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Articles 1561 - 1590 of 1666
Full-Text Articles in Taxation-Federal
Taxation-Federal Income Tax-Religious Order Not Exempt From Supplment U Tax As A Church, Alan Rothenberg
Taxation-Federal Income Tax-Religious Order Not Exempt From Supplment U Tax As A Church, Alan Rothenberg
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff, a non-profit, membership corporation consists of members of the Christian Brothers Order, and was established to furnish religious and secular education to youth. The Catholic Church considers religious instruction to be the performance of a church function, and property of the Christian Brothers Order is church property according to Roman Catholic canon law. During the taxable years in question plaintiff owned and operated a novitiate, Catholic schools, homes for the Brothers, and a winery and distillery. Plaintiff was assessed and paid $489,800.83 as a Supplement U tax on its unrelated business income realized from the winery and distillery operation. …
Taxation-Federal Income Tax-Strike Insurance Agreements, Robert A. Butler S.Ed.
Taxation-Federal Income Tax-Strike Insurance Agreements, Robert A. Butler S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Contracts indemnifying persons or corporations for losses and damage resulting from an interruption of business due to strikes have existed at least since the beginning of this century. The Mutual Security Company of Connecticut, for example, wrote such a policy for the Buffalo Forge on April 9, 1906. In more recent times, strike insurance agreements have been instituted in major industries, and their impact on collective bargaining has been the subject of some controversy. The purpose of this comment is to consider the federal income tax questions which arise from such arrangements. Specifically, attention is directed to the deductibility of …
Federal Taxation Of Life Insurance Wealth, R. Dale Swihart
Federal Taxation Of Life Insurance Wealth, R. Dale Swihart
Indiana Law Journal
No abstract provided.
Bankruptcy-Federal Tax Claims-Accrual Of Post-Petition Interest, Robert Lane
Bankruptcy-Federal Tax Claims-Accrual Of Post-Petition Interest, Robert Lane
Michigan Law Review
In 1953 taxpayer filed a petition and was discharged in bankruptcy owing federal withholding and social security taxes for 1951. In 1958 taxpayer became entitled to a refund on his 1953-1954 taxes. The Commissioner applied a portion of this ·refund against the balance of the tax for the year 1951, plus accrued interest to 1958. Taxpayer claimed that he was not liable for the interest which had accrued during the period between the date of petition in bankruptcy and the date of refund. When the Commissioner disallowed his claim, the taxpayer brought an action in district court to recover the …
Taxation-Federal Income Tax-Accrual Of State Property Taxes Paid Under Protest, Robert L. Harmon
Taxation-Federal Income Tax-Accrual Of State Property Taxes Paid Under Protest, Robert L. Harmon
Michigan Law Review
During the years 1946 to 1950 a local tax upon respondent's real property was assessed at one hundred dollars. Respondent paid the full assessment to avoid interest penalties and seizure and sale of the property under tax liens, but contested the assessment in the state court, denying any liability greater than eighty-five dollars. In each of the preceding years, complying with a private ruling directed to it by the Commissioner, respondent had deducted the full one hundred dollars, and, when in 1951 the tax was fixed by the state court at ninety-five dollars, respondent included the five-dollar refund in its …
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Capital Gain Treatment Of Amount Received From Sublessee By Lessee-Sublessor For Surrender Of Lease To Lessor, Paul Tractenberg
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Capital Gain Treatment Of Amount Received From Sublessee By Lessee-Sublessor For Surrender Of Lease To Lessor, Paul Tractenberg
Michigan Law Review
The lessor and the sublessee of a valuable piece of business property sought to remove the intervening interest of petitioner, the lessee-sublessor. Petitioner agreed to release to the lessor all his right and interest in the leasehold and in consideration therefor petitioner received a sum of money from the sublessee. The Tax Court decided in a deficiency proceeding that the entire amount should be taxed as ordinary income on the ground that it was merely a substitute for future rental payments. On appeal, held, reversed. Since the substance of the transaction was the transfer of the leasehold from the …
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Deductibility Of Seminar Cruise As Business Expense, Thomas W. Van Dyke
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Deductibility Of Seminar Cruise As Business Expense, Thomas W. Van Dyke
Michigan Law Review
Petitioner, a physician, participated in a postgraduate medical seminar held aboard a passenger ship during an eighteen-day cruise of the Mediterranean. A number of hour-long lectures followed by discussion periods were held on the ship during each of the six or seven days it was at sea and occasionally while in port; additional study was not required. Petitioner spent most of his time in leisurely activities aboard ship and in sightseeing. All expenses of the course and cruise were included in one charge which petitioner claimed as an ordinary and necessary business expense under section 162 (a) . The Commissioner …
A Critique Of The Business-Purpose Doctrine, Robert S. Summers
A Critique Of The Business-Purpose Doctrine, Robert S. Summers
Cornell Law Faculty Publications
The aims of this article are: (1) to define the nature and significance of the business-purpose doctrine as applied in the field of Federal income taxation; (2) to summarize several considerations that support abandonment of the doctrine; and (3) to consider whether a substitute doctrine is needed. Several recent cases indicate that the influence of the business-purpose doctrine is declining, and in the recent case of Knetsch v. United States the Supreme Court appears to have substituted an alternative doctrine. The dual thesis of the present article is that the business-purpose doctrine ought to be abandoned and that there is …
Taxation- Federal Income Tax-Status Of Stock-For-Stock Exchange Where Boot Is Involved, Roger B. Harris S. Ed
Taxation- Federal Income Tax-Status Of Stock-For-Stock Exchange Where Boot Is Involved, Roger B. Harris S. Ed
Michigan Law Review
Taxpayer was the sole stockholder of International Dairy Supply Company. In 1952, Foremost Dairies, Inc. acquired from taxpayer all his stock in Supply Company in exchange for 82,375 shares of Foremast's common stock and 3,000,000 dollars cash. Taxpayer reported as gain from the transaction only the 3,000,000 dollars "boot" received, less allowable expenses. The Commissioner determined a deficiency of 278,823 dollars, asserting that the nonrecognition provision of the 1939 Code counterpart of section 356 (a) (1) was inapplicable and therefore taxpayer's entire gain realized on the disposition must be recognized. The Tax Court upheld taxpayer's contention that by virtue of …
Characterization Of An Income Tax For The Purpose Of The Foreign Tax Credit, Stanley L. Ruby
Characterization Of An Income Tax For The Purpose Of The Foreign Tax Credit, Stanley L. Ruby
Vanderbilt Law Review
Perhaps the best reconciliation of the many conflicting policies underlying the foreign tax credit would be to give preferential treatment by tax treaties to investment income from those areas where our foreign policy dictates that investment should be encouraged, whereas taxes imposed on income from other areas should be handled by the deduction approach. Thus the loss of revenue through investment in heavily industrialized areas (with stable governments and relatively little risk-taking) with high tax rates would end, but there would exist the flexibility, through treaties, to encourage investment in underdeveloped areas.
The Western Hemisphere Trade Corporation, Edward C. Blank, Ii
The Western Hemisphere Trade Corporation, Edward C. Blank, Ii
Vanderbilt Law Review
The existing complexity involved in the taxation of corporate income derived from sources without the United States has motivated Congress to undertake an extensive review of our governmental policy pertaining to this area of taxation. The particular provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 relating to this subject are merely an ad hoc accumulation, noticeably void of any systematic design. The intended purpose of the present congressional inquiry is to determine whether or not incentive taxation is a proper method by which this nation's foreign policies can be implemented. If it be deemed advisable to offer tax benefits to …
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Published Opinions Of The New Tax Officialdom: A Review, David G. Hill S.Ed.
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Published Opinions Of The New Tax Officialdom: A Review, David G. Hill S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
President John F. Kennedy has appointed as his principal tax officials two men who have long been on record as proponents of tax reform. This comment is a collection and, to a small extent, an analysis of the opinions found in their published statements on taxation. Stanley S. Surrey, fifty-year-old Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Policy, first served with the Treasury Department in 1937. He was Tax Legislative Counsel from 1942 to 1947 and later served as Special Counsel to the House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Administration of the Revenue Laws. He also has served as Reporter …
Taxation-Federal Income Tax-Corporation Held Not Collapsible Where View To Sell Arose After Construction Completed, Amalya L. Kearse
Taxation-Federal Income Tax-Corporation Held Not Collapsible Where View To Sell Arose After Construction Completed, Amalya L. Kearse
Michigan Law Review
Petitioners had formed a corporation for the purpose of building and operating a housing project. After the construction was completed and most of the apartments rented, small cracks were discovered in the buildings. Without soliciting engineering or other technical opinion, petitioners sold their stock in the corporation. The Tax Court upheld respondent-commissioner's taxing the profit from the sale of stock as ordinary income rather than capital gain, on the theory that the corporation was "collapsible" under section 117 (m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939. On appeal, held, reversed. Since the view to the sale of stock did …
Taxation - Income Tax -Gross Income From Mining As The Basis For Computing Percentage Depletion Allowances, John Niehuss
Taxation - Income Tax -Gross Income From Mining As The Basis For Computing Percentage Depletion Allowances, John Niehuss
Michigan Law Review
Respondent, a miner of raw fire clay and a manufacturer of such clay into vitrified products, claimed a percentage depletion deduction based upon the gross income from the sale of its finished goods, contending that because its crude minerals could not be sold profitably in a local market, these final products were the first to meet the statutory standard of "commercially marketable mineral product." The district court and the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit accepted respondent's contention. On certiorari to the United States Supreme Court, held, reversed, one Justice concurring. The fact that a taxpayer himself cannot …
Payments To Widows--Taxable Income?, Thomas L. Jones
Payments To Widows--Taxable Income?, Thomas L. Jones
Kentucky Law Journal
No abstract provided.
Taxation-Federal Income Tax-Strike Benefits May Be Gifts, Christopher Cobb
Taxation-Federal Income Tax-Strike Benefits May Be Gifts, Christopher Cobb
Michigan Law Review
Taxpayer received assistance from a labor union while he was participating in a strike called by the union. The area in which he lived had become a distressed area as a consequence of the strike, and the union had established a general program of aid for strikers with no other source of income. Both before and after he joined the union payments were made to taxpayer under this program. Taxpayer sued for a refund of the income tax he payed on the value of the assistance so received, and the jury returned a verdict in his favor, finding the payments …
Taxation - Federal Income Tax- Full Payment A Prerequisite To Refund Suit, Stuart S. Gunckel
Taxation - Federal Income Tax- Full Payment A Prerequisite To Refund Suit, Stuart S. Gunckel
Michigan Law Review
A tax deficiency of $28,908.60 including interest was levied by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue against the petitioner for a single tax year. Petitioner paid $5,058.54 but later filed a claim for refund which was disallowed by the Commissioner. On suit by petitioner in a United States district court for the refund, the court held the petitioner was not entitled to the refund because the claimed losses were actually capital in nature. The Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit reversed and dismissed the complaint on the ground that the district court could not have jurisdiction until there had been …
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Section 355 Held Applicable To The Division Of A Single Business, James N. Adler
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Section 355 Held Applicable To The Division Of A Single Business, James N. Adler
Michigan Law Review
Petitioner, E. P. Coady, and M. Christopher each owned 50 percent of the stock of the Christopher Construction Co., a corporation engaged for more than five years prior to November 15, 1954, in the conduct of a construction business. On that day the parent, Christopher Company, organized a subsidiary, E. P. Coady & Co., to which it transferred approximately one half of its contracts, equipment, and cash. In exchange, the parent company received all the stock of the subsidiary. Immediately thereafter, the parent distributed to petitioner, one of the two equal shareholders of the parent company, all the stock of …
Taxation- Federal Income Tax - Deductible Contributions To Nonqualified Profit-Sharing Plans, Robert M. Steed
Taxation- Federal Income Tax - Deductible Contributions To Nonqualified Profit-Sharing Plans, Robert M. Steed
Michigan Law Review
In 1942 plaintiff employer adopted a profit-sharing plan under which a percentage of each year's profits was to be deposited in irrevocable trusts for distribution to its employees in succeeding years. The plan was not "qualified" under the Internal Revenue Code. Although under the terms of the trusts each employee's rights in the fund vested at the time the contribution was made by the employer, these rights would be forfeited by voluntary resignation prior to a fixed date. In 1945 plaintiff deducted the amount contributed to the trust in that year as a contribution to a non-qualified profit-sharing plan under …
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Contract Right Income To Cash Method Taxpayer Who Refused Cash Offer, Eldon Olson
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Contract Right Income To Cash Method Taxpayer Who Refused Cash Offer, Eldon Olson
Michigan Law Review
During 1951 petitioner, a cash method taxpayer, executed a mineral lease. As part of the consideration petitioner was to receive an unconditional bonus or advance royalty of fixed amount. The lessee was ready, able and willing to pay the entire amount on execution, but at petitioner's request the contract provided for a small payment on execution with one-half the balance due on January 5th of each of the next two years. About one month before each due date the contract rights were discounted at a bank of which petitioner was a director. The lessee remained ready, able and willing to …
The Issuance Of Stock Under Section 1244 Of The Internal Revenue Code, Carle E. Davis
The Issuance Of Stock Under Section 1244 Of The Internal Revenue Code, Carle E. Davis
University of Richmond Law Review
The purpose of this brief note is to examine the provisions of section 1244 with a view toward qualifying for the tax benefits of that section.
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Commission Received By Life Insurance Agent On Policies Purchased By Him Held To Be Taxable Income, Roger W. Findley S.Ed.
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Commission Received By Life Insurance Agent On Policies Purchased By Him Held To Be Taxable Income, Roger W. Findley S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Taxpayer was agent for eleven life insurance companies. From two of them he purchased policies on the lives of his business partner, three key employees, and his children. He paid the regular premiums and subsequently received standard first-year and renewal commissions. When taxpayer did not include these in his gross income, the Commissioner assessed deficiencies and was sustained by the district court, On appeal, held, affirmed. A commission received by a life insurance agent on a policy purchased by him is taxable income. Ostheimer v. United States, (3d Cir. 1959) 264 F. (2d) 789, cert. den. 80 S.Ct. …
Income Tax Differentials: A Symposium, Willard H. Pedrick
Income Tax Differentials: A Symposium, Willard H. Pedrick
Indiana Law Journal
No abstract provided.
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Lessor's Right To Depreciation Allowances Under Long Term-Lease, E. Roger Frisch S.Ed.
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Lessor's Right To Depreciation Allowances Under Long Term-Lease, E. Roger Frisch S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff corporation leased its entire railroad property under a long-term lease subject to termination at the election of either party, or by breach of die lessee. The lessee agreed to preserve, replace, renew and maintain the property during the term and to return it upon termination "in at least as good condition as at the beginning of the term." Plaintiff, on the other hand, agreed to reimburse the lessee for all additions and betterments to the property which passed to him upon termination. The government disallowed plaintiff's claim for a tax refund based on its right to allow for depreciation, …
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Involuntary Conversion Treatment Afforded Sale Of Remaining Property After Partial Condemnation, Stevan Uzelac
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Involuntary Conversion Treatment Afforded Sale Of Remaining Property After Partial Condemnation, Stevan Uzelac
Michigan Law Review
Petitioner owned two parcels of real estate across the street from each other which were used as one "economic unit" for purposes of a trucking terminal. One parcel was improved with a terminal building from which trucks would pick up and deliver their shipments, while the other was used as a parking lot for trucks not in use. Petitioner was forced to sell the parking lot under threat of condemnation. Since it was economically unfeasible to operate his business without a nearby parking lot, petitioner subsequently sold the terminal facilities and reinvested the proceeds from the sales of both properties …
Federal Taxation - Tax Aspects Of Corporate Buy And Sell Agreement, Joel D. Tauber S.Ed.
Federal Taxation - Tax Aspects Of Corporate Buy And Sell Agreement, Joel D. Tauber S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
It is the purpose of this comment to consider the tax problems connected with both types of "conventional" corporate buy and sell agreements. It should be recognized, however, that there are many questions of local law and business necessity that also exert influence on the use of such agreements.
State Taxation Of The Net Income From Interstate Business, Harry L. Snead Jr.
State Taxation Of The Net Income From Interstate Business, Harry L. Snead Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
On February 24, 1959, the Supreme Court of the United States, in companion cases, held, by a 6-3 vote, that a state could levy a properly apportioned tax on the net income of a corporation doing a purely interstate business, provided there were sufficient "activities" within the state to justify a tax. NorthwesternStates PortlandCement Co. v. Minnesota, and Commissioner v. Stockham Valves and Fittings, Inc. Were this article a movie script, I would begin by portraying the separate meetings of two groups: the hastily summoned executive committee of the National Association of Manufacturers gravely, but vigorously, exploring means of avoiding …
Federal Taxation - Transferee Liability Of Insurance Beneficiary, John Gelder S.Ed.
Federal Taxation - Transferee Liability Of Insurance Beneficiary, John Gelder S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Nearly six years after taxpayer died income tax deficiencies were determined against his estate. Since his estate was insolvent the Commissioner sought to impose transferee liability under section 311 of the 1939 code (now I.R.C. section 6901) on plaintiff, taxpayer's widow, as beneficiary of" her husband's life insurance. The Tax Court, applying federal law, held plaintiff liable for the entire deficiency since the proceeds received by her exceeded that amount. The court of appeals, applying state law, reversed and ruled that the beneficiary was not a "transferee" within the meaning of section 311 even to the extent of the cash …
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Proceeds From Cancellation Of Contract Treated As Ordinary Income, Jerome B. Libin S.Ed.
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Proceeds From Cancellation Of Contract Treated As Ordinary Income, Jerome B. Libin S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Taxpayer had the exclusive right for a period of ten years to purchase all the coal mined by the operator of certain mines. In 1949 the operator paid taxpayer $500,000 as consideration for the complete acquisition of taxpayer's right and interest in the purchase agreement. Taxpayer reported this sum as a long-term capital gain. The Commissioner claimed that the amount received was ordinary income. The Tax Court upheld taxpayer's contention, indicating that the transaction had resulted in the sale or exchange of a capital asset. On appeal by the Commissioner, held, reversed, one justice dissenting. This transaction was more …
Bonds - Income Bonds - Rights Of Bondholders And Deductibility Of Interest For Federal Income Tax Purposes, Guy B. Maxfield S.Ed., Michael M. Lyons S.Ed.
Bonds - Income Bonds - Rights Of Bondholders And Deductibility Of Interest For Federal Income Tax Purposes, Guy B. Maxfield S.Ed., Michael M. Lyons S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
An income bond is an obligation of a corporation on which interest is payable only out of earnings, as distinguished from the ordinary corporate bond on which interest is a fixed charge regardless of earnings. Long regarded as a hybrid security which is to be issued only as a last resort, income bonds have grown surprisingly in popularity over the past two decades. It is the purpose of this comment to consider the historical background of income bonds, to make a comparative analysis of the bond indentures as they affect investors' rights, and to consider the deductibility of income bond …