory and regulatory framework of the arm’s length …
How Serious Is The Problem Of Base Erosion And Profit Shifting?, James R. Hines Jr.
How Serious Is The Problem Of Base Erosion And Profit Shifting?, James R. Hines Jr.
Articles
In recent years, the problem of base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) by multinational corporations has entered the public consciousness as a potentially important impediment to tax collections. The purpose of this article is to identify the nature of BEPS, consider empirical evidence of its magnitude, and evaluate proposed policy responses. There is considerable evidence that multinational firms arrange their affairs in a tax-sensitive manner, from which it is easy—indeed, perhaps a little too easy—to infer that beps is a serious problem. There are journalistic accounts of apparently spectacular international tax-avoidance schemes used by multinational corporations, though these stories commonly …
Transfer Pricing Disputes In The United States, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
Transfer Pricing Disputes In The United States, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
Book Chapters
In 1988, the US Treasury Department published a study of inter-company pricing (the 'White Paper') that included the following endorsement of the so-called arm's length standard (ALS) for examining the reasonableness of transactions between related parties for tax purposes: The arm's length standard is embodied in all U.S. tax treaties; it is in each major model treaty, including the U.S. Model Convention; it is incorporated into most tax treaties to which the United States is not a party; it has been explicitly adopted by international organizations that have addressed themselves to transfer pricing issues; and virtually every major industrial nation …
London Calling: Does The U.K.'S Experience With Individual Taxation Clash With The U.S.'S Expectations, Stephanie Mcmahon
London Calling: Does The U.K.'S Experience With Individual Taxation Clash With The U.S.'S Expectations, Stephanie Mcmahon
Faculty Articles and Other Publications
The United States is one of the last countries to tax married couples jointly; most other countries have adopted individual taxation. In 1990, the United Kingdom completed transitioning its tax system from one that treated husbands and wives as a marital unit to one that mandates an individual-based system, and so it has two decades of experience with the new regime. This article provides American policymakers valuable information regarding the consequences of adopting individual taxation by examining the United Kingdom's experience. First, it establishes a matrix of factors that identifies and assesses differences between the two nations that affect the …
Relational Tax Planning Under Risk-Based Rules, Alex Raskolnikov
Relational Tax Planning Under Risk-Based Rules, Alex Raskolnikov
Faculty Scholarship
Risk-based rules are the tax system's primary response to aggressive tax planning. They usually grant benefits only to those taxpayers who accept risk of changes in market prices (market risk) or business opportunities (business risk). Attempts to circumvent these rules by hedging, contractual safeguards, and diversification are well-understood. The same cannot be said about a very different type of tax planning. Instead of reducing risk directly, some taxpayers change the nature of risk. They enter into informal, legally unenforceable agreements with contractual counterparties that are designed to eliminate market or business risk entirely. The new uncertainty these tax planners inevitably …
Corporate Taxation And International Competition, James R. Hines Jr.
Corporate Taxation And International Competition, James R. Hines Jr.
Book Chapters
Many countries tax corporate income heavily despite the incentives that they face to reduce tax rates in order to attract greater investment, particularly investment from foreign sources. The volume of world foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown enormously since 1980, thereby increasing a country's ability to attract significant levels of new investment by reducing corporate taxation. The evidence indicates, however, that corporate tax collections are remarkably persistent relative to gross domestic product ( GDP), government revenues, or other indicators of underlying economic activity or government need. If this were not true- if corporate income taxation were rapidly disappearing around the …
Legislating Morality: The Duty To The Tax System Reconsidered, Watson
Legislating Morality: The Duty To The Tax System Reconsidered, Watson
Scholarly Works
Four years ago, I presented a paper at a symposium on professionalism jointly sponsored by the University of Kansas Law School and the Kansas Bar Association. That paper espoused the view (contrary to what appears to be the popular view among tax scholars) that tax lawyers owe no special duty to the "tax system" other than to abide by the law and the applicable standards of professional conduct. During the four-year interim since my last visit to Kansas, however, we have witnessed the deleterious effect of the IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 (RRA '98) on IRS enforcement and …
Tax Lawyers, Ethical Obligations, And The Duty To The System, Watson
Tax Lawyers, Ethical Obligations, And The Duty To The System, Watson
Scholarly Works
Perhaps the most elusive area of law is that of legal ethics. While the term itself is easy to define,' the subject all but defies codification because ethics, or morals (the terms are interchangeable), cannot be encapsulated by or in law. This is because law, in general, contains its own standard of validity on which there is usually clear societal consensus. For example, murder, rape, and theft are morally repugnant universally. Hence, punishment for any of these offenses does not impinge upon religious or individual autonomy because there is no ethical freedom to choose whether or not to engage in …
Tax Avoidance And Income Measurement, Joshua D. Rosenberg
Tax Avoidance And Income Measurement, Joshua D. Rosenberg
Michigan Law Review
This article first will explain our system of "transaction taxation" and will further explore the problems caused by the transactional focus of our tax system. It then will consider the current judicial responses to these problems and examine their inadequacies. Finally, it will set forth and explore the alternative responses suggested above in more detail.
Below Market Loans: From Abuse To Misuses – A Sports Illustration, Phillip J. Closius, Douglas K. Chapman
Below Market Loans: From Abuse To Misuses – A Sports Illustration, Phillip J. Closius, Douglas K. Chapman
All Faculty Scholarship
Below market loans have been traditionally used as substitutes for gifts, salaries, and dividends for the primary purpose of tax avoidance in the transfer of wealth. The Supreme Court's opinion in Dickman v. Commissioner subjected both demand and term loans in an intrafamilial setting to the federal gift tax. Congress, while subjecting all below market loans to either income or gift tax, applied different valuation formulas to term and demand loans and, in so doing, favored the use of demand loans as a salary substitute. This Article analyzes the current status of below market loans by examining their use in …
The Haitian Vacation: The Applicability Of Sham Doctrine To Year-End Divorces, Michigan Law Review
The Haitian Vacation: The Applicability Of Sham Doctrine To Year-End Divorces, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note examines the propriety of applying the sham doctrine to tax-motivated divorces. Section I outlines the evolution of the sham doctrine from its exposition in Gregory v. Helvering through its expression in two different tests for commercial transactions. Section II then studies the relationship between state divorce law and the marital status provisions of the Internal Revenue Code to demonstrate the clear congressional preference for incorporating state law by reference rather than creating an independent federal law of marriage. It also examines the history of the 1969 Tax Reform Act in a vain effort to discern a congressional desire …
Income Tax "Loopholes" And Political Rhetoric, Boris I. Bittker
Income Tax "Loopholes" And Political Rhetoric, Boris I. Bittker
Michigan Law Review
When used by newspaper reporters and politicians, the term "tax loophole" is always a pejorative, though the tone of disapproval may be mingled with a dash of admiration for the astute lawyer or accountant who discovered the device. Since condemnation is the predominant tone, it is always assumed that loopholes can be quickly and reliably distinguished from tax provisions that are reasonable and fair. Sometimes, to be sure, it is suggested that the only criterion is self-interest: one man's loophole is another man's relief provision. More frequently, loopholes are said to inure primarily, if not solely, to the benefit of …
Personal Holding Companies And The Revenue Act Of 1964, Jerome B. Libin
Personal Holding Companies And The Revenue Act Of 1964, Jerome B. Libin
Michigan Law Review
By 1964, many years had elapsed since significant changes were made in the federal income tax treatment of so-called "personal holding companies." For that reason alone, any amendments contained in the Revenue Act of 1964 that dealt with personal holding companies would have deserved attention. But the fact is that the changes made by the 1964 Act are so powerful in their thrust that they require the most careful kind of study by every practitioner charged with advising closely held corporations. Since the new provisions are rather complicated in nature, such a study cannot lead to a full understanding of …
Federal Income Tax-Definition Of Collapsible Corporation, John E. Mogk
Federal Income Tax-Definition Of Collapsible Corporation, John E. Mogk
Michigan Law Review
In 1948 petitioner and several other taxpayers, who had previously been active in constructing homes, formed two corporations to build apartment houses. As a result of decreases in the price of building materials and savings on labor and architectural costs, each corporation was left, after completion of construction, with borrowed funds which exceeded costs of construction. In the year following completion of construction the taxpayers distributed the excess borrowed funds of the two corporations and then sold their stock in each at a substantial profit. Petitioner reported, his receipts from the distribution of the loan funds and the profit on …
Taxation-Federal Income Taxation-The Three-Party Sale And Lease-Back, Lawrence R. Velvel S.Ed.
Taxation-Federal Income Taxation-The Three-Party Sale And Lease-Back, Lawrence R. Velvel S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
The so-called sale and lease-back device has long been the subject of judicial and governmental scrutiny. The Internal Revenue Service has recently decided to begin a more active campaign of enforcement against a certain three-party variation of the sale and lease-back device. The structure of this variation can be best understood by considering the following hypothetical situation.
Taxation-Federal Income Tax- Taxpayer's Dividend To Shareholders Allowable As Amortizable Bond Premium Deduction, H. C. Snyder Jr., S.Ed.
Taxation-Federal Income Tax- Taxpayer's Dividend To Shareholders Allowable As Amortizable Bond Premium Deduction, H. C. Snyder Jr., S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
In an effort to make an amount distributed to its shareholders tax deductible, taxpayer bought utility bonds which were selling at a large premium and which were callable on thirty days' notice. Taxpayer borrowed an amount equal to the lowest call price, mortgaged the bonds to secure the loan, and paid cash equal to the difference, i.e., the premium in this case. After holding the bonds for thirty days, taxpayer declared a dividend of the bonds and distributed them to its shareholders subject to the indebtedness. The shareholders sold the bonds, paid off the loan from the proceeds, and …
Taxation-Federal Income Tax-Worthless Debt Of Corporation Deductible Only As A Nonbusiness Bad Debt By Creditor-Partnership, Larry W. Waggoner
Taxation-Federal Income Tax-Worthless Debt Of Corporation Deductible Only As A Nonbusiness Bad Debt By Creditor-Partnership, Larry W. Waggoner
Michigan Law Review
A partnership formed for the purpose of holding and renting real estate and "such other business and enterprises" as might be agreed upon by the partners loaned 120,000 dollars to a corporation which manufactured liquid hair spray for women. This was the only loan the partnership had made. The controlling shareholder in the debtor-corporation was another corporation of which every shareholder was either a parent or grandparent of the partners. The debtor-corporation was to repay the loan in monthly installments of 3,000 dollars plus interest at the rate of twelve percent on the unpaid balance. When the debt became worthless, …
Taxation In Stockholders' Forgiveness Of Accrued Salaries, Ronald B. Cohen
Taxation In Stockholders' Forgiveness Of Accrued Salaries, Ronald B. Cohen
Cleveland State Law Review
Cancellation of indebtedness ordinarily will be treated as income to a debtor corporation unless the debt was forgiven by a stockholder. In the latter case, the corporation normally treats the resulting benefit as a contribution to capital. However, there is a much more delicate situation when the debt is the result of unpaid salaries, interest, or other corporation expenses. In the typical case, these items would have reduced the income of the corporation in the year of accrual, but would not have been picked up as income by the cash basis stockholder. Therefore, the effective result of forgiveness of salaries …
Income Tax - Non-Business Bad Debt Deduction - Deduction For Partially Secured Bad Debt Deferable Until Liquidation Of Collateral Regardless Of Tax Avoidance Motive, Robert H. Elliott Jr.
Income Tax - Non-Business Bad Debt Deduction - Deduction For Partially Secured Bad Debt Deferable Until Liquidation Of Collateral Regardless Of Tax Avoidance Motive, Robert H. Elliott Jr.
Michigan Law Review
In 1944 the taxpayer liquidated security held for a non-business debt and deducted the balance of the debt as worthless. The creditor had been insolvent for some time. The commissioner disallowed the deduction on the grounds that the taxpayer had held the security after the debt was worthless in order to obtain a larger tax benefit from the deduction. The district court upheld the Commissioner. On appeal, held, reversed. A partially secured debt is not worthless as long as security is available for its satisfaction. The taxpayer's intent is not a factor in determining worthlessness. Loewi v. Ryan, …
Taxation-Income Tax-Realization Of Income By Corporation In Distribution Of Notes To Shareholders, David H. Armstrong S. Ed.
Taxation-Income Tax-Realization Of Income By Corporation In Distribution Of Notes To Shareholders, David H. Armstrong S. Ed.
Michigan Law Review
A corporation charged off notes as worthless prior to 1942. Anticipating future collections on the notes, the corporation distributed them as a dividend in kind. The commissioner determined that the amount collected subsequent to distribution was taxable to the corporation. The Tax Court held that no income was realized by the corporation. On appeal, held, reversed. This was not a distribution of capital assets but rather an assignment of anticipated income. Commissioner v. First State Bank of Stratford, (C.C.A. 5th, 1948) 168 F. (2d) 1004, certiorari denied, 335 U.S. 867, 69 S.Ct. 137 (1948).
Taxation-Income Tax-Validity Of Family Partnership Where Partner's Services Are To Be Performed In Future, Daniel W. Reddin, Iii S.Ed.
Taxation-Income Tax-Validity Of Family Partnership Where Partner's Services Are To Be Performed In Future, Daniel W. Reddin, Iii S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
In 1939, petitioner sold certain ranch properties and half of his herd of blooded cattle to his four sons, accepting their notes in return. A firm consisting of petitioner and his sons was then formed, and a bank account was opened upon which any of the members of the firm could draw. Two of the sons were minors, but all were ranch-reared and experienced in cattle raising. The sons paid part of the notes with their shares in the proceeds from firm sales, and petitioner forgave the rest. Military duty disrupted the plan by which all the sons were to …
Attempts To Avoid Taxes On Corporate Distributions, W. Lewis Roberts
Attempts To Avoid Taxes On Corporate Distributions, W. Lewis Roberts
Kentucky Law Journal
No abstract provided.