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Articles 91 - 120 of 180
Full-Text Articles in Land Use Law
Municipal Corporations - Zoning - Disqualification Of Councilman For Personal Interest, Joel N. Simon
Municipal Corporations - Zoning - Disqualification Of Councilman For Personal Interest, Joel N. Simon
Michigan Law Review
An amendatory zoning ordinance was enacted by the city council of Miami Beach for the purpose of changing the zoning of an extensive area fronting on the Atlantic Ocean from a private residential to a hotel district. The amendment received the required affirmative votes of five of the seven members of the council, including the vote of one councilman who owned land in the area affected by the amendment which would be increased in value by $500,000 because of the zoning change. Plaintiffs, owners of near-by property, filed suit in the circuit court to have the amendatory ordinance declared invalid …
Landowners' Rights In The Air Age: The Airport Dilemma, William B. Harvey
Landowners' Rights In The Air Age: The Airport Dilemma, William B. Harvey
Michigan Law Review
If Lord Tennyson had been a student of the common law, he might well have qualified his poetic foresight of "the heavens fill[ed] with commerce" by some cautious reference to the complaints of landowners below against the "pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales." The result doubtless would have been poorer poetry but a far more accurate forecast of the problems to confront mid-20th century lawyers. Although the phenomenal growth of civil aviation since the first World War has opened up a host of difficulties, the only ones of concern in this article are those presenting the …
Municipal Corporations - Zoning - The Granting Of A Variance Based On Unnecessary Hardship, Frank D. Jacobs S.Ed.
Municipal Corporations - Zoning - The Granting Of A Variance Based On Unnecessary Hardship, Frank D. Jacobs S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Defendant purchased a tract of vacant land located in the most highly restricted residence zone of his city. The local zoning ordinance prescribed minimum area, width, and depth measurements for building plots in that district. Defendant desired to subdivide the property into two building plots in order to build a one-family residence on each plot. Although the first plot complied with the minimum requirements of the ordinance, the other plot was deficient in area and depth measurements. Defendant was unsuccessful in his attempts both to purchase adjoining land and to sell parts of his property to adjoining owners. He then …
Eminent Domain - Restrictive Covenants - Compensability Of Equitable Servitudes, Thomas A. Troyer
Eminent Domain - Restrictive Covenants - Compensability Of Equitable Servitudes, Thomas A. Troyer
Michigan Law Review
During appellee sanitation district's negotiations for the purchase of a tract of land owned by one Peterson, the eighteen appellants and thirty-seven other owners of land in the vicinity of Peterson's tract executed with Peterson and each other reciprocal covenants whereby each party agreed that his land should be restricted to certain uses, the use contemplated by appellee for Peterson's land being specifically excluded. When appellee and Peterson failed to reach an agreement in their negotiations and appellee filed a petition for condemnation of the land, appellants presented a cross-petition to the trial court, requesting that they be allowed to …
Real Property - Easements - Implied Easement Of Access , Created By Conveyance With Reference To Plat, As Surviving Vacation Of Street, Allen Dewey
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff sued to recover his deposit and search fee on a contract for the purchase of lands, a valuable part of which lay within the limits of two vacated streets. He contended the title was unmarketable because all owners of lands conveyed with reference to a plat showing these streets had by those conveyances acquired easements of access which survived the subsequent vacation of the streets by municipal authorities. The vacated streets had never been used and there were no physical indicia of them. Evidence showed all the lots on the map had access to the public highway system without …
Municipal Corporations - Zoning - Exclusion Of Churches From Residential Area, William R. Luney S.Ed.
Municipal Corporations - Zoning - Exclusion Of Churches From Residential Area, William R. Luney S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
In two recent New York cases churches sought permits to use residential property for church purposes, including worship, social gatherings, construction of an adjacent parking lot, and, in one case, establishment of a school and playground. In each case the zoning board denied the permit on grounds that a church would change the residential character of the neighborhood, decrease the enjoyment of neighboring property, depreciate property values, and that the contemplated use of the property for other than worship was prohibited by the ordinance. The lower court upheld the decisions of both zoning boards. On appeal to the New York …
Constitutional Law - Eminent Domain - Condemnation Of Riparian Lands Under The Commerce Power, George F. Lynch S.Ed.
Constitutional Law - Eminent Domain - Condemnation Of Riparian Lands Under The Commerce Power, George F. Lynch S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
The power of the United States to regulate commerce comprehends a right to control navigation and the means of navigation. To the extent necessary for the enjoyment of this power the government may condemn riparian property. The federal power of eminent domain is limited by the mandate of the Fifth Amendment which requires just compensation for private property taken for a public use. Usually, the standard of just compensation is the market value of the property, taking into consideration the most profitable uses for which the property is suited and likely to be used at the time of the taking, …
Parsons, Penn, Raup: Land Tenure, John C. Payne
Parsons, Penn, Raup: Land Tenure, John C. Payne
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Land Tenure. Edited by Kenneth H. Parsons, Raymond J. Penn and Philip M. Raup.
Future Interests - Possibilities Of Reverter - Constitutionality Of Retroactive Limitation, Paul A. Heinen S.Ed.
Future Interests - Possibilities Of Reverter - Constitutionality Of Retroactive Limitation, Paul A. Heinen S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
The township school trustees brought actions under the Reverter Act to have the possibilities of reverter contained in the deeds to two currently unused school tracts declared invalid. In each case the trial court held that the possibility of reverter was alienable and that the Reverter Act was unconstitutional, being an ex post facto law and in violation of the due process clauses of the state and federal Constitutions. On appeal, held, reversed. Since possibilities of reverter in Illinois are merely expectancies subject to change, modification, or abolition by legislative action, the act does not result in an unconstitutional …
Constitutional Law - Equal Protection - Determinable Fee As Devise To Impose Racial Restrictions On Use Of Land, Charles B. Renfrew S.Ed.
Constitutional Law - Equal Protection - Determinable Fee As Devise To Impose Racial Restrictions On Use Of Land, Charles B. Renfrew S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Land was conveyed by deed to the Park and Recreation Commission, a municipal corporation. The grant was in the nature of a determinable fee, with the land to revert to the grantor if it was ever used by members of any race other than the white race. Members of the colored race petitioned the Park and Recreation Commission for permission to use the recreational facilities erected on the land conveyed and the commission then sought a declaratory judgment as to the legal effect of the possibility of reverter contained in the deed, joining the petitioners and the grantors of the …
Real Property - The Effect Of Zoning Ordinances On The Law Of Nuisance, Robert B. Fiske, Jr. S.Ed.
Real Property - The Effect Of Zoning Ordinances On The Law Of Nuisance, Robert B. Fiske, Jr. S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
One of the most interesting and least explored questions in the law of property is the effect of zoning ordinances on the law of nuisance. Particularly interesting is the extent to which statutory authorization by zoning can legalize a use of land which, in the absence of a zoning ordinance, would constitute a nuisance. In order to understand this problem fully it is necessary to begin with a general analysis of the law of nuisance and the various classifications into which it has been divided by the courts.
Mcdermott: Deskbook On Land Titles And Land Law, Allan F. Smith
Mcdermott: Deskbook On Land Titles And Land Law, Allan F. Smith
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Deskbook on Land Titles and Land Law. By Thomas J. McDermott.
Constitutional Law - Public Use Requirement And The Power Of Eminent Domain, Donald F. Oosterhouse S.Ed.
Constitutional Law - Public Use Requirement And The Power Of Eminent Domain, Donald F. Oosterhouse S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Under the District of Columbia Redevelopment Act, an agency was created to redevelop blighted and slum areas. Pursuant to the mode of operation prescribed in the statute, the agency intended to purchase or take by eminent domain all the property in the vicinity of appellant's property. After getting title to all the property the agency was to lease or sell it to private enterprisers to redevelop the area according to the agency's comprehensive plan, which specified definite boundaries for various uses. Appellant brought this action to enjoin the condemnation of his business property, claiming that the statute was unconstitutional because …
Boundaries: Description V. Survey, Olin L. Browder, Jr.
Boundaries: Description V. Survey, Olin L. Browder, Jr.
Michigan Law Review
These propositions I first encountered as a student in law school. At that time they struck me as rather startling propositions, which could not be reconciled with other things I had learned about the law of conveyancing. I do not recall exactly how they were disposed of: whether they were to be regarded as the law on the subject or merely as a couple of striking aberrations. There were too many other matters demanding attention at that time to allow much fretting over so small a question. Upon returning to the classroom some years later-but now sitting on the other …
Municipal Corporations - Zoning - Amortization Of Existing Noncomforming Uses, James W. Beatty S.Ed.
Municipal Corporations - Zoning - Amortization Of Existing Noncomforming Uses, James W. Beatty S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
ln 1930 defendant Gage acquired several lots in the City of Los Angeles. He constructed a residential building in which he established a wholesale and retail plumbing business, using one room as an office for the conduct of his business. Also used in the business were a garage and racks, bins, and stalls for the storage of materials and supplies. The use to which defendant put the property was permitted under the applicable zoning ordinance of 1930. Later the ordinance was changed so as to make defendant's use of both lots nonconforming. In 1946 another rezoning ordinance provided that the …
Constitutional Law- Zoning - Private High Schools Excluded From Zone In Which Public High Schools Permitted, William D. Keeler S.Ed.
Constitutional Law- Zoning - Private High Schools Excluded From Zone In Which Public High Schools Permitted, William D. Keeler S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Among the uses permitted in the "A" residence zone by the Wauwatosa, Wisconsin zoning ordinance were "(e) Public Schools and Private Elementary Schools." The city building inspector denied to plaintiff, a private, non-profit religious corporation, a permit for the construction of a private high school in that zone. Plaintiff brought an action in mandamus to compel the issuance of such a permit, alleging that the ordinance deprived plaintiff of property without due process of law, and denied to it the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The lower court granted the writ. On appeal, held, …
Real Property - Compensation For Abrogation Of A Restrictive Covenant By Public Authority, Howard N. Thiele, Jr. S.Ed.
Real Property - Compensation For Abrogation Of A Restrictive Covenant By Public Authority, Howard N. Thiele, Jr. S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
It is the purpose of this comment to examine the legal consequences produced when the tranquility of the residential district is disturbed by governmental action.
Real Property - Easements - Right To Take Water From A Pond As Absolute, Exclusive Profit In Gross, Stephen J. Martin S.Ed.
Real Property - Easements - Right To Take Water From A Pond As Absolute, Exclusive Profit In Gross, Stephen J. Martin S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
One Divine owned a small natural lake and a mill nearby. He dammed the lake, and ran a pipe from it to his mill. At times he sold water after it left the mill to defendant's assignor, who owned a hotel near the mill. In 1919 Divine sold the lake to plaintiff's assignor, reserving to himself the right to dam the lake and draw off water from it, so long as the level stayed between high and low water marks. Then Divine sold the mill lot to defendant's assignor, who closed it down, but continued to take water through the …
Future Interests - Effect Of Change Of Conditions On Rights Of Entry And Possibilities Of Reverter Created To Control The Use Of Land, Rinaldo L. Bianchi
Future Interests - Effect Of Change Of Conditions On Rights Of Entry And Possibilities Of Reverter Created To Control The Use Of Land, Rinaldo L. Bianchi
Michigan Law Review
It is the purpose of this comment to examine the skills which courts have developed to avoid inequitable results which might arise from forfeiture of estates, and, further, to attempt to demonstrate that judicial opinion may be in a transitional stage, tending to incorporate into law the equitable doctrine of change of conditions in disposing of cases involving rights of entry and possibilities of reverter.
Defeasance As A Restrictive Device In Michigan, William F. Fratcher
Defeasance As A Restrictive Device In Michigan, William F. Fratcher
Michigan Law Review
Quite apart from any question of their validity, the imposition of use restrictions by means of a prohibition was not practicable before the development of equitable remedies because the common law afforded no method of enforcing such a prohibition. One who conveyed land in violation of a prohibition on alienation might attempt to enforce the prohibition by attacking the validity of his own conveyance but one who violated a prohibition on use had neither motive nor method for challenging his own acts. Hence attempts to restrict use by common law devices are necessarily confined to penalty restraints and to limitations …
Waters And Watercourses-Fishing-Right Of Public In Floatable Streams
Waters And Watercourses-Fishing-Right Of Public In Floatable Streams
Michigan Law Review
Through defendants' lands flowed a stream, a little over thirty feet in width and averaging in depth approximately one foot. It had a flow of less than fifty cubic feet per second. The stream was not capable of "commercial travel by any kind of boat" and it was doubtful whether it was "practical to use a boat on it in fishing." Some testimony indicated that in logging days some loose timber had been floated down the stream, but it was also testified by oldsters that it was "never possible to run logs down the stream without the use of dams." …
Constitutional Law - Special Assessments - Property Owner's Right To Hearing Under Due Process Clause - Legislative Determination Of Benefits, Richard S. Brawerman
Constitutional Law - Special Assessments - Property Owner's Right To Hearing Under Due Process Clause - Legislative Determination Of Benefits, Richard S. Brawerman
Michigan Law Review
The California legislature created the Los Angeles Flood Control District, empowered a board of supervisors to construct improvements and acquire property necessary or useful for carrying out the purposes of the act, and provided for the organization of drainage districts within the flood control district. An amendatory act provided that the board of supervisors might accept a transfer of "all, but not less than all," improvements of defined classes lying within the flood control district, whereupon the district should become liable for principal and interest of bonds afterward maturing which had been issued by any drainage district to cover the …
Covenants - Effect Of Change Of Conditions On Equitable Restrictions, Dan K. Cook
Covenants - Effect Of Change Of Conditions On Equitable Restrictions, Dan K. Cook
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff was a lot owner in a residential district consisting of twenty-three blocks. Each lot in the district was subject to a restriction, imposed by the grantor, which limited the use of the lots to residence purposes. Subsequent to the imposition of this restriction, numerous oil and gas wells had been drilled in the territory surrounding the district, so that the lots in the district had depreciated in value approximately thirty-five to fifty per cent. By ordinance, the use zoning area which included the district had been changed from a residence use to an oil and gas use. At the …
Municipal Corporations - Police Power - Billboard Regulations For Aesthetic Purposes, Bertram H. Lebeis
Municipal Corporations - Police Power - Billboard Regulations For Aesthetic Purposes, Bertram H. Lebeis
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff applied to defendant superintendent of buildings for permits to erect billboards for general advertising purposes on plaintiff's, property in the city of Troy. Defendant refused to issue the permits on the authority of an ordinance which made it unlawful to erect any billboard and/ or signboard within the city limits, except upon real property owned or leased by the occupants thereof and for the sole purpose of advertising the sale of such property or of merchandise kept for sale upon such premises. Plaintiff petitioned for a writ of mandamus to compel defendant to issue the permits. Held, that …
Constitutional Law - Zoning - Amendment Of Zoning Ordinance As Impairing Vested Rights, Ralph Winkler
Constitutional Law - Zoning - Amendment Of Zoning Ordinance As Impairing Vested Rights, Ralph Winkler
Michigan Law Review
The town plan commission amended the municipal zoning ordinance to permit the erection of an incinerator in a class C residence district. The particular tract upon which the incinerator was to be located had been a municipal garbage dump, and as such, a non-conforming use under the zoning ordinance. The board of health by ordinance declared the garbage dump to be a nuisance. The facts revealed there was an immediate need to dispose of the garbage, etc.; that the erection of an incinerator was the best means of so doing; that the proposed site was a suitable location; that the …
Eminent Domain - Public Housing And Slum Clearance As A "Public Use", Wayne E. Babler
Eminent Domain - Public Housing And Slum Clearance As A "Public Use", Wayne E. Babler
Michigan Law Review
The recent legislation providing for housing and slum clearance raises the interesting and practical problem of whether a taking of land for such housing and slum clearance purposes by means of an eminent domain proceeding is condemnation for a "public use," within the meaning of that term in eminent domain proceedings. Such a taking was held to be for a public use in the recent case of Spahn v. Stewart.
Constitutional Law - Zoning Ordinances Prohibiting Repair Of Existing Structures, William F. Fratcher
Constitutional Law - Zoning Ordinances Prohibiting Repair Of Existing Structures, William F. Fratcher
Michigan Law Review
The rapid development and expansion of the zoning movement during the last ten years has been directed mainly toward guiding new construction in accordance with modern ideals of city planning. There has been, however, a concomitant attempt to restrict the use and repair of existing structures which, if built after its passage, would not conform to the provisions of the zoning ordinance. This at first glance may seem only an insignificant part of the whole zoning problem. But when it is considered, from the point of view of city planners, that it is nearly impossible to make a high grade. …
Municipal Corporations-Fencing Ordinances
Municipal Corporations-Fencing Ordinances
Michigan Law Review
Defendant city passed an ordinance which prohibited the erection of fences that exceeded four feet in height, or which were composed wholly or in part of barbed wire. Plaintiff was refused permission to build a woven wire fence, six feet high with barbed wire attached to arms extending inward at the top. Plaintiff thereupon sued to enjoin defendant city from enforcing this ordinance, claiming that it deprived her of property without "due process." Held, by the court, that the right to fence one's land is a right of property that cannot be unreasonably interfered with. The ordinance in question …
Future Interests - Effect Of Eminent Domain Proceedings
Future Interests - Effect Of Eminent Domain Proceedings
Michigan Law Review
This study is concerned with the effect of condemnation proceedings upon future interests. The problems which arise are chiefly whether the owner of a future interest has such an interest in land as to be awarded a share of the fund given as compensation for the land, and if he does have such an interest as to be awarded a share, how it will be determined or apportioned to him and at what time. The first part of the study is a consideration of the question: what types of future interests are compensable? The second part involves an examination of …
Municipal Corporations-Regulation Of Gas Stations-Delegation To Property Owners Of Power To Modify Zoning Restrictions
Michigan Law Review
A city ordinance prohibited the installation of gasoline filling stations within the city except after obtaining the written consent of 51 per cent of the property owners within a radius of six hundred feet from the site. Relator, without obtaining the required consent, asked for a writ of mandamus, which was refused. The court held the regulation not arbitrary but substantially relating to the public safety and welfare, and not a delegation of legislative powers. State ex rel. Standard Oil Co. v. Combs, 129 Ohio St. 251, 194 N. E. 875 (1935).