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Articles 61 - 90 of 107
Full-Text Articles in Natural Resources Law
Keeping Clean Waters Clean: Making The Clean Water Act's Antidegradation Policy Work, John A. Chilson
Keeping Clean Waters Clean: Making The Clean Water Act's Antidegradation Policy Work, John A. Chilson
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note stresses the importance of making the Clean Water Act's antidegradation policy work in order to avoid a system of national waters of equally mediocre quality. The Nation's highest quality and most important waters are not receiving appropriate protection under the Act because the antidegradation policy contains vague definitions, the states fail to review water quality standards every three years and to entertain citizens' petitions, and the Environmental Protection Agency has not taken an active role in ensuring compliance with federal standards. This Note examines the schemes of the Great Lakes States and Florida and hypothesizes that similar provisions …
Does The Emperor Have No Clothes? Enforcement Of International Laws Protecting The Marine Environment, David S, Ardia
Does The Emperor Have No Clothes? Enforcement Of International Laws Protecting The Marine Environment, David S, Ardia
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article examines existing structures and mechanisms for the enforcement of international environmental laws, particularly international laws that must confront violations on the high seas in order to protect marine organisms. Although the tenor of the present analysis is general, many of the most influential international marine agreements to date are highlighted, including the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, the Convention on Future Multilateral Co-Operation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, and the United Nations Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stock and Highly Migratory Fish Stock.
Capture And Counteraction: Self- Help By Environmental Zealots (Allen Chair Symposium 1996: The Future Of Environmental And Land-Use Regulation), James E. Krier
Capture And Counteraction: Self- Help By Environmental Zealots (Allen Chair Symposium 1996: The Future Of Environmental And Land-Use Regulation), James E. Krier
Articles
Self-help is a largely neglected topic in American legal studies.1 With the exception of a survey by a group of law students published a dozen years ago,2 there appears to be little, if anything, in our legal literature that confronts the subject in a systematic way.3 This is so, at least, if one defines self-help as I do. To me, the term refers to any act of bypassing the formal legal system in order to get what one wants.
The International Convention To Combat Desertification: Drawing A Line In The Sand?, William C. Burns
The International Convention To Combat Desertification: Drawing A Line In The Sand?, William C. Burns
Michigan Journal of International Law
The purpose of this article is to assess the potential efficacy of the Convention in the face of devastation of the world's dryland resources. In this pursuit, I will: 1) Outline the causes and implications of desertification; 2) Present a brief history of past efforts to battle desertification; 3) Discuss the contours and the Convention; and 4) Assess the prospects for the Convention to make a meaningful difference in the struggle to save the world's land.
Allocating The Burden Of Proof To Effectuate The Preservation And Federalism Goals Of The Coastal Zone Management Act, Martin J. Lalonde
Allocating The Burden Of Proof To Effectuate The Preservation And Federalism Goals Of The Coastal Zone Management Act, Martin J. Lalonde
Michigan Law Review
Primarily due to policy considerations, this Note argues that courts should allocate to the federal agency proposing an activity that may affect the coastal zone the burden of proving consistency with a state CMP. This allocation effectuates Congress's intent to vest states with primary control to preserve the coastal zone. Part I provides a general background of the Act's consistency requirement for federally conducted activities. Part II examines the various factors that courts traditionally consider when allocating burdens of proof in litigation. Part III evaluates these factors as applied to the consistency issue under the CZMA. Part IV concludes that …
A Tale Of Two Rivers, Carol M. Rose
A Tale Of Two Rivers, Carol M. Rose
Michigan Law Review
A Review of The Green Cathedral: Sustainable Development of Amazonia by Juan de Onis and Nature Incorporated: Industrialization and the Waters of New England by Theodore Steinberg
Renegotiating Transnational Investment Agreements: Lessons For Develping Countries From The Ghana-Valco Experience, Paul Kuruk
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article describes the use of the renegotiation process to resolve problems that arise in the relations between participants in transnational investment. It draws conclusions from the successful renegotiation of an agreement executed in 1962 under which the Ghanaian government guaranteed bauxite and hydroelectric power supplies to support the smelting operations of the Volta Aluminium Company, Limited (Valco) in return for revenues from taxes and from payments for electricity, water, and use of the country's port facilities. The agreement between Ghana and Valco was entered into as part of the Volta River Project (VRP). This project was an investment scheme …
The West Bank Aquifer And Conventions Regarding Laws Of Belligerent Occupation, Jamal L. El-Hindi
The West Bank Aquifer And Conventions Regarding Laws Of Belligerent Occupation, Jamal L. El-Hindi
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Note will provide an introductory analysis of the conventions on belligerent occupation as they apply to the West Bank aquifer. Part I provides a brief analysis of the current situation in the region. Part II provides an overview of the relevant conventions on belligerent occupation and then focuses on how these laws apply to underground water resources in the West Bank. Finally, Part III outlines potential developments for the maintenance of complicity with the developing law of belligerent occupation, taking into account developments in international water law.
Untangling The Market-Participant Exemption To The Dormant Commerce Clause, Dan T. Coenen
Untangling The Market-Participant Exemption To The Dormant Commerce Clause, Dan T. Coenen
Michigan Law Review
This article explores the market-participant rule. Part I traces the rule's evolution and shows how it has proven less rigid than some initially feared. Part II probes the roots of the rule by challenging justifications for it suggested by other observers. Part III offers an alternative theory of the market-participant doctrine, arguing in particular that it rests on a cluster of rationales that properly have led· the Court to uphold marketplace preferences as the "general rule." Part IV builds on Part III to advance a new, four-part framework for evaluating market-participant issues. Part V then uses that framework to apply …
Coal Policy--Need It Be The West Against The Rest?, C. Peter Goplerud Iii, Duffy Ruimerman
Coal Policy--Need It Be The West Against The Rest?, C. Peter Goplerud Iii, Duffy Ruimerman
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Article will analyze the legal issues involved in this "West against the rest" conflict. While numerous areas of disagreement exist within the larger picture of Western-federal relations, the Article will focus on two specific issues of present concern. First, the Article will explore the role of the states under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977. This section includes an analysis of recent litigation involving regulations promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior relating to the establishment of state mining programs. Second, the Article will address the imposition of state severance taxes on coal, with particular emphasis …
Reflections On The Exclusionary Zoning Of American Nature, A.E. Keir Nash
Reflections On The Exclusionary Zoning Of American Nature, A.E. Keir Nash
Michigan Law Review
Joseph Sax's Mountains Without Handrails: Reflections on the National Parks deserves more serious scrutiny than does the typical pro-wilderness treatise about the optimum future of our nation's public lands. That is because beneath its elegant form lies a unique argument. Sax's stated central aim is to test the core "preservationist" position concerning nonbusiness use of public lands to determine whether it is a position that Congress, administrative agencies, and the public "should be inclined to follow" (p. 3). The question is, given the "enormous growth of recreation in recent years" (p. 2), whether the national parks, forests, and deserts should …
National Parks And Self-Restraint, Peter Steinhart
National Parks And Self-Restraint, Peter Steinhart
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Mountains Without Handrails: Reflections on the National Parks by Joseph L. Sax
The Clean Air Act Amendments Of 1977 And The National Parklands, Robert Maynard
The Clean Air Act Amendments Of 1977 And The National Parklands, Robert Maynard
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This article explores the new legislative scheme as it pertains to national parklands. After outlining the history of the PSD concept, the article considers the PSD provisions and their application to national parklands. Examination of the visibility section, which rounds out the framework for preservation of parkland air resources set up in the PSD section, completes the discussion. The analysis focuses on several potential defects in the regulatory structure of the amendments, including the failure to extend immediate protection under the PSD and visibility sections to a large number of national parkland units, the somewhat unrealistic criteria chosen to define …
British Wildlife Law Before The American Revolution: Lessons From The Past, Thomas A. Lund
British Wildlife Law Before The American Revolution: Lessons From The Past, Thomas A. Lund
Michigan Law Review
Early legislation may excite the condescending interest ·that Dr. Johnson directed toward a dog walking on its hind legs: "It is not done well; but you are surprised to find it done at all." British wildlife law, however, merits more respect. As long ago as the Middle Ages, man's appetite for meat endowed legislators with at least an ambling competence at wildlife management. Nor has the passage of time made their efforts wholly irrelevant. Early methods of controlling habitat, for example, may still be appropriate since historical change has not altered the needs of animals as it has those of …
State Management Of The Environment Part One: An Evaluation Of The Michigan Experience, Geoffrey J. Lanning
State Management Of The Environment Part One: An Evaluation Of The Michigan Experience, Geoffrey J. Lanning
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Michigan's citizens, as well as its government, seem but dimly aware of the fact that Michigan-the home of America's most growth-centered industry, the automobile-lies at the very eye of the environmental storm. This article seeks to take a broad look at the shortcomings of Michigan's environmental protection in recent years. In so doing, it groups many of Michigan's recent environmental failings into broad categories which will both clarify the status of Michigan's environmental law climate and provide a basis for its reform. Parts One and Two consist of this analysis and evaluation. Part Three will examine possible solutions and offer …
State Management Of The Environment Part Two: A Continuing Evaluation Of The Michigan Experience, Geoffrey J. Lanning
State Management Of The Environment Part Two: A Continuing Evaluation Of The Michigan Experience, Geoffrey J. Lanning
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
In Part One of this article, the author outlined the scope and character of Michigan's environmental problems and suggested some of the factors underlying the state's weak and bureaucratic decisionmaking process. Part Two concludes the author's analysis of the fundamental obstacles to effective environmental decisionmaking in Michigan, and Part Three will contain recommendations for reform.
Land-Use Management In Delaware's Coastal Zone, Francis S. Babiarz
Land-Use Management In Delaware's Coastal Zone, Francis S. Babiarz
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The vastness and variety of the resources of this nation's coastal area have in the past generally been sufficient to support a number of different land uses. Recreational, commercial, and industrial facilities have developed together, generally at the expense of the natural environment. These land uses, however, including the natural environment in its unused form, no longer simply coexist, but now actively vie for the limited coastal area remaining. The legislatures of several states have attempted to resolve this conflict in a variety of ways. In June of 197 1 the Delaware General Assembly enacted the Coastal Zone Act (CZA), …
Improved Policy Making For The Multiple Use Of Public Lands, Christopher J. Dunsky
Improved Policy Making For The Multiple Use Of Public Lands, Christopher J. Dunsky
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The purpose of this article is to analyze the failure of past legislative attempts to define public land policy effectively, to examine current proposals for change, and to present an alternative proposal for a clearer statutory definition of policy.
Preservation Of America's Open Space: Proposal For A National Land-Use Commission, Paul N. Mccloskey Jr.
Preservation Of America's Open Space: Proposal For A National Land-Use Commission, Paul N. Mccloskey Jr.
Michigan Law Review
Environmental hazards may be divided into four types: those affecting air, those affecting water, those affecting quietude, and those affecting landscape. This Article will focus on the last of these hazards and will analyze a single aspect of it: the continuing loss of open-space lands. I suggest that this loss can be controlled only if we are willing, in the next decade, to review and to overhaul our entire basic system of land use and tax laws, accepting no present law as sacred other than the constitutional guarantee of just compensation for the taking of private property.
Marine: America The Raped: The Engineering Mentality And The Devastation Of A Continent, Owen Olpin
Marine: America The Raped: The Engineering Mentality And The Devastation Of A Continent, Owen Olpin
Michigan Law Review
A Review of America the Raped: The Engineering Mentality and the Devastation of a Continent by Gene Marine
The Conservationists And The Public Lands: Administrative And Judicial Remedies Relating To The Use And Disposition Of The Public Lands Administered By The Department Of The Interior, Michigan Law Review
The Conservationists And The Public Lands: Administrative And Judicial Remedies Relating To The Use And Disposition Of The Public Lands Administered By The Department Of The Interior, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The scope of the Department's functions is vast, and the statutory and regulatory materials dealing with those functions are overwhelming in their complexity and breadth. For that reason, this Comment will not seek to make an exhaustive examination of the agency's functions and procedures; rather, it will attempt to provide a selective illustration of the agency's procedures and functions and to concentrate on adjudicatory and review procedures, including judicial review. Because recent years have seen a marked increase in attention to resources and to conservation issues by persons and groups not otherwise directly concerned with the disposition of public lands, …
The Public Trust Doctrine In Natural Resource Law: Effective Judicial Intervention, Joseph L. Sax
The Public Trust Doctrine In Natural Resource Law: Effective Judicial Intervention, Joseph L. Sax
Michigan Law Review
Public concern about environmental quality is beginning to be felt in the courtroom. Private citizens, no longer willing to accede to the efforts of administrative agencies to protect the public interest, have begun to take the initiative themselves. One dramatic result is a proliferation of lawsuits in which citizens, demanding judicial recognition of their rights as members of the public, sue the very governmental agencies which are supposed to be protecting the public interest. While this Article was being written, several dozen such suits were initiated-to enforce air and water pollution laws in states where public agencies have been created …
The Trend In Water Law Development, Jerome Maslowski
The Trend In Water Law Development, Jerome Maslowski
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The basis of public and private rights in the waters of the State of Michigan is grounded principally in the common law. There has been a scarcity of statutory law on the subject and it is only within the last ten years that any statutes have been enacted which seek to delineate public and private rights.
Scheingold: The Rule Of Law In European Integration--The Path Of The Schuman Plan, Robert M. Campbell
Scheingold: The Rule Of Law In European Integration--The Path Of The Schuman Plan, Robert M. Campbell
Michigan Law Review
A Review of The Rule of Law in European Integration--The Path of the Schuman Plan by Stuart A. Scheingold
Selling Reclamation Water Rights: A Case Study In Federal Subsidy Policy, Joseph L. Sax
Selling Reclamation Water Rights: A Case Study In Federal Subsidy Policy, Joseph L. Sax
Michigan Law Review
This situation raises some interesting questions about federal reclamation policy and about subsidy policy in general. Why should a program designed to give a needed service at reasonable rates evolve into one where the original recipients, at the end of their time of need, are also rewarded by the gift of a large capital asset? Moreover, why should that reward be given at the expense of their successors on the project, who, one would think, are equally the concern of the reclamation program? These are the questions ·with which this article will be concerned.
Sullivan: Conservation Of Oil And Gas. A Legal History - 1958, Joseph R. Julin
Sullivan: Conservation Of Oil And Gas. A Legal History - 1958, Joseph R. Julin
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Conservation of Oil and Gas. A Legal History - 1958. Edited by Robert E. Sullivan.
Acquisition And Protection Of Water Supplies By Municipalities, Wilbert L. Ziegler
Acquisition And Protection Of Water Supplies By Municipalities, Wilbert L. Ziegler
Michigan Law Review
Among the prime functions of a municipal government is the furnishing of a potable supply of water for its inhabitants. In view of the increasing demand for water and the shortage of available supply, a number of problems have been or will be encountered by municipalities in fulfilling that function, apart from the problem of financing.
The Conference On The Law Of The Sea: A Report, Charles Swan, James Ueberhorst
The Conference On The Law Of The Sea: A Report, Charles Swan, James Ueberhorst
Michigan Law Review
From the viewpoint of the United States, far too much attention was given by many delegates to the political aspects of the articles and too little attention to the legal. Many of the new and the underdeveloped States adopted the position that rules established before they were able to influence their formulation should be changed as a matter of progress. They viewed some aspects of freedom of the high seas as a fiction invented by the maritime nations to rob them of their living resources off their coasts.
Atomic Energy - Uranium Procurement - Legal Aspects Of The Aec Domestic Ore Purchase Program, Michael Scott S.Ed., Edward M. Heppenstall
Atomic Energy - Uranium Procurement - Legal Aspects Of The Aec Domestic Ore Purchase Program, Michael Scott S.Ed., Edward M. Heppenstall
Michigan Law Review
The federal government's domestic uranium ore procurement program, initially announced following World War II to ensure maximum exploration and development for military purposes, has met with extraordinary success. So improved is this country's military uranium picture that the Atomic Energy Commission was recently able to announce that uranium concentrate purchases would not be further increased. This announcement is viewed as a matter .of serious concern by the domestic ore producer, who must continue to look to the federal government as his sole market; a noticeable private market for peaceful uses of atomic energy fuels may not be realized for more …
International Law - Treaties - Inclusion Of Purely Domestic Matters In Reservations, Peter H. Hay S.Ed.
International Law - Treaties - Inclusion Of Purely Domestic Matters In Reservations, Peter H. Hay S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
In consenting to the ratification of the treaty between the United States and Canada concerning uses of the waters of the Niagara River, the Senate attached a reservation which stated that "no project for redevelopment of the United States' share of such waters shall be undertaken until it be specifically authorized by Act of Congress." On the basis of this reservation, the Federal Power Commission denied the application of the Power Authority of the State of New York for a license under the Federal Power Act covering the new flow of water made available under the treaty. On appeal to …