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Full-Text Articles in State and Local Government Law

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review Apr 1912

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Adverse Possession--Possession of One Joint-Tenant as Possession of All; Bankruptcy--manner of Claiming Exemptions--Construction of Provisions Relating to Exemptions; Bankruptcy--Title to Property of Bankrupt After Adjudication and Before Election of Trustee; Bills and Notes--Agreement for Attorney Fee Void Under Negotiable Instruments Act; Champterty and Maintenance--Contract with attorney for Contingent Fee; Commerce--Carriers--Federal Employer's Liability Act Held Constitutional; Commerce--State Regulation--Intoxicating Liquors--Carrier's Refusal to Accept; Constitutional law--Equal Protection--Discrimination in License Tax; damages--Injuries to Growing Crops; Damages--liability of Corporation in Punitive Damages for Acts of Its Officers; Evidence--Carbon Copy Admissible as Duplicate Original; Evidence--Judicial Notice that Beer is an Intoxicating Liquor; Garnishment--Impeaching Affidavit--Dissolution; Infants--Torts--Breach of …


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review Dec 1911

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Attachment--Jurisdiction Over Non-Resident; Bankruptcy--Debts Entitled to Priority--Workman, Clerk, Etc.; Bankruptcy--Title of Trustee Under Unrecorded Conditional Sale--Effect of Amendment of 1910; Bills and Notes--Actions--Real Party in Interest; Carriers--Limiting Liability for Loss of Baggage--Interstate Commerce; Commerce--Constitutionality of State Regulation of Rates; Commerce--Natural Gas as Subject of Interstate Commerce; Covenants Running with the Land--Establishment of Railroad Station; Damages--Penalty or Liquidated Damages--Construction of Stipulation in Contract; Deeds--Covenant to Stand Seised to Uses; Divorce--Recrimination--Dismissal of Bill-When Both Parties Guilty; Equity--Jurisdiction--Adequate Remedy at Law; Evidence--Admissibility of Admissions and Confessions of Accused to Prove the Corpus Delicti; Insurance--Suicide--Waiver of Statutory Provisions; Judgment--Collateral Attack on Judgment of Probate …


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review Nov 1911

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Adverse Possession--Actual Possession--Occupation of Part; Banks and Banking--Payment of Deposits on Forged Checks--Liability--Affirmative Defense; Banks and Banking--Payment of Check--Forged Indorsements; Cancellation of Instrument for Want of Consideration--Stauts Quo; Charities--Charitable Gift--Validity; Commerce--Interstate Commerce--Continuous Shipment--Violation of Elkins Act; Constitutional Law--Power of Judicial Department--Infringement on Executive; Conversion--Return of Goods as Defense; Conveyancing--Grantee's Name Left Blank; Courts--State Courts--Jurisdiction over National Banks; Criminal Law--Harmless Error in Admission of Evidence; Equity--Subrogation of Mortgagor to Rights of Mortgagee; Evidence--Admissibility of Statements in Corroboration of Testimony of Discredited Witness; Evidence--Other Offenses as Evidence of Offense Charged; Fixtures--Between Vendor of Chattel and Mortgagee of Land; Husband and Wife--Action Against …


The State's Power Over Foreign Corporations, Harold M. Bowman May 1911

The State's Power Over Foreign Corporations, Harold M. Bowman

Michigan Law Review

This paper is devoted to a consideration of certain phases of our constitutional law governing the authority of the states over foreign corporations as that authority developed between the end of the fourth decade of the last century and the end of the first decade of this, and as it has been altered by a remarkable group of decisions rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States only about a year ago. The subject is one which concerns the frame of our institutions, for the final view which the Court shall take upon the questions involved in this matter …


Note And Comment, Edson R. Sunderland, Ralph W. Aigler, John C. Murray Dec 1910

Note And Comment, Edson R. Sunderland, Ralph W. Aigler, John C. Murray

Michigan Law Review

Release from Liability for Death by Wrongful Act; The Power of a City to Acquire or Build Subways; Constitutionality of Legislation Designating Time and Manner of Payment of Wages; Priority in Bankruptcy Between Wage Claims and Valid Liens;


Note And Comment, Ralph W. Aigler, Arthur J. Abbott, John S. Prescott Nov 1910

Note And Comment, Ralph W. Aigler, Arthur J. Abbott, John S. Prescott

Michigan Law Review

The Law School; Validity of Legislation Limiting Hours of Labor For Women; Constitutionality of the New Jersey Statutes Providing for the Government of Certain Cities by Appointed Boards; Legal Consequences of Failure of a Foreign Corporation to Obtain Authority to Transact Business; Good Faith as Test of Common Law Marriage;


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review Nov 1910

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Attorney and Client--Authority of Attorney--Compromise; Attorney and Client--Disbarment--Reasonable Doubt; Bankruptcy--Corporations Subject to Involuntary Bankruptcy--Amendment of 1910; Bankruptcy--Following Trust Funds into Hands of Trustee in Bankruptcy; Bills and Notes--Notice by Mail--Proof of Mailing; Bills and Notes--Right of Drawee of Forged Check or Draft to Recover Money Paid Thereon; Boundaries--Line Between Riparian Owners; Boundaries--Monuments Give Way to Courses and Distances; Carriers--Limitation of Amount of Recovery in Case of loss of Baggage; Charities--Testamentary Trusts--Gift for Masses; Constitutional Law--Religious Liberty--Religious Exercises in Schools--Bible; Contracts--In Restraint of Trade--When Valid; Courts--Doctrine of Stare Decisis; Evidence--Admissibility of Confessions; Evidence--Admissibility of Market Quotations; Executors and Administrators--Denial of Application …


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review Jun 1909

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Bills and Notes--Fictitious or Non-Existing Payee--Knowledge of Maker--English and American Views; Bills and Notes--Holder in Due Course; Carriers--Exemption from Liability for Negligence Under Special Contract; Colleges--Entrance Discriminations--Mandamus Not Remedy for Refusing Admission; Constitutional law--Aliens--Keeping for Immoral Purposes; Constitutional Law--Class Legislation--Licensing Itinerant Vendors; Constitutional Law--Legislative Power--Intoxicating Liquors--License System; Constitutional Law--Police Power--Intoxicating Liquors; Constitutional Law--Police Power--Ordinance Absolutely Prohibiting Billboards; Corporations--Ultra Vires--Organizing Another Corporation--Dissenting Stockholder; Deeds--Cancellation for Fraud--False Representations as to Intention; Deeds--Description--Parol Evidence to Explain Ambiguity; Deeds--Effect of Statute Abolishing the Use of Private Seals; Divorce--Adultery--Consent of Plaintiff; Elections--Qualification of Voters--Payment of Taxes--Payment by Unauthorized Person; Evidence--Privileged Communications--Professional Nurse and Patient; Health--Offering …


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review Apr 1909

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Arson--Persons Liable--Husband or Wife; Bankruptcy--Exemptions--Homesteads; Carriers--Bill of Lading--Estoppel to Deny Receipt of Goods; Commerce--Carriers--State Regulation--Congressional Inaction; Constitutional Law--Interstate Commerce--Compelling Carrier to Share Facilities with Rival--Due Process of Law; Constitutional Law--Right to Engage in the Business of an Undertaker; Counties--Railway Aid Bonds--Conditions Precedent; Covenants--Power of Court of Equity to Compel Release of, as Cloud on Title; Divorce--alimony--Divorce Granted Against Wife; Eminent Domain--Appropriation of Property--Street Railway Addition Burden; Evidence--Admissibility of Confessions; Evidence--Hearsay Declarations of Pedigree; Execution--Sale--Inadequacy of Price--Setting Aside; Insurance--Exception in Fire Insurance Policy--"Cotton in Open Cars"; Insurance--Right to Sue on Indemnity Policy--Payment of Loss by Receiver's Note; Intoxicating Liquors--Illegal Sale--Ordinance--Validity; Intoxicating …


Characteristics And Constitutionality Of Medical Legislation, Harry B. Hutchins Jan 1909

Characteristics And Constitutionality Of Medical Legislation, Harry B. Hutchins

Articles

Right to practice medicine regulated by statute.--In the absence of a statute upon the subject, any person is at liberty to practice medicine or surgery or both. This is the common law. And yet in the absence of a statute the physician necessarily assumes certain responsibilities that grow out of his relation to those whom he treats. He is bound to bring to the discharge of his duties the learning, skill and diligence usually possessed and exercised by physicians similarly situated. In other words, while in the absence of statutory regulation, the door of the profession is open to all, …


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review Jun 1908

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Acknowledgement--Persons Entitled to Take--Officer and Stock-Holder of Corporation; Agency--Brokers--contract of Employment--Middleman--When Commissions are Earned; Bankruptcy--Discharge--Vacation; Bankruptcy--Jurisdiction--Summary Proceeding; Bills and Notes--Liability of Infant on note Given for Necessaries--Misrepresentation of Age; Carriers--Passenger's Signature to Excursion Ticket; Constitutional Law--Eleventh Amendment--Jurisdiction of Federal Circuit Court--Penalty for Disobeying Rate Legislation; Constitutional Law--State Taxation--Property in Transit; Corporations--Franchise and License Distinguished; Damages--Liquidated Damages--Discounts; Death by Wrongful Act--Statute--Construction--Death Outside the State--Right to Sue; Deeds--Adverse Possession--Color of Title; Evidence--Admissions in Pleadings; Evidence--Best Evidence; Evidence--Works on History as Evidence; Extortion--Indictment--Sufficiency; Imprisonment for Debt--Solitary Confinement; Injunction--Scope of Order Restraining Strike; Insane Persons--Conveyances--Avoidance--Ejectment; Insurance--Rescission of Contract--Action for--Interest of Beneficiaries; Interstate Commerce--Regulation of, …


The Michigan Constitutional Convention, John A. Fairlie May 1908

The Michigan Constitutional Convention, John A. Fairlie

Michigan Law Review

A year ago the writer of this article outlined in the Michigan Law Review "Some Suggested Changes in the Constitution of Michigan," in view of the Constitutional Convention that had been called to revise the Constitution in force. Since that time the members of the convention have been elected; and after four months of earnest work, the results of its labors have been presented to the people of Michigan in the proposed revised Constitution, which will be submitted for their approval or disapproval at the general election in November of the present year. It is proposed in this article to …


Are Too Many Executive Officers Elective?, Bradley M. Thompson Jan 1908

Are Too Many Executive Officers Elective?, Bradley M. Thompson

Articles

We propose very briefly to call attention, to so much of the present constitution of Michigan as has to do with the executive department, and to consider the methods which the people have adopted for selecting those public servants whose official duty it is to enforce the law, to maintain public order and protect private rights.


The Constitution Of Oklahoma, John A. Fairlie Dec 1907

The Constitution Of Oklahoma, John A. Fairlie

Michigan Law Review

The constitution of the latest state to be admitted to the Federal Union contains many interesting features, some significant of recent tendencies in state government, and others distinctly novel, which suggest queries as to the probable trend of future development. Public attention has already been attracted to some of the most striking provisions; and a more careful analysis of the constitution as a whole should be of value to those concerned in the problems of American government. At the outset, one familiar with the constitution of the older states will be struck by the length of the Oklahoma document. It …


Note And Comment, Harry B. Hutchins, Ralph W. Aigler, Fabian B. Dodds, Justice Wilson Jan 1907

Note And Comment, Harry B. Hutchins, Ralph W. Aigler, Fabian B. Dodds, Justice Wilson

Michigan Law Review

What is the Practice of Medicine?; A Home Rule Charter and the Constitution; Recent Decisions on Trade-Marks and Unfair Trade; Liability of Anomalous or Irregular Indorser; Treatise Part of the Supreme Law of the Land;


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Reivew Feb 1906

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Reivew

Michigan Law Review

Acknowledgment--Notary Agent of Grantee--Extra Compensation for Securing Acknowledgment; Attachment of Real Property--Conflict of Jurisdiction--Federal and State Courts; Attorney and Client--Contract Between--Fraudulent Conveyance; Bankruptcy--Preferences--Securing Attorney's Fee; Banks--Liability of Private Banker; Common Carriers--Duty to Receive Helpless Persons as Passengers--Degree of Care Required When Accepted; Common Carriers--duty Toward Hackmen at Depots--May Discriminate; Constitutional Law--Impairing Obligation of Contract--Contracts with Waterworks Companies; Constitutional Law--License for Issuing Trading Stamps; Constitutional Law--Trading Stamp Laws; Corporations--amendment of Charter--Service on--Liberty to Contract; Corporations--Constitutional Law--Pools and Trusts--Foreign Insurance Companies; Criminal law--Written instructions to Jury; damages--Fright Unconnected with Physical Injury; Deed--description--Conveyance to Trustee--Necessity of Word "heirs"--Rule in Shelley's Case--Adverse Possession; Evidence--Corporations--Books …


Constitutionality Of The Indiana Anti-Cigarette Law, Thomas A. Sims Dec 1905

Constitutionality Of The Indiana Anti-Cigarette Law, Thomas A. Sims

Michigan Law Review

The recent act of the Indiana General Assembly, known as the "Indiana Anti-Cigarette Law," is the third act of its kind to be passed by a state legislature. In 1896 the State of Iowa enacted a similar law, and the year following, Tennessee did the same. In the years intervening between these acts and the present act similar bills have been introduced in various legislatures over the country but none of them has passed. The passage of the act by the Indiana Assembly has, however, seemingly reawakened the sentiment in favor of such legislation, and in several of the states …


Note And Comment, Harry B. Hutchins, Henry M. Bates, John R. Rood, John R. Rood, Charles R. Dibble, John R. Rood, Horace Lafayette Wilgus Nov 1905

Note And Comment, Harry B. Hutchins, Henry M. Bates, John R. Rood, John R. Rood, Charles R. Dibble, John R. Rood, Horace Lafayette Wilgus

Michigan Law Review

The Law School; Unauthorized Operation by Physician; The Kansas Oil Refinery Bill; Garnishment of Public Corporations; The rule in Wild's Case Today; Effect of a complicated Form of Ballot on the Elector's Freedom of Choice; Situs of Debts for Garnishment; Malicious Interference With the Contract of Employment


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review Jan 1905

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Attorney--Disbarment--Procedure; Carriers--Injury to Passenger From Strike Sympathizers; Constitutional Law--Reasonable Classification--Regulation of Insurance Companies--Discrimination in Favor of Foreign Corporations; Constitutional law--Use of Trading Stamps--Police Police Power; Contract--Breach--Damages; Corporation--Notes Given in payment for its own Stock--Bankruptcy--Provable Debts; Damages--Measure--Contribution; Deeds--construction--Description of Subject Matter; Easements--Recital in Deed--Injunction; Election--Candidates--Oath--Constitutionality of Primary Law; Equity--Jurisdiction to Restrain Injunction Proceeding Denied; Estates of Decendents--Funeral Expenses of Married Woman--Liability of Surviving Husband; Executor de Son Tort--Right to Equitable Relief; Foreign corporations--doing Business in State--Failure to Comply with State Laws--Validity of Contract; Garnishment--Situs of Debt; Husband and Wife--Separation Agreements--Validity--Defenses; Insurance--Employer's Liability--Notice of Injury; Intoxicating Liquors--License Non-Transferable; Judgments--dormancy--Effect of Special Execution; …


A National Incorporation Law, Horace L. Wilgus Jan 1904

A National Incorporation Law, Horace L. Wilgus

Books

Horace L. Wilgus argues that corporations need to be regulated on the national level.


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review Nov 1903

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Acknowledgement--Who May Take--Competency Affected by Interest; Acknowledgement of Mortgage before Stockholder in Mortgage Corporation--Stockholder as Witness; Agency--Distinguished from Trust; Agency or Service--Telegraph Companies--Knowledge of Operator; Carrier--Refusal of Passenger to Pay Extra Fare--Assault by Conductor on Passenger While Enforcing the Company's Rules; Constitutional Law--Free Speech--Distribution of Circulars; Constitutional Law--Master and Servant--Weekly Payment of Wages; Constitutional Law--Municipal Corporations--Minimum Wage Law; Corporations--Partnership with an Individual; Corporations--Ultra Vires--Replevin Undertaking; Deed--Consideration--Bona Fide Purchaser; Eminent Domain--Appropriation of Railroad Property--compensation; Fraudulent Conveyances--Fraud on Creditors--Withholding Mortgage from Record; Fraudulent Conveyances--Loan by Wife to Husband; Garnishment--Rolling Stock--Rights of Garnishee; Guardian and Ward--Testamentary Guardian; Insurance--Pleading--Waiver--Failure of Notice and Proof--General and …


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review Jun 1903

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Agency--Authority to Appoint Sub-Agents; Agency--right to Compensation; Bankruptcy--Discharge; Bankruptcy--Discharge; Banks and Banking--Crediting Depositor--Check of Another Depositor; Conflict of Laws--Legitimation of a Bastard--Status Fixed by Domicile of his Parents; Conflict of Laws--Lex Loci Fori--Right of Action in England for Acts in Foreign Country--Territorial Waters; Constitutional Law--Summary Sale of Trespassing Animals; Contract--Public Policy--General Restraint of Trade; Contract--Validity--Release of Employer for Liability to next of Kin for Injury to Employee; Elections--Right of a Party Committee to Question Eligibility of a Candidate; Fraudulent Conveyances--Contingent Fees; Insurance--Condition for Immediate Notice--Excuse; Married Women--Power to Enter into Partnership with Husband--Set off of Debt Due by Partner in …


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review May 1903

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Agency--Action by Undisclosed Principal; Agency--Authority to Sell Land--Notice of Revocation by Record; Agency--Good Faith--Commissions; Bankruptcy--Intent of Insolvent; Carriers--Damages for Loss of Market--Carriage of Goods Destined for Enegies--Seizure of Ships; Constitutional Law--Cigarettes--Original Package; Constitutional Law--Municipal Corporations--Validity of Ordinance Requiring Union Label; Constitutional Law--Vested Rights--Alimony; Contract--Rescission as Affecting Rights of a Stranger to the Consideration; Contract--Public Policy--Agreement to ASsist Attorney to Secure Clients; Courts--contempt--Publication of Evidence in Newspapers; Criminal law--burglary--Sufficient Breaking; Criminal Law--Embezzlement; Damages--Exemplary--Parol License--Revocable--Trespass; Damages--Reversing Judgment for Defendant in Order to Give Plaintiff Nominal Damages; Deeds--Grantees--Constructions; Deeds--Reservation--Construction--Extent of Property; Deeds--Reservation--effectin Equity--Implied Trust; Fraudulent Conveyance--Who are Creditors--claimant in Tort Action; Highways--Street Car …


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review Apr 1903

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Agency--Nature of Relation--Distinguished from Lease; Bankruptcy--discharge--Judgment Recovered for Alienation of Affections; Banks and Banking--Savings Banks--Pass Books--Payment to Wrong Party--By-Law; Carriers--Passenger Ejected at Wrong Place--Sickness Caused by Act of Carrier; Conflict of Laws--foreign Trustees--Right to Sue; Constitutional Law--Insterstate Commerce--Tax on a Delivering Agent; contracts--Labor Union--Inducing Employer to Break Contracts; Contracts--Validity of Insurance--Property of Alien Enemy--Public Policy; Corporation--Service of Process on Agent; Descent and Distribution--To Illegitimates on the Part of their Mother; Evidence--Defective Sidewalk--Jury--Magnifying Glass; Executors and Administrators--Enforcement of Claims--Limitations; Fraudulent Conveyances--Creditor's Right to Subject Wife's Property to Payment for Improvements Made Thereon by Husband; Fraudulent Conveyances--Personal Liability of Wife for Property …


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review Mar 1903

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Administrator--Debt Due From Him to the Estate--Effect of Administrator's Insolvency; Agency--Action by Undisclosed Principal--Abstractoer's Liability; Agency--Liability for Acting Without Authority; Agency--duty to Exercise Good Faith--Commissions; Bankruptcy--Preferences; Banks and Banking--Subagent--Collection; Conflict of Laws--Married Women--Note made in One State but Payable in Another, and Action Brought in the Third; Constitutional Law--bill of lading--Conclusive Evidence; Constitutional law--Eminent Domain--Right to Compensation Before Entry; Constitutional Law--Legislative Control of Municipal Contracts--Eight Hour Law; Constitutional Law--Privileges and Innumities of citizens--Statute Authorizing Personal Judgment on Constructive Service; Corporations--Notice to Corporators; Court--disturbance--Power to Prevent; Criminal Law--Commencement of Term of Imprisonment; Criminal Law--Depriving of Necessary Sustenance--Medicine; Deeds--Covenants that Run witht …


Note And Comment, Michigan Law Review Mar 1903

Note And Comment, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Elections--vote of Idiot or Insane Person--Ascertaining How He Voted; "Meander Lines"--When They Should be Taken as boundaries, Rather Than the Water Line; Larcenty--Animals Ferae Nature--fish in Net; Constitutional Law--Compelling One to be a Witness Against Himself by compelling Him to Exhibit His Person for the Purpose of Procuring Evidence Against Him; Attachment Judgments--Allias Executions--Abandonment;


Note And Comment, Michigan Law Review Mar 1903

Note And Comment, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Elections--vote of Idiot or Insane Person--Ascertaining How He Voted; "Meander Lines"--When They Should be Taken as boundaries, Rather Than the Water Line; Larcenty--Animals Ferae Nature--fish in Net; Constitutional Law--Compelling One to be a Witness Against Himself by compelling Him to Exhibit His Person for the Purpose of Procuring Evidence Against Him; Attachment Judgments--Allias Executions--Abandonment;


Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review Mar 1903

Recent Important Decisions, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Administrator--Debt Due From Him to the Estate--Effect of Administrator's Insolvency; Agency--Action by Undisclosed Principal--Abstractoer's Liability; Agency--Liability for Acting Without Authority; Agency--duty to Exercise Good Faith--Commissions; Bankruptcy--Preferences; Banks and Banking--Subagent--Collection; Conflict of Laws--Married Women--Note made in One State but Payable in Another, and Action Brought in the Third; Constitutional Law--bill of lading--Conclusive Evidence; Constitutional law--Eminent Domain--Right to Compensation Before Entry; Constitutional Law--Legislative Control of Municipal Contracts--Eight Hour Law; Constitutional Law--Privileges and Innumities of citizens--Statute Authorizing Personal Judgment on Constructive Service; Corporations--Notice to Corporators; Court--disturbance--Power to Prevent; Criminal Law--Commencement of Term of Imprisonment; Criminal Law--Depriving of Necessary Sustenance--Medicine; Deeds--Covenants that Run witht …


Privileges And Immunities Of Citizens In The Several States. Ii., W. J. Meyers Feb 1903

Privileges And Immunities Of Citizens In The Several States. Ii., W. J. Meyers

Michigan Law Review

Turning now to the Posilive side of the question, the cases show that the "privileges and immunities of citizens of a state" do include:- 1. The rizght of free ingress and egress. Dicta to this effect are found in almost every case in which the equal privileges clause" of the constitution is discussed, beginning with Corfield v. Coryell,I and coming down to and including Blake v. McClung,' the last great case upon the clause in question.3 The only case directly in point seems to be Smith v. Moody., Smith was a negro, born free within the state of Ohio, and …


Note And Comment, Michigan Law Review Feb 1903

Note And Comment, Michigan Law Review

Michigan Law Review

Anti-Trust Act--discrimination in Favor of certain Classes--Exemption of Labor Organization; Preferences Arising from Trust Relations; Constitutional Law--Liberty of Contract--Due Process of Law--Equality of Rights; Constitution Law--Equality of Protection;