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Articles 1 - 30 of 202
Full-Text Articles in Law and Society
International Commitments Of Japan’S Prefectures With Foreign States: Empirical Patterns, Authority, And Legal Nature, Yuhei Matsuyama
International Commitments Of Japan’S Prefectures With Foreign States: Empirical Patterns, Authority, And Legal Nature, Yuhei Matsuyama
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Under international law, sovereign states are the primary subjects of rights and obligations and possess the authority to conclude treaties. Domestic constitutions typically allocate foreign affairs powers to national governments. Nonetheless, subnational governments—including prefectures—regularly engage in international activities. In some federal systems, constituent units are expressly authorized by their constitutions to conclude international agreements. By contrast, the Constitution of Japan vests foreign affairs authority exclusively in the national executive and is silent on the authority of prefectural governments. This Article uncovers and analyzes approximately 180 previously unexamined international commitments concluded by Japanese prefectural governments with foreign states, identified through information …
Analyzing The Legal Enforceability Of Bdsm Contracts Between Sex Workers And Clients, Sam Wise
Analyzing The Legal Enforceability Of Bdsm Contracts Between Sex Workers And Clients, Sam Wise
Journal of Law and Policy
Contracts are the common legal solution provided to those entering into agreements who wish to decrease their liability. However, there is a limit to which communities can take advantage of these legal protections. As previously taboo sexual practices like BDSM become more popular, those seeking to engage in the practices may think it reasonable to enter contracts to protect themselves from potential harm. Those who practice BDSM have indeed often turned to contract creation to memorialize the sexual agreements they have made with each other. Sex workers may especially seek to protect themselves from the harm that could result from …
From Self-Representation To Smart Representation: How Ai & Self-Help Services Can Strengthen Pro Se Litigation, John W. Park
From Self-Representation To Smart Representation: How Ai & Self-Help Services Can Strengthen Pro Se Litigation, John W. Park
Journal of Law and Policy
The American legal system has long struggled with the gap between those who can afford counsel and those who cannot, leaving millions of pro se litigants to navigate complex civil proceedings alone and lose at staggering rates. Yet, over decades of incremental reform, existing self-help infrastructure has failed to keep pace with the growing pro se crisis or the rapid technological advancement that now gives represented parties an unprecedented advantage. Meanwhile, law firms and attorneys increasingly harness law firm tailored AI programs that are generally unavailable to the unrepresented litigant. This technological asymmetry has transformed an already significant capability gap …
Infliction Of Precarity: Risk, Vulnerability, And Tort Law, Saad Al-Obaidi
Infliction Of Precarity: Risk, Vulnerability, And Tort Law, Saad Al-Obaidi
Journal of Law and Policy
Imposing a risk of harm on someone should be a tort in certain unjustifiable circumstances, regardless of whether the harms at risk materialize. A doctrinal undercurrent exists that supports this proposal concerning latent or delayed harms as legally cognizable injuries. Even though it is a basic moral principle not to put others at risk of harm without justification, courts deny in principle recovery for risks that lack concomitant externalizations in some familiar form of harm, like physical, pecuniary, or emotional damage to the person. This Article argues that tort law should offer recovery for unjustified risk impositions in circumstances that …
Two Strikes And A Prisoner’S Out: The Supreme Court’S Bad Call In Lomax V. Ortiz-Marquez, Molly Guptill Manning
Two Strikes And A Prisoner’S Out: The Supreme Court’S Bad Call In Lomax V. Ortiz-Marquez, Molly Guptill Manning
Journal of Law and Policy
Since 1892, federal legislation has provided for the waiver of court filing fees so indigent plaintiffs can access the courts. In 1996, the Prison Litigation Reform Act amended the law. Citing an explosion in the number of prisoner filings (and ignoring the commensurate explosion in the size of the prisoner population), Congress sought to disincentivize prisoners from filing federal actions by denying them an outright waiver and instead requiring them to pay filing fees in installments. It also added a “three strikes” rule. Under the latter provision, if a prisoner files three or more actions or appeals that are dismissed …
Whose Ai Data Center Line Is It Anyway? Proposing A Regulatory Framework To Provide Redress To Communities Impacted By The Externalities Of Ai, Jane Franks
Journal of Law and Policy
In some ways, artificial intelligence is not new. Humans have theorized and dreamed about AI in some form or another for thousands of years. However, as AI becomes a reality and both companies and countries alike are racing to establish dominance in the field, AI does not feel too familiar. The increased amounts of power and water required by AI data centers are unprecedented, and the federal and state legislative response to the issues facing the communities surrounding AI data centers—and the country at large—has been fragmented at best, and non-existent at worst. This Note examines the externalities of AI, …
Speak Up, Pay Up: Why New York Should Enact The Speak Your Truth Act And End The Chilling Effect On Sexual Assault Survivors Following The #Metoo Era, Maya Burnette
Journal of Law and Policy
Sexual assault is one of the most prevalent forms of violence in the United States. It is also one of the least reported. With criminal and civil avenues often providing little justice, many survivors turned to the public to tell their stories. In the wake of the #MeToo movement, thousands of survivors publicly shared their experiences, prompting significant social and legislative change. Yet many who spoke out faced retaliatory defamation lawsuits filed by alleged abusers to silence them. These suits, commonly known as Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (“SLAPP suits”), pose a substantial threat to survivors’ speech. Despite recent reforms, …
With All The Strings Attached: Analyzing Participation Of Disempowered Groups In Structuring New York’S Social Equity Cannabis Investment Fund, Nicholas Schuermann
With All The Strings Attached: Analyzing Participation Of Disempowered Groups In Structuring New York’S Social Equity Cannabis Investment Fund, Nicholas Schuermann
Journal of Law and Policy
For decades, New York’s selective enforcement of cannabis prohibition has disproportionately targeted low-income Black and brown communities, resulting in mass incarceration, decimated economic opportunity, and entrenched generational harm. In 2021, New York enacted the Marihuana Regulation and Taxation Act (“MRTA”) with an explicit reparative mandate: to redress these harms by lowering barriers to enter the new recreational cannabis market for those severely impacted by prohibition. Central to this effort is the Cannabis Social Equity Investment Fund, a $200 million program designed to provide justice-impacted entrepreneurs with turnkey retail locations, low-interest loans, and business support. In practice, however, the Fund has …
Law Grapples With Its Achilles’ Heel? Uncertainties, Digital Experiments, And The Ai Frontier, Heng Wang
Law Grapples With Its Achilles’ Heel? Uncertainties, Digital Experiments, And The Ai Frontier, Heng Wang
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
The governance of digitalization—which encompasses developments such as artificial intelligence (AI) and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs)—confronts serious challenges. At the core of these challenges are uncertainties, which form the central obstacle to effective governance. These uncertainties range from cyber risks to shifting societal responses. Law, as an institutionalized framework of governance, faces mounting pressure and wrestles with a fundamental vulnerability: traditional legal frameworks struggle to address uncertainties in digitalization. To tackle the pervasive challenges of uncertainties, this article addresses two connected questions: What uncertainties does law face in governing digitalization shaped by emerging technologies? How can a learning-oriented governance …
The Silent Sound Of Drowning: Human Rights Justifications And Complex Intersectionality, Maria Grahn-Farley
The Silent Sound Of Drowning: Human Rights Justifications And Complex Intersectionality, Maria Grahn-Farley
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
This Article presents a new concept, “Human Rights Justifications,” which captures instances in which states invoke human rights to defend and legitimize their own actions. Human Rights Justifications stand in contrast to cases in which human rights are activated by an individual holding the state accountable for its actions. The difference between when a state and when an individual is the activating subject is that with the former, human rights risk serving the state in legitimizing its actions, instead of serving the individual as a protection from the state. This occurs because, when the state activates human rights, it also …
National Values Matter For Ai: Comparative Analysis Of Ai Regulations In The Us, The Eu, And China, Kaori (Furuya) Kawaguchi
National Values Matter For Ai: Comparative Analysis Of Ai Regulations In The Us, The Eu, And China, Kaori (Furuya) Kawaguchi
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to evolve rapidly, governments worldwide face increasing pressure to regulate it. This Article focuses on regulatory approaches to AI in the United States, the European Union, and China, examining the underlying rationales: why have they taken these approaches? Each jurisdiction’s unique political institutions, historical preferences, and strategic priorities shape its approach to governance. In particular, the values the jurisdiction expects in technology shape its regulation. The US adopts a decentralized, innovation-friendly model rooted in reliance on market and self-regulation in industries with its strong trust in laissez-faire philosophy; the EU asserts global leadership in regulations …
A Middle-Class New Deal: A Call To Action, Angela K. Littwin
A Middle-Class New Deal: A Call To Action, Angela K. Littwin
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
The books featured in the Debt in the Real World Symposium paint compelling portraits of American financial insecurity and distress. The fact that half of U.S. households cannot make ends meet is a devastating development, but it also presents an opportunity for making change because economic insecurity is now an “us” problem rather than a “them” problem. The next step is to organize, and as part of that process, to develop a vision of an economy that works for everyone. The title of one featured book, Michele Dickerson’s forthcoming The Middle Class New Deal, is a strong starting point because …
Missing Strugglers: Debt’S Reach, Bankruptcy’S Limits, And A Proxy For Who’S Left Out, Dalié Jiménez
Missing Strugglers: Debt’S Reach, Bankruptcy’S Limits, And A Proxy For Who’S Left Out, Dalié Jiménez
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
This essay uses Debt’s Grip as a point of departure to examine how debt operates as a system of social control in the United States. While the book offers a vivid portrait of those who file for bankruptcy, it also gestures toward a broader reality: millions of financially distressed individuals who never access relief. Drawing on legal scholarship and political theory, this Essay argues that debt disciplines individuals, fragments solidarity, and undermines democratic agency. It proposes a new metric—the ratio of debt collection lawsuits to bankruptcy filings—as a proxy for unmet need, revealing a population of “missing strugglers” visible to …
Myth Busters: A Review Of “Debt’S Grip”, Susan Block-Lieb
Myth Busters: A Review Of “Debt’S Grip”, Susan Block-Lieb
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
Debt’s Grip follows a long line of literature that looks to combat legal and cultural myths about consumer debt and consumer bankruptcy with quantitative and qualitative analysis on these topics. Who files for bankruptcy and why? Fighting longstanding myths is tough work, but Pamela Foohey, Robert M. Lawless and Deborah Thorne have marshalled a strong set of tools, and strong intellectual allies, to support this epic battle.
How And Why To Be A Strategic Debtor, Chrystin Ondersma
How And Why To Be A Strategic Debtor, Chrystin Ondersma
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
Shame and fear prevent many Americans who need debt relief from seeking it. Americans who struggle with debt should reject fear and shame and should instead feel empowered and entitled to seek relief in bankruptcy. Almost every American will need to take on debt at some point. We’re expected to use credit to acquire educations, homes, cars, and appliances—even medical care. Americans do not incur debt strategically, but rather as a matter of survival. In Dignity Not Debt, I argued that human dignity, not profits, should guide policymakers, and that our collective goal should be to end both survival debt …
Can The New Literature About Debt Make A Real Difference In The Real World?, Norman I. Silber
Can The New Literature About Debt Make A Real Difference In The Real World?, Norman I. Silber
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
Thank you for inviting me to participate in this symposium organized around a group of new books about “Debt in the Real World.” My discussion in Part I considers from a historical perspective the place these books occupy as part of a long tradition of consumer reform which has combined popular literature with scholarship to promote change. Part II then explores themes common to this new wave. Part III closes by arguing that as in earlier periods the new wave can make headway notwithstanding attacks on governmental interventions; that there may be space in our political geography for some of …
Power, Tools, And Process: Some Reflections On Bankruptcy Minimalism, Edward J. Janger
Power, Tools, And Process: Some Reflections On Bankruptcy Minimalism, Edward J. Janger
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
In Unjust Debts: How Our Bankruptcy System Makes America More Unequal, Melissa Jacoby offers a brilliant and sweeping indictment of the way in which bankruptcy law is currently practiced in the United States. As she puts it, “This book is a story of falling out of love. With a law.” Like me, Professor Jacoby came of professional age, at the close of the first age of the Bankruptcy Code. Enacted in 1978, we both learned the statute in the mid-1990s, at a time when the transformative power of the 1978 Code was reaching its peak. On the business side, corporations …
Chasing The American Dream: Young Adults In Financial Crisis, A. Mechele Dickerson
Chasing The American Dream: Young Adults In Financial Crisis, A. Mechele Dickerson
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
For nearly two decades, I have written about housing and I have chronicled why it is so hard for middle-class Americans to become homeowners. More recently, I have explored the concept of the “traditional” household (husband, wife and 2.5+ children) and stressed that, notwithstanding the substantial federal and state subsidies this household formation receives, it is no longer the norm. While the housing crisis persists, it has now metastasized into a widespread and sweeping financial and social breakdown. In my forthcoming book, The Middle-Class New Deal: Restoring Upward Mobility and the American Dream, I more broadly explore the challenges adults …
Interdisciplinary Research Is Hard And Other Lessons From Debt’S Grip, Pamela Foohey, Robert M. Lawless, Deborah Thorne
Interdisciplinary Research Is Hard And Other Lessons From Debt’S Grip, Pamela Foohey, Robert M. Lawless, Deborah Thorne
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
This symposium spotlights recent book-length treatments of household finance. Its organizers asked us to write an essay that would add to our recently published book, Debt’s Grip. At first, we were at a loss. The book documents what it means to live in financial precarity after decades of risk shifting onto households in the United States. We had spent a couple of years writing the book, which in turn is built on over a decade of teamwork in data collection. If we had something more to say, we would have said it in the book. For those looking for new …
Parenting While Mad: Altered States, Carceral Psychiatry, And The Fight For Abolitionist Access, Stefanie Lyn Kaufman-Mthimkhulu
Parenting While Mad: Altered States, Carceral Psychiatry, And The Fight For Abolitionist Access, Stefanie Lyn Kaufman-Mthimkhulu
Journal of Law and Policy
Legal and psychiatric systems respond to parents in distress-oriented altered states (often labeled “postpartum psychosis”) in ways that reveal deep structural failures. Rather than providing genuine care, these states are criminalized, pathologized, and met with coercive treatment, family separation, and surveillance. Drawing on Silvia Federici’s Caliban and the Witch, this article traces these systems to the rise of colonial-capitalist-patriarchy, when land was enclosed, reproductive labor weaponized, and community healing knowledge expropriated. Clinical mental health and family regulation systems continue this legacy today, punishing Madness, disempowering caregivers, and undermining community capacity to respond to distress. The author examines cases of postpartum …
Sterilization, Haunting And The Future Of Disability Law, Linda Steele
Sterilization, Haunting And The Future Of Disability Law, Linda Steele
Journal of Law and Policy
This article proposes that a methodology of ‘haunting’ could be used by disability rights lawyers and disability law scholars to challenge structural injustice against disabled people. The author make this argument through the example of forced sterilization. Forced sterilization pursuant to eugenics laws in the United States during the early to mid-twentieth century is a profound injustice perpetrated on disabled people which is yet to be fully reckoned with and repaired. While eugenics sterilization laws have been repealed, and some states have additionally made public apologies and introduced compensation programs, forced sterilization of disabled people continues to be perpetrated pursuant …
Democratic Integrity Under Threat: Confronting Disinformation With Legislative And Structural Reforms, Sophia Brociner
Democratic Integrity Under Threat: Confronting Disinformation With Legislative And Structural Reforms, Sophia Brociner
Journal of Law and Policy
In the modern digital era, disinformation has evolved from a political strategy into a fundamental threat to democratic governance. This Note contends that the absence of comprehensive federal legislation addressing political disinformation on social media has compromised both the integrity of elections and the public’s trust in government institutions. By analyzing the disinformation campaigns that shaped the 2016, 2020, and 2024 presidential elections, this Note demonstrates how false and AI-generated content, amplified by both foreign and domestic actors, has manipulated voters, deepened political polarization, and destabilized public confidence in democratic processes. The discussion examines how rapid technological development, insufficient regulatory …
The Heteronormative Language Of Law: The Win In Bostock And The Loss For Title Ix, Negar Khalaf
The Heteronormative Language Of Law: The Win In Bostock And The Loss For Title Ix, Negar Khalaf
Journal of Law and Policy
The struggle for equality in education begins with language. Legal categories like “sex” and “gender identity” shape who is protected and who is left behind. When the Supreme Court decided Bostock v. Clayton County, it extended protection to LGBTQ+ workers but offered no definition robust enough to secure similar rights for students under Title IX. Subsequent efforts by the Department of Education to bridge that gap—culminating in Tennessee v. Cardona and constrained by Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo—reveal the limits of agency action in a post-Chevron era. This Note calls for a legislative solution: an amended Equality Act Bill (“EAB”) …
Barbarians At The Gate Or Angels At The Crossroads? Examining The Impact Of The Uk Green Taxonomy On Private Equity Firms, Melek Redzheb, Fatjon Kaja
Barbarians At The Gate Or Angels At The Crossroads? Examining The Impact Of The Uk Green Taxonomy On Private Equity Firms, Melek Redzheb, Fatjon Kaja
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
This Article explores whether the UK Green Taxonomy will foster sustainable corporate governance in private equity-backed portfolio companies. We explore how the Taxonomy will address the greenwashing problem that plagues financial markets, including the private equity industry. Our analysis suggests that general partners will have a twofold response to the new reforms. In the short term, they will seek to address the social concerns of limited partners by negatively screening unsustainable companies and cherry-picking more sustainable ones (the so-called “exit” strategy). In the long term, however, they will adopt a dynamic strategy to transform unsustainable targets into sustainable enterprises on …
Show Me The Money: Approaches To Anti-Money Laundering Compliance For Digital Assets, Mollie Rouan
Show Me The Money: Approaches To Anti-Money Laundering Compliance For Digital Assets, Mollie Rouan
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
The European Union’s Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (“MiCA”) created a harmonized framework to regulate digital asset issuance and services that were not already covered by existing regulations. Notably, MiCA requires virtual asset providers to adhere to the Financial Action Task Force Recommendation 16 (“FATF”), also known as the Travel Rule. Though the Travel Rule has existed for almost 20 years, its application to crypto asset transfers is entirely new. The purpose of the Travel Rule is to detect and prevent money laundering and terrorist financing, but its application to cryptocurrency wallet transactions is criticized for being overly burdensome and invasive …
The Dubious Role Of Institutional Investors In Driving The Green Transition: Legal And Economic Constraints, Giovanni Strampelli
The Dubious Role Of Institutional Investors In Driving The Green Transition: Legal And Economic Constraints, Giovanni Strampelli
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
There is a well-established trend that the process of transition to a sustainable economic growth model marked by the pursuit of environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) objectives has large companies at its center, which are considered an essential hub for this purpose given their weight in the global economy. In this context, the role of shareholders, especially institutional investors, plays an important role. Indeed, it is widely recognized that they, having an increasing prominence in the shareholder base of large, listed companies, can push these public companies to adopt more virtuous conduct in the areas of, among others, environmental protection …
Emission Impossible: Challenging The Imposition Of New York City’S Local Law 97, Daniel Lopiccolo
Emission Impossible: Challenging The Imposition Of New York City’S Local Law 97, Daniel Lopiccolo
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law
New York City’s Local Law 97 was passed by the City Council in 2019 with the goal of reducing citywide carbon emissions. The law imposes civil penalties on property owners whose buildings fail to comply with carbon emissions limits stipulated by the city. While the law admirably aims to minimize New York’s carbon footprint, its present burden is excessive and disproportionate to the offense committed, making the cost of affording lower and middle-class housing units increasingly untenable for many New Yorkers, especially for property owners in co-op and condo communities. Many such as Glen Oaks Village Owners, Inc., the plaintiffs …
A Continued Celebration Of The Festschrift Honoring Professor Larry Solan, Alexa A. Panganiban
A Continued Celebration Of The Festschrift Honoring Professor Larry Solan, Alexa A. Panganiban
Journal of Law and Policy
Introduction
When Poison Is On The Menu: Proposing The Adoption Of Ireland’S Stricter Allergen Regulations In America’S Food Establishments, Katherine Fitzgerald
When Poison Is On The Menu: Proposing The Adoption Of Ireland’S Stricter Allergen Regulations In America’S Food Establishments, Katherine Fitzgerald
Journal of Law and Policy
In the modern era, a growing number of children and adults have been diagnosed with deadly food allergies. For the approximately 33 million Americans who have at least one food allergy, restaurants, aside from the home, are the most likely place where deadly reactions could occur. In order to adapt to this expanding and sensitive population, the federal government should pass legislation that protects these citizens from suffering a preventable, untimely death. Luckily, the legislators of the European Union, and specifically Ireland, have already put food labeling legislation in place that serves to protect those with food allergies. This Irish …
Pragmatics And Textualism, Lawrence B. Solum
Pragmatics And Textualism, Lawrence B. Solum
Journal of Law and Policy
In theoretical linguistics the word “pragmatics” refers to the roles of context and communicative intentions in the production of meaning. Those roles include contextual disambiguation and the communication of implicit content via what is called “pragmatic enrichment.” Textualism is sometimes characterized as the view that the meaning of statutory texts should not take context into account, but that characterization is incorrect. Not only do self-identified textualists explicitly maintain that context should be considered when interpreting statutes—all good textualists must do so. Absent consideration of context, the meaning of statutory texts would be pervasively ambiguous, sparse, and incomplete. Good textualism requires …