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Articles 781 - 810 of 988
Full-Text Articles in Tax Law
Taxation - Power Of Municipality To Tax Income Of State Officials, Michigan Law Review
Taxation - Power Of Municipality To Tax Income Of State Officials, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
A Pennsylvania statute empowered the city of Philadelphia to levy taxes on "persons, transactions, occupations, privileges, subjects and personal property" within Philadelphia. Pursuant to such authority the city enacted an ordinance imposing a tax of one and one-half per cent annually on salaries, wages, commissions, and other compensation earned by nonresidents for work performed in Philadelphia. Plaintiff, employed by an agency of Pennsylvania engaged in performance of governmental functions, brought suit to restrain the collection of the tax. Held, the statute grants the power to tax salaries of state officials and is not invalidated by any doctrine of governmental …
Taxation - Income Tax - Inclusion Of Unpaid Dividends In Decedent's Income, Michigan Law Review
Taxation - Income Tax - Inclusion Of Unpaid Dividends In Decedent's Income, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Decedent owned stock in a corporation whose board of directors declared a dividend on April 30, 1934, for the fiscal year ending January 31, 1935, payable to stockholders of record at such times and in such installments as the directors might determine. At the time of decedent's death, October 15, 1934, only one-half of the dividend had been paid to him, but the commissioner included in the gross income of the decedent for the taxable period prior to death the entire amount of the dividend declared. The Board of Tax Appeals reduced this amount to the portion of the dividend …
Constitutional Law - Federal Immunity From State Tax, David N. Mills
Constitutional Law - Federal Immunity From State Tax, David N. Mills
Michigan Law Review
An Alabama statute imposed an inchoate lien on all property in the state as of October 1st of each year, such lien to continue until taxes for the ensuing year were paid. The United States acquired title to certain lands after October 1, 1936, but before the final 1937 assessment was made and the rate for county taxes set. None of the 1937 taxes were due. The United States did not pay the taxes, and on their becoming delinquent, sued to quiet title. Held, by a unanimous court, that although Alabama could not foreclose the lien without obtaining the …
Taxation - Optional Valuation Date Under Federal Estate Tax - Inclusion Of Income Received During Year After Decedents Death In The Valuation Of The Gross Estate, Jay W. Sorge
Michigan Law Review
The executors of three different estates elected the optional valuation date provided in the federal estate tax and were compelled, because of a Treasury regulation, to include rents, interest, and regular dividend payments received during the year after the decedent's death in their valuation of the gross estate. In actions to recover overpayment of the tax, the regulation was upheld by the lower federal courts, and the cases were brought to the Supreme Court by certiorari. Held, regular dividend, interest, and rent payments received by the estate between the decedent's death and the optional valuation date one year later, …
The Impact Of The Law Of Powers Upon Our Internal Revenue Laws, Montgomery B. Angell
The Impact Of The Law Of Powers Upon Our Internal Revenue Laws, Montgomery B. Angell
Michigan Law Review
An interesting difference in view has arisen recently in the halls of the Harvard Law School on the use of powers of appointment under the federal estate tax act. One view is that the chief efficacy today of the power of appointment lies in its capacity for use in tax evasion, which should be corrected. The other view is that there is a salutary tendency toward using sensible and flexible powers of appointment, which should be encouraged in meeting changing and difficult family situations, but which would be checked were the former view accepted. Thus we find here the age-old …
Excess Profits Taxation In 1941, Charles Victor Beck Jr., Jamille George Jamra, David L. Loeb
Excess Profits Taxation In 1941, Charles Victor Beck Jr., Jamille George Jamra, David L. Loeb
Michigan Law Review
The problems of business taxation are twofold: from the governmental standpoint, the problem is to obtain sufficient revenues at a minimum of cost and with the least resistance; from the business standpoint, the problem is to obtain lighter taxation where possible at a minimum of cost and with the greatest simplicity and uniformity. The excess profits tax has been devised by the economists of the several nations with the object of bolstering national taxing systems in extraordinary periods which demand abnormal revenues. With the advent of the excess profits tax, the desire for simplicity and low cost in taxation was …
1941 Law Institute, Michigan Law Review
1941 Law Institute, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Following its successful Law Institutes of the past two years, the University of Michigan Law School has arranged for a third annual institute to be held in the Law Quadrangle on Monday and Tuesday, June 23 and 24. As in the other Institutes, the time will be spent in earnest exposition and study of recent developments in certain phases of the law of prime interest to practicing lawyers.
Any More Light On Haddock V. Haddock? The Problem Of Domicil In Divorce, Harold Wright Holt
Any More Light On Haddock V. Haddock? The Problem Of Domicil In Divorce, Harold Wright Holt
Michigan Law Review
AT first glance it seems a work of foolhardiness or of supererogation to embark upon a rediscussion of any problems arising from Haddock v. Haddock. True, the decision of the majority of the Supreme Court in that case has not won wholehearted support from the bench or legal profession. True it is, also, that collusive divorces still flourish. These considerations alone might, perhaps, lead the reader to concede that it would not be unfruitful to speculate upon an eventual modification of some of the principles which the Court in that case approved. If, however, further justification is demanded of …
Taxation - Commerce Clause - Tax By Seller State On Contract To Sell Interstate, Walter B. Connolly
Taxation - Commerce Clause - Tax By Seller State On Contract To Sell Interstate, Walter B. Connolly
Michigan Law Review
Appellants were partners in the securities business with offices in New York City. In the course of their business they agreed to sell shares of stock to two firms, one engaged in business in Philadelphia, the other in Washington, D. C. The securities were mailed to banks in Philadelphia and Washington for delivery upon payment of sight drafts attached. Under the tax law of the state of New York, a tax was levied on the sale of this stock. Appellants sought a refund of the tax on the ground that the statute imposed an unconstitutional burden on interstate commerce. Held …
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Intangible Satisfaction From Gift As Income To The Donor, Walter B. Connolly
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Intangible Satisfaction From Gift As Income To The Donor, Walter B. Connolly
Michigan Law Review
Respondent, the owner of negotiable bonds, detached from them negotiable interest coupons shortly before their due date and delivered them as a gift to his son, who in the same year collected them at maturity. The commissioner of internal revenue ruled that the interest payments were taxable to the respondent donor. The circuit court of appeals reversed the order of the board of tax appeals sustaining the tax. Held, the commissioner was correct in including such interest payments in the taxable income of the donor. Helvering v. Horst, (U.S. 1940) 61 S. Ct. 144.
Taxation - Income Tax - Insurance - Amounts Received By Stockholders Under Life Insurance Contract, C. V. Beck Jr.
Taxation - Income Tax - Insurance - Amounts Received By Stockholders Under Life Insurance Contract, C. V. Beck Jr.
Michigan Law Review
A corporation took out several policies of insurance on the life of its president, naming itself as beneficiary. Later, reserving the right to hypothecate the policies, it assigned them to a trustee who agreed to distribute the proceeds of the policies to the stockholders of record at the time of the president's death. At the death of the president the proceeds were paid by the insurance companies to the trustee who then paid them pro rata to the stockholders. At this time the corporation had on hand earnings equivalent to the amount of distribution, and there was no showing that …
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Exemption Of Life Insurance Proceeds When Paid In The Form Of Annuity, Spencer E. Irons
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Exemption Of Life Insurance Proceeds When Paid In The Form Of Annuity, Spencer E. Irons
Michigan Law Review
A taxpayer was the beneficiary of life insurance policies which required the insurance company to make fifty annual payments of $2,000 each. At the death of the insured in 1917, the commuted value of this obligation was $53,000. Prior to 1934, the taxpayer had received seventeen payments, aggregating $45,473.40, no part of which had been reported as income. For the year 1934, the taxpayer received $2,581.40, of which $2,000 was the annual payment, and $581.40 was an "excess interest" dividend. He again failed to include any of the amount in his gross income. The commissioner determined that under the Revenue …
Taxation - Income Tax - Interest On Condemnation Award As Capital Gain, John L. Rubsam
Taxation - Income Tax - Interest On Condemnation Award As Capital Gain, John L. Rubsam
Michigan Law Review
Petitioner's land was condemned by the city of New York and as compensation he was awarded a certain sum representing the value of the land and, in addition, a sum classified as "interest" to indemnify the petitioner for delay in payment of the award. The award so classified as "interest" was taxed as "ordinary income" by the commissioner of internal revenue. It was petitioner's contention that such sum denominated as "interest" should have been classed as a "capital gain" and not as "ordinary income." From an order of the board of tax appeals holding this sum "ordinary income," petitioner appealed. …
Trusts - Apportionment Of Annual Taxes Between Life Tenant And Remainderman, Charles F. Dugan
Trusts - Apportionment Of Annual Taxes Between Life Tenant And Remainderman, Charles F. Dugan
Michigan Law Review
Annual taxes on real estate in Massachusetts were assessed on January 1 of each year, and were payable on July and October l, The will set up a trust to pay income to the tenant for life, and to pay the principal to the remainderman. The trustees sought to retain sufficient funds out of income to meet the next year's taxes, fearing that the tenant might not live long enough after January 1 to accumulate sufficient income to meet the taxes, and they brought this bill for instructions. The probate court entered a decree sustaining the trustees' contentions. On appeal, …
Taxation - Income Tax - Taxability Of Income Of Alimony Trust To Husband-Settlor-Rule Of Douglas V. Willcuts, Benjamin W. Franklin
Taxation - Income Tax - Taxability Of Income Of Alimony Trust To Husband-Settlor-Rule Of Douglas V. Willcuts, Benjamin W. Franklin
Michigan Law Review
Three recent decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, Helvering v. Fitch, Helvering v. Leonard, and Helvering v. Fuller, all involving an application of the rule of Douglas v. Willcuts, raise the question of what that rule means in its practical application. Stated briefly, that rule is that the income from a so-called alimony trust is taxable to the husband-settlor whenever it discharges a continuing obligation for him.
Taxation - Income Tax - Improvements Made By Lessee As Income To Lessor, Benjamin W. Franklin
Taxation - Income Tax - Improvements Made By Lessee As Income To Lessor, Benjamin W. Franklin
Michigan Law Review
In 1915, defendant leased a tract of land to X for ninety-nine years. The lease provided that the lessee could remove the old building and replace it; and that on termination, the lessee should surrender the land, buildings and improvements. In 1929, the lessee razed the old structure and erected a new one. On default by the lessee in 1933, the lease was cancelled and defendant repossessed the premises. The commissioner of internal revenue determined that the difference between the fair market value of the new building in 1933 and the unamortized cost of the building razed in 1929 was …
Taxation - Income Tax - Credits - Orphans Maintained In An Orphanage Are Not Dependents Of The Taxpayer Under The Revenue Act Of 1932, Jerome J. Dick
Taxation - Income Tax - Credits - Orphans Maintained In An Orphanage Are Not Dependents Of The Taxpayer Under The Revenue Act Of 1932, Jerome J. Dick
Michigan Law Review
The petitioner for a number of years had been paying the annual deficit of the St. Francis Industrial School for Orphans. In 1933 she entered into and performed a contract with the orphanage whereby she agreed to pay the maintenance expense of sixty-four named orphans. Petitioner claimed she was entitled to a $400 credit on her income tax return for each of these orphans. Under the Revenue Act of 1932 the credit was allowed for each person dependent upon and receiving his chief support from the taxpayer. Petitioner appealed the decision of the United States Board of Tax Appeals, which …
Taxation - Privilege Tax On Foreign Corporations - Due Process And Commerce Clauses - Validity Of Formula, James W. Deer
Taxation - Privilege Tax On Foreign Corporations - Due Process And Commerce Clauses - Validity Of Formula, James W. Deer
Michigan Law Review
The state of Texas levied an annual franchise tax on all corporations, both foreign and domestic, authorized to do business within the state. The tax was assessed on the basis of the amount of the total capital stock which was allocable to Texas, the allocation being based on the proportion that Texas gross receipts bore to total gross receipts. This formula, as applied to the Ford Motor Company, gave the statutory base of $23,000,000 on which Ford paid the tax under protest. The evidence showed that the Ford Motor Company had only an assembly plant in Texas worth $3,000,000, that …
Taxation - Corporations -Treatment Of Treasury Stock Under The Michigan Privilege Tax Statute, James A. Lee
Taxation - Corporations -Treatment Of Treasury Stock Under The Michigan Privilege Tax Statute, James A. Lee
Michigan Law Review
The recent Louisiana case of State v. Stewart Brothers Cotton Co., lnc. raises the question of the treatment of treasury stock 2 for franchise or privilege tax purposes. In that case the state statute provided that the base for the franchise tax was the corporation's issued and outstanding capital stock, surplus and undivided profits. Stewart Bros. Cotton Co., Inc., had an authorized capital stock of 10,000 shares; in 1930 it purchased 3,333 1/3 shares of this stock, and did not cancel the shares until 1935. The surplus, which was more than sufficient to allow the corporation to purchase the stock …
Taxation - Jurisdiction - Classification Of Property As Tangible Or Intangible, John L. Rubsam
Taxation - Jurisdiction - Classification Of Property As Tangible Or Intangible, John L. Rubsam
Michigan Law Review
Respondent's decedent died testate in 1936 and was at the time of his death a resident of and domiciled in Oregon. In earlier years when he resided in Wisconsin he placed various stocks, bonds and other intangibles in the possession of an Illinois trust company, which acted as his agent in collecting and investing the principal and income on these securities. These securities were always physically present in Illinois, never in Oregon. About six months before his death respondent's decedent directed the trust company to sell some of his bonds and purchase $450,000 worth of federal irrevocable trust for the …
Taxation - Income Tax - Liability Of Settlors Of Irrevocable Short Term Trusts, Robert M. Warren
Taxation - Income Tax - Liability Of Settlors Of Irrevocable Short Term Trusts, Robert M. Warren
Michigan Law Review
In a recent significant decision the Supreme Court of the United States has declared that, under certain circumstances, income from irrevocable short-term trusts may be taxed to the settlor. This conclusion is contrary to the previously accepted notion that there was no authority for such a tax under existing provisions of the Revenue Act. In the light of this and other recent decisions the matter of taxation of income from short-term trusts assumes renewed significance.
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Distinction Between Sale And Tax Exempt Reorganization Under Section 112, Henry J. Merry
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Distinction Between Sale And Tax Exempt Reorganization Under Section 112, Henry J. Merry
Michigan Law Review
The recent Supreme Court decision in Le Tulle v. Scofield, disapproving the views of four out of five circuit courts of appeals, appears to add a new and more specific requirement to the already complex law on the subject of statutory reorganization under the Revenue Act of 1928 -- that the consideration received by the transferor corporation include some stock of the transferee corporation. In the subject case, the Gulf Coast Irrigation Company transferred substantially all its assets to the Gulf Coast Water Company in exchange for $50,000 in cash and $750,000 in mortgage bonds, four-fifths of which matured …
Constitutional Law - Original Jurisdiction Of United States Supreme Court - Availability As A Procedural Remedy To Avoid Multiple Taxation, Benjamin W. Franklin
Constitutional Law - Original Jurisdiction Of United States Supreme Court - Availability As A Procedural Remedy To Avoid Multiple Taxation, Benjamin W. Franklin
Michigan Law Review
The state of Massachusetts instituted an original proceeding against the state of Missouri and individual citizens of Missouri for leave to file a bill of complaint, alleging that M. B. Blake died domiciled in Massachusetts; that she had created three trusts of securities, reserving a power of revocation over two; that the securities were held in Missouri where the trustees resided; that both states had statutes subjecting to taxation property passing by deed, grant or gift, made or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment after the donor's death; that the Massachusetts statute taxed intangible property only when owned …
Criminal Law And Procedure - Statute Of Limitations - Income Tax Prosecution, Michigan Law Review
Criminal Law And Procedure - Statute Of Limitations - Income Tax Prosecution, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Defendant was indicted for wilfully attempting to evade and defeat payment of part of his income tax for the taxable year 1930 by filing a false return in violation of the Revenue Act of 1928. A motion to quash was entered because the indictment had not been found and returned within six years of the alleged commission of the offense. The indictment had been actually found and filed six years and one hundred sixty-six days from the day upon which the return was filed. Defendant was absent from the district on various business and pleasure trips for more than the …
Administrative Law - Taxation - Power Of Board To Adopt Rules And Regulations - Inflexibility Of Prior Ruling By Reenactment Of Statute Without Change, William F. Anderson
Administrative Law - Taxation - Power Of Board To Adopt Rules And Regulations - Inflexibility Of Prior Ruling By Reenactment Of Statute Without Change, William F. Anderson
Michigan Law Review
The respondent oil company in computing its net income for the years 1929-1930 for the purpose of applying the depletion deduction provisions of the Revenue Act of 1928 refused to deduct certain development expenditures, although it had deducted those development expenditures in computing its taxable net income for these years. Under the rule-making power of section 23 (1) of that act, the commissioner defined "net income of the taxpayer" as used in section 114 (b)(3) as meaning gross income from the sale of gas and oil less certain deductions, including development expenses (if the taxpayer had elected to deduct development …
Taxation - Jurisdiction To Tax - Multiple Taxation Of Intangibles, Richard Brawerman
Taxation - Jurisdiction To Tax - Multiple Taxation Of Intangibles, Richard Brawerman
Michigan Law Review
In two recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court, Curry v. McCanless, and Graves v. Elliott, a majority of the justices refused to adhere to the doctrine that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits taxation of intangibles by more than one state, and subscribed instead to the view that control and benefit are together the only test of jurisdiction of the states to tax. In Curry v. McCanless, the decedent, a resident of Tennessee, had created a trust of intangibles, reserving control over the income during her life and power to revoke the trust by will. The trust …
Constitutional Law - Taxation Of Salaries Of Judges Of The United States, Thomas K. Fisher
Constitutional Law - Taxation Of Salaries Of Judges Of The United States, Thomas K. Fisher
Michigan Law Review
The Revenue Act of 1932 provided that "In the case of Presidents of the United States and judges of courts' of the United States taking office after June 6, 1932, the compensation received as such shall be included in gross income; and all Acts fixing the compensation of such Presidents and judges are hereby amended accordingly." A United States circuit judge, appointed in 1933, was required to include in his tax return the amount of his salary, under the Revenue Act of 1936, which re-enacted the above provision. His claim for refund being rejected, the present suit was brought, and …
Taxation-Income Tax-Dealings By Corporation In Its Own Stock, John N. Seaman
Taxation-Income Tax-Dealings By Corporation In Its Own Stock, John N. Seaman
Michigan Law Review
From 1921 to 1929, appellee corporation bought shares of its own stock, not for retirement, but to sustain the market, to increase the number of shareholders by resale in smaller blocks, and for other reasons. This stock was held as treasury stock. In 1929 it was sold by the corporation, at a profit. From 1920 to 1934 the Treasury Regulations exempted the proceeds of such a transaction from income tax, treating the purchase and sale as separate decrease and increase in the capital, and not as resulting in income. But in 1934 the regulation was changed, so as to tax …
Taxation - Income Tax - Whether Purchase And Retirement By Corporation Of Own Bonds At Less Than Amount Of Issue Constitutes A Taxable Gain Where Corporation Is Insolvent, S. R. Stroud
Michigan Law Review
Petitioner, a railway corporation, in 1906 leased all its property to an operating company for a term of fifty years. At the same time petitioner issued $434,000 in first mortgage bonds which were used to refund a prior issue of $350,000 and to provide for certain improvements on the road. Interest on the bonds was to be met by lessee's payment of the greater part of the rental directly to the trustee of the mortgage bonds, but no provision for a sinking fund was made. In October, 1932, petitioner purchased $19,000 par value of aforesaid mortgage bonds for $4,750, and …
Legal Institute, Michigan Law Review
Legal Institute, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
A legal institute for practicing lawyers will be held at the Law School of the University of Michigan on June 22 to 24. The student dormitories in the classic Law Quadrangle will be open to those attending the Institute. Subjects to be discussed will include Taxation, Labor Law, and Wills and Trusts. Members of the law faculty and several practicing lawyers specializing in the topics to be considered will be the lecturers.