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Articles 301 - 330 of 382
Full-Text Articles in Legal Writing and Research
Twenty Years Of Compromise: How The Caps On Damages In The Civil Rights Act Of 1991 Codified Sex Discrimination, Lynn Ridgeway Zehrt
Twenty Years Of Compromise: How The Caps On Damages In The Civil Rights Act Of 1991 Codified Sex Discrimination, Lynn Ridgeway Zehrt
Law Faculty Scholarship
This article takes a novel approach and reexamines the legislative history surrounding the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 with a central focus on exploring the issue of capped damages. Part I begins by briefly contrasting and summarizing the diverging remedies available under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and Title VII. The article then shifts in Part II to an examination of the political climate and legislative history that forged the enactment of the 1991 Act, paying particular attention to the debate surrounding damages. This history reveals that many members of Congress had a discriminatory motive in capping damages …
Rife With Latent Power: Exploring The Reach Of The Irs To Determine Tax-Exempt Status According To Public Policy Rationale In An Era Of Judicial Deference, Amy L. Moore
Law Faculty Scholarship
Using the case of Bob Jones University v. United States as a springboard, this article contends that the IRS has the legal authority to revoke the 501(c)(3) tax-exempt statuses of any institution that the IRS deems to be in violation of public policy. The first step to such an expansion might be to apply to private, religious universities that practice discrimination in areas other than race (e.g. gender and sexual orientation). This article traces the background and analysis of the Supreme Court decision in Bob Jones and how the Court left the door open for the IRS to make other …
The Quest For Finality: Five Stories Of White Collar Criminal Prosecution, Lucian E. Dervan
The Quest For Finality: Five Stories Of White Collar Criminal Prosecution, Lucian E. Dervan
Law Faculty Scholarship
In this symposium article, Professor Dervan examines the issue of finality and sentencing. In considering this issue, he argues that prosecutors, defendants, and society as a whole are drawn to the concept of finality in various ways during criminal adjudications. Further, far from an aspirational summit, he argues that some outgrowths of this quest for finality could be destructive and, in fact, obstructive to some of the larger goals of our criminal justice system, including the pursuit of truth and the protection of the innocent. Given the potential abstraction of these issues, Professor Dervan decided to discuss the possible consequences …
Finding The Lost Involuntary Public Figure, Jeffrey Omar Usman
Finding The Lost Involuntary Public Figure, Jeffrey Omar Usman
Law Faculty Scholarship
This Article begins in Part I through observation of the beginning and development of the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence on the constitutional limitations imposed upon defamation actions under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Part II of the Article then briefly sets forth the constitutional framework that the Supreme Court imposed in 1974 on defamation actions in Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. The Article then addresses in Part III how the pressures of the First Amendment have eroded the structure that Gertz built. In doing so, Part III specifically explores the expanding definition of who constitutes a public official …
The Growing Regulatory State Of Banking, Alberto R. Gonzales
The Growing Regulatory State Of Banking, Alberto R. Gonzales
Law Faculty Scholarship
Our country has often struggled with finding the right balance between too little and too much regulation. Some regulation and oversight is necessary--if for nothing more than to level the playing field. The danger, of course, is that government officials often do not fully appreciate how the heavy hand of regulation affects business, nor anticipate how legislation will affect the markets long term. Lawmakers in several states have introduced resolutions calling on Congress to spit up big banks by separating traditional banking services and investment banking. Five years after the financial crisis, these state resolutions show there is still public …
What Implications Will The Supreme Court's Taxing Power Decision Have On The Goals Of The Affordable Care Act And Healthcare?, Alberto R. Gonzales, Donald B. Stuart
What Implications Will The Supreme Court's Taxing Power Decision Have On The Goals Of The Affordable Care Act And Healthcare?, Alberto R. Gonzales, Donald B. Stuart
Law Faculty Scholarship
One of the signature achievements of the Obama Administration is the Affordable Care Act. The Act represents a massive change to the country's healthcare system that includes an individual mandate requiring certain individuals to purchase health insurance or pay a penalty. In 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld this individual mandate under Congress's taxing power. This Comment will examine the implications of the Court's decision on the individual mandate and the Court's taxing power analysis. A primary objective of the Act is to have more Americans covered by health insurance. This Comment suggests the Court's decision may ultimately result in …
Drones: The Power To Kill, Alberto R. Gonzales
Drones: The Power To Kill, Alberto R. Gonzales
Law Faculty Scholarship
After the terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001, the Bush Administration began the use of unmanned armed aerial drones to pursue targets in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Obama Administration has continued this policy, expanding it to pursue substantially more targets in Yemen and new ones in Pakistan. This Article analyzes the Obama Administration’s procedures for placing American citizens on the list of targets for drone strikes and proposes additional measures that Congress and the President can take to ensure that the procedures comply with constitutional guarantees of due process. This Article uses Supreme Court precedents on enemy combatant designations and …
Constitutional Constraints On Retroactive Civil Legislation: The Hollow Promises Of The Federal Constitution And Unrealized Potential Of State Constitutions, Jeffrey Omar Usman
Constitutional Constraints On Retroactive Civil Legislation: The Hollow Promises Of The Federal Constitution And Unrealized Potential Of State Constitutions, Jeffrey Omar Usman
Law Faculty Scholarship
Within American society, there is a general sense that changing the rules after the game has been played is unfair. While state legislatures more often enact prospective legislation, they nevertheless still regularly engage in retroactive civil lawmaking. In essence, state legislatures are changing the rules after the game has been played. Most Americans inaccurately assume such measures are unconstitutional under the federal constitution. Although several provisions of the United States Constitution offer potential sources of constitutional constraint upon retroactive civil lawmaking, ultimately, as they have been interpreted by the United States Supreme Court, these protections are extremely narrow, largely hollow, …
Post-Crawford: Were Recent Changes To State Voter Id Laws Really Necessary To Prevent Voter Fraud And Protect The Electoral Process?, Tracey Carter
Post-Crawford: Were Recent Changes To State Voter Id Laws Really Necessary To Prevent Voter Fraud And Protect The Electoral Process?, Tracey Carter
Law Faculty Scholarship
Voter identification (ID) was the hottest topic in election law debates in numerous state legislatures throughout 2011 and 2012. In fact, in 2012, voter ID legislation was introduced in 32 states. The 2008 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Crawford v. Marion County Election Board served as the impetus for the flurry of recent changes in state voter ID laws across the country. In the Crawford decision, the Supreme Court upheld restrictions on voting, specifically upholding strict photo identification requirements when voting in person at the polls on Election Day. This article discusses the right to vote, recent voter photo ID …
Pleading Innocents: Laboratory Evidence Of Plea Bargaining's Innocence Problem, Vanessa Edkins, Lucian E. Dervan
Pleading Innocents: Laboratory Evidence Of Plea Bargaining's Innocence Problem, Vanessa Edkins, Lucian E. Dervan
Law Faculty Scholarship
We investigated plea bargaining by making students actually guilty or innocent of a cheating offense and varying the sentence that they would face if found ‘guilty’ by a review board. As hypothesized, guilty students were more likely than innocent students to accept a plea deal (i.e., admit guilt and lose credit; akin to accepting a sentence of probation) (Chi-square=8.63, p<.01) but we did not find an effect of sentence severity. Innocent students, though not as likely to plead as guilty students, showed an overall preference (56% across conditions) for accepting a plea deal. Implications and future directions are discussed.
The Innocent Defendant’S Dilemma: An Innovative Empirical Study Of Plea Bargaining’S Innocence Problem, Lucian E. Dervan, Vanessa Edkins
The Innocent Defendant’S Dilemma: An Innovative Empirical Study Of Plea Bargaining’S Innocence Problem, Lucian E. Dervan, Vanessa Edkins
Law Faculty Scholarship
In 1989, Ada JoAnn Taylor was accused of murder and presented with stark options. If she pleaded guilty, she would be rewarded with a sentence of ten to forty years in prison. If, however, she proceeded to trial and was convicted, she would likely spend the rest of her life behind bars. Over a thousand miles away in Florida and more than twenty years later, a college student was accused of cheating and presented with her own incentives to admit wrongdoing and save the university the time and expense of proceeding before a disciplinary review board. Both women decided the …
Black Armbands, 'Boobies' Bracelets And The Need To Protect Student Speech, David L. Hudson Jr.
Black Armbands, 'Boobies' Bracelets And The Need To Protect Student Speech, David L. Hudson Jr.
Law Faculty Scholarship
Discusses the precedential value of the Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District decision in the current Boobies Bracelets debate.
White Collar Over-Criminalization: Deterrence, Plea Bargaining, And The Loss Of Innocence, Lucian E. Dervan
White Collar Over-Criminalization: Deterrence, Plea Bargaining, And The Loss Of Innocence, Lucian E. Dervan
Law Faculty Scholarship
Overcriminalization takes many forms and impacts the American criminal justice system in varying ways. This article focuses on a select portion of this phenomenon by examining two types of overcriminalization prevalent in white collar criminal law. The first type of over criminalization discussed in this article is Congress’s propensity for increasing the maximum criminal penalties for white collar offenses in an effort to punish financial criminals more harshly while simultaneously deterring others. The second type of overcriminalization addressed is Congress’s tendency to create vague and overlapping criminal provisions in areas already criminalized in an effort to expand the tools available …
An Immigration Crisis In A Nation Of Immigrants: Why Amending The Fourteenth Amendment Won't Solve Our Problems, Alberto R. Gonzales
An Immigration Crisis In A Nation Of Immigrants: Why Amending The Fourteenth Amendment Won't Solve Our Problems, Alberto R. Gonzales
Law Faculty Scholarship
The concerns over another terrorist attack, a sluggish economic recovery, high unemployment rates, and state and local budget deficits have propelled immigration policy to the forefront of political debate in the United States. America’s current approach to immigration is an abject failure, undermining the rule of law and our national security. This has prompted various legislative proposals relating to citizenship, including amending the U.S. Constitution to make clear that children born in the United States to unauthorized immigrants are not entitled to birthright citizenship. The Article presents the reasons why these various state and federal level “solutions” are either ineffective …
Capital Punishment, Cultural Competency, And Litigating Intellectual Disability, Jeffrey Omar Usman
Capital Punishment, Cultural Competency, And Litigating Intellectual Disability, Jeffrey Omar Usman
Law Faculty Scholarship
In an illuminating 2008 article in the Hofstra Law Review, Scharlette Holdman and Christopher Seeds helped to bring the concept of culturally competency much needed attention in the field of capital litigation. They presented a view of cultural competency as “at root a collection of knowledge, abilities, and skills.” Because cultural competency allows for translation across cultures, Holdman and Seeds took the position that this skill is a prerequisite for a capital defense attorney who is representing a client of a different ethnicity, nationality, social group, or subgroup in the mitigation phase of a capital case. While cultural competency discourse …
Bargained Justice: Plea Bargaining's Innocence Problem And The Brady Safety-Valve, Lucian E. Dervan
Bargained Justice: Plea Bargaining's Innocence Problem And The Brady Safety-Valve, Lucian E. Dervan
Law Faculty Scholarship
If any number of attorneys were asked in 2004 whether Lea Fastow’s plea bargain in the Enron case was constitutional, the majority would respond with a simple word – Brady. Yet while the 1970 Supreme Court decision Brady v. United States authorized plea bargaining as a form of American justice, the case also contained a vital caveat that has been largely overlooked by scholars, practitioners, and courts for almost forty years. Brady contains a safety-valve that caps the amount of pressure that may be asserted against defendants by prohibiting prosecutors from offering incentives in return for guilty pleas that are …
Time For The Supreme Court To Address Off-Campus, Online Student Speech, David L. Hudson Jr.
Time For The Supreme Court To Address Off-Campus, Online Student Speech, David L. Hudson Jr.
Law Faculty Scholarship
An essay discussing the need for public school students and officials to know the limits of officials' authority over off-campus, online speech.
The Secondary-Effects Doctrine: Stripping Away First Amendment Freedoms, David L. Hudson Jr.
The Secondary-Effects Doctrine: Stripping Away First Amendment Freedoms, David L. Hudson Jr.
Law Faculty Scholarship
An essay on the secondary-effects doctrine and its threat to First Amendment.freedoms.
International White Collar Crime And The Globalization Of Internal Investigations, Lucian E. Dervan
International White Collar Crime And The Globalization Of Internal Investigations, Lucian E. Dervan
Law Faculty Scholarship
Much has been written about the methods by which counsel may efficiently, thoroughly, and credibly conduct internal investigations. Given the globalization of such matters, however, this article seeks to focus on the challenges present when conducting an internal investigation of potential international white-collar criminal activity. In Part I, this article will examine the challenges of selecting counsel to perform internal investigations abroad. In particular, consideration will be given to global standards regarding the application of the attorney-client privilege and work product protections. In Part II, this article will discuss the influence of data privacy and protection laws in various countries …
We Are Who We Admit: The Need To Harmonize Law School Admission And Professionalism Processes With Bar Admission Standards, Timothy P. Chinaris
We Are Who We Admit: The Need To Harmonize Law School Admission And Professionalism Processes With Bar Admission Standards, Timothy P. Chinaris
Law Faculty Scholarship
This Article argues that there is a need for many law schools to examine their admission processes and make changes designed to ensure that the qualities considered most closely by bar admission authorities are highly valued in law school admission decisions. At the same time, law schools should tailor their student behavior codes and related enforcement mechanisms to better prepare students to practice professionally upon admission to the bar.
New Crimes And Punishments: A Case Study Regarding The Impact Of Over-Criminalization On White Collar Criminal Cases, Lucian E. Dervan
New Crimes And Punishments: A Case Study Regarding The Impact Of Over-Criminalization On White Collar Criminal Cases, Lucian E. Dervan
Law Faculty Scholarship
Over-criminalization takes many forms and impacts the American criminal justice system in varying ways. This article focuses on a select portion of the over-criminalization phenomenon by examining two types of over-criminalization prevalent in white collar criminal law. The first type of over-criminalization discussed in this article is Congress’s propensity for increasing the maximum criminal penalties for white collar offenses in an effort to punish financial criminals more harshly. The second type of over-criminalization addressed in this article is Congress’s tendency to create vague and overlapping criminal provisions in areas already criminalized in an effort to expand the tools available to …
Re-Evaluating Corporate Criminal Liability: The Doj’S Internal Moral Culpability Standard For Corporate Criminal Liability, Lucian E. Dervan
Re-Evaluating Corporate Criminal Liability: The Doj’S Internal Moral Culpability Standard For Corporate Criminal Liability, Lucian E. Dervan
Law Faculty Scholarship
This article examines the common law respondeat superior test for corporate criminal liability and proposes that it be expanded beyond the current two prong test to encompass a third prong regarding moral culpability. Further, this article supports this proposal by noting that the Department of Justice has already incorporated a moral culpability element into its analysis of corporate criminal liability through application of the Department’s Principles of Federal Prosecution of Business Organizations. While some might argue that one should be satisfied that the Department of Justice has seen fit to implement a new corporate criminal liability standard on its own …
Pearson V. Callahan And Qualified Immunity: Impact On First Amendment Law, David L. Hudson Jr.
Pearson V. Callahan And Qualified Immunity: Impact On First Amendment Law, David L. Hudson Jr.
Law Faculty Scholarship
An essay on Pearson v. Callahan and its impact on First Amendment Law.
The Surprising Lessons From Plea Bargaining In The Shadow Of Terror, Lucian E. Dervan
The Surprising Lessons From Plea Bargaining In The Shadow Of Terror, Lucian E. Dervan
Law Faculty Scholarship
Since September 11, 2001, several hundred individuals have been convicted of terrorism related charges. Of these convictions, over 80% resulted from a plea of guilty. It is surprising and counterintuitive that such a large percentage of these cases are resolved in this manner, yet, even when prosecuting suspected terrorists caught attempting suicide attacks, the power of the plea bargaining machine exerts a striking influence. As a result, a close examination of these extraordinary cases offers important insights into the forces that drive the plea bargaining system. Utilizing these insights, this article critiques two divergent and dominant theories of plea bargaining …
American Prison Culture In An International Context: An Examination Of Prisons In America, The Netherlands, And Israel, Lucian E. Dervan
American Prison Culture In An International Context: An Examination Of Prisons In America, The Netherlands, And Israel, Lucian E. Dervan
Law Faculty Scholarship
In 2004, British authorities arrested Abu Hamza al-Masri, an Egyptian born cleric sought by the United States for his involvement in instigating terrorist attacks. As authorities prepared to extradite him in July 2010, the European Court of Human Rights issued a stay. According to the court, al-Masri’s claims that maximum-security prisons in the United States violate European human rights laws prohibiting torture and degrading treatment warranted further examination. Regardless of the eventual resolution of the al-Masri case, the European Court of Human Rights’ inability to summarily dismiss these assertions demonstrates something quite troubling. At a minimum, the court’s actions indicate …
Information Warfare And Civilian Populations: How The Law Of War Addresses A Fear Of The Unknown, Lucian E. Dervan
Information Warfare And Civilian Populations: How The Law Of War Addresses A Fear Of The Unknown, Lucian E. Dervan
Law Faculty Scholarship
Imagine a civilian communications system is being temporarily relied upon by an opposing military force for vital operations. If one launches a computer network attack against the communications system, the operation may disable the opposing force’s ability to function adequately and, as a result, prompt their surrender. The alternative course of action is to launch a traditional kinetic weapons attack in the hopes of inflicting enough casualties on the troops to induce surrender. Given these options, the law of war would encourage the utilization of the computer network attack because it would result in less unnecessary suffering. But is the …
Overcriminalization 2.0: The Symbiotic Relationship Between Plea Bargaining And Overcriminalization, Lucian E. Dervan
Overcriminalization 2.0: The Symbiotic Relationship Between Plea Bargaining And Overcriminalization, Lucian E. Dervan
Law Faculty Scholarship
In discussing imperfections in the adversarial system, Professor Ribstein notes in his article entitled Agents Prosecuting Agents, that “prosecutors can avoid the need to test their theories at trial by using significant leverage to virtually force even innocent, or at least questionably guilty, defendants to plead guilty.” If this is true, then there is an enormous problem with plea bargaining, particularly given that over 95% of defendants in the federal criminal justice system succumb to the power of bargained justice. As such, this piece provides a detailed analysis of modern-day plea bargaining and its role in spurring the rise of …
When Enough Isn't Enough: Qualitative And Quantitative Assessments Of Adequate Education In State Constitutions By State Supreme Courts, Amy L. Moore
Law Faculty Scholarship
This article facilitates the education debate by directing the question of what having an adequate education means, and how state supreme courts are grappling with the issue. This article uses a study of case law from state supreme courts analyzing state constitutional requirements for education. Three themes emerge from this study of case law: state supreme courts are dealing with a choice between judicial restraint and interference; courts struggle with how much to consider funding as opposed to other issues; and courts are trying to define adequacy claims within the context of equity claims.
Brokering Education: A Study Of Charter Receipt, Renewal, And Revocation In Louisiana's Charter Schools, Amy L. Moore
Brokering Education: A Study Of Charter Receipt, Renewal, And Revocation In Louisiana's Charter Schools, Amy L. Moore
Law Faculty Scholarship
The most fundamental part of a charter school is its charter, its governing document. This article traces the history of Louisiana's charter system from its inception and walks through the legal process of obtaining and retaining a charter and what happens to cause a charter to be revoked. Louisiana provides for five types of charters via statute that have different avenues of funding and different legal requirements from the state. Louisiana provides an excellent case study for the process of chartering because of the recent boom of charter schools in the area; there are lessons to be learned both in …
Waging War Within The Constitution, Alberto R. Gonzales
Waging War Within The Constitution, Alberto R. Gonzales
Law Faculty Scholarship
This Article examines the United States' response to the September 11, 2001 attacks by Al Qaeda from my perspective as Counsel to the President and then later as Attorney General. It reviews the actions of government lawyers and how federal courts have judged the implementation of U.S. government policy. It explains that U.S. government officials quickly understood that our nation was confronted with a non-state enemy fighting an unconventional war. This forced us to make a number of difficult decisions quickly about how best to fight this threat in a manner consistent with the United States' domestic and international legal …