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Articles 121 - 150 of 155
Full-Text Articles in Judges
Beyond Merit Selection, Luke Bierman
Beyond Merit Selection, Luke Bierman
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Article reviews some of the factors that have diminished the appeal of merit selection for judges. It examines why merit selection has never been an entirely successful answer for reformers looking for nonpartisan solutions. It advocates addressing other aspects of the judicial office to promote judicial independence. It concludes by suggesting that there be an educational credential for becoming a judge. Such a solution, it is argued, would offer legitimacy to judicial aspirants and would provide independent, accountable, impartial, and well-trained judges regardless of selection method.
In The Eye Of The Hurricane: Florida Courts, Judicial Independence, And Politics, Drew Noble Lanier, Roger Handberg
In The Eye Of The Hurricane: Florida Courts, Judicial Independence, And Politics, Drew Noble Lanier, Roger Handberg
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Article discusses the concept of judicial independence, the political nature of the courts, and efforts to insulate the courts from the ordinary politics engulfing the popularly elected branches. It reviews Florida's political history and changing political landscape. It traces the development of the state's judicial selection processes and ties them to current legislation being considered. It concludes by discussing the likely consequences of the efforts to diminish the insulation the the Florida courts enjoy from the politics of the day.
Reflections Upon Judicial Independence As We Approach The Bicentennial Of Marbury V. Madison: Safeguarding The Constitution's "Crown Jewel", Honorable Gerald E. Rosen, Kyle W. Harding
Reflections Upon Judicial Independence As We Approach The Bicentennial Of Marbury V. Madison: Safeguarding The Constitution's "Crown Jewel", Honorable Gerald E. Rosen, Kyle W. Harding
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Article traces the history of judicial independence from the drafting of the Constitution and the Supreme Court's articulation of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. It addresses the obstacles encountered during the ratification process and the reaction to the Marbury decision. The Article then summarizes the continued challenges to judicial independence, from President Roosevelt's "court-packing" plan to characterizations of judicial activism in Lochner v. New York. The Article concludes by warning that judges must remain vigilant against the impact of the highly partisan political process and the advent of powerful special interest groups.
The Walking Judge From Alabama, The Honorable Pamela Willis Baschab
The Walking Judge From Alabama, The Honorable Pamela Willis Baschab
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This anecdotal Article is the story of the Honorable Pamela Willis Baschab's campaign for Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court. Judge Baschab, in an effort to speak out against the influence of special interest groups in the Alabama judicial system, walked from one end of Alabama to the other. She describes her progression through the Alabama legal system, her campaign trail (literally), and her experiences with different people along the way.
Preserving Judicial Independence: An Exegesis, Alfred P. Carlton, Jr.
Preserving Judicial Independence: An Exegesis, Alfred P. Carlton, Jr.
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Article covers the critical issue of judicial independence. The ABA's Commission on Separation of Powers and Judicial Independence issued a report that expressed concern over threats to judicial independence in the states. It poses a number of solutions, including campaign finance reform, non-partisan elections, and merit-based selection.
May Judges Attend Privately Funded Educational Programs? Should Judicial Education Be Privatized?: Questions Of Judicial Ethics And Policy, Bruce A. Green
May Judges Attend Privately Funded Educational Programs? Should Judicial Education Be Privatized?: Questions Of Judicial Ethics And Policy, Bruce A. Green
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Article addresses questions of judicial ethics raised by privately-funded judicial seminars and how they are answered by existing legal and ethical standards. It discusses the relevant restrictions and describes the courts' interpretations. The Article concludes that these interpretations are rooted in reasonable understandings of the current restrictions. It questions whether or not the current standards and processes are sufficient.
Judging Judges: Securing Judicial Independence By Use Of Judicial Performance Evaluations, Penny J. White
Judging Judges: Securing Judicial Independence By Use Of Judicial Performance Evaluations, Penny J. White
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Article discusses judicial performance evaluations as a check on judicial independence. It covers numerous performance evaluation options for measuring accountability, such as bar and media polls, state judicial evaluation programs, and the ABA Guidelines for judicial performance. It discusses the pros and cons of these options. It concludes that the information provided by state judicial performance evaluations offers valuable insight into judicial criticisms and can give voters appropriate criteria to consider in judicial elections.
Designated Diffidence: District Court Judges On The Courts Of Appeals Papers Of General Interest, James J. Brudney, Corey Distlear
Designated Diffidence: District Court Judges On The Courts Of Appeals Papers Of General Interest, James J. Brudney, Corey Distlear
Faculty Scholarship
Since 1980, District CourtJudges, designated pursuant to federal statute, have helped decide over 75,000 court of appeals cases-nearly one of every five merits decisions. Although scholars and judges have warned that the presence of these visitors on appellate panels may undermine consistency, legitimacy, or collegiality, little empirical evidence exists related to such concerns. Working with an especially complete data set of labor law opinions, the authors found that district court visitors perform in a much more diffident fashion than their appellate colleagues. They contribute notably fewer majority opinions and dissents. In addition, their participations do not reflect their professional or …
Stalking Secret Law: What Predicts Publication In The United States Courts Of Appeals , Deborah J. Merritt, James J. Brudney
Stalking Secret Law: What Predicts Publication In The United States Courts Of Appeals , Deborah J. Merritt, James J. Brudney
Faculty Scholarship
Nearly four fifths of federal court of appeals opinions are unpublished. For more than 25 years, judges and scholars have debated the wisdom and fairness of this body of "secret" law. The debate over unpublished opinions recently intensified when the Eighth Circuit held that the Constitution requires courts to give these opinions precedential value. Despite continued controversy over unpublished opinions, limited empirical evidence exists on the nature of those opinions. Working with an especially complete dataset of labor law opinions and multivariate statistical methods, we were able to identify the factors that predict publication. Some of those factors, such as …
Rational Recreation And The Law: The Transformation Of Popular Urban Leisure In Victorian England , Rachel Vorspan
Rational Recreation And The Law: The Transformation Of Popular Urban Leisure In Victorian England , Rachel Vorspan
Faculty Scholarship
In this article, Rachel Vorspan investigates the complex role played by the courts in the social and cultural transformation of Victorian England. Through focusing on judicial rulings in the recreational as well as political and industrial contexts she explains how the English judiciary played an important function in "rationalizing" the major institutions and practices of urban leisure
Discontinuous Tradition Of Sentencing Discretion: Koon's Failure To Recognize The Reshaping Of Judicial Discretion Under The Guidelines, The, Ian Weinstein
Faculty Scholarship
Can a judge exercise discretion and follow the law? Some think it impossible, seeing discretion as the opposite of law. Others have harmonized the two ideas, viewing discretion as the exercise of judgment according to and within the bounds of the law. Those who decry judicial discretion urge legislatures to enact more specific laws and leave less room for the vice of inconsistent results. Those who defend discretion would channel it to achieve the virtue of individualized justice. The tension between individualization and uniformity in the law is often unnecessarily heightened by an inadequate analysis of judicial discretion. The exercise …
Tribute To Justice Stewart G. Pollock, A A Tribute To Justice Stewart G. Pollock, Howard M. Erichson
Tribute To Justice Stewart G. Pollock, A A Tribute To Justice Stewart G. Pollock, Howard M. Erichson
Faculty Scholarship
Stewart Pollock knows how to make a play. On his favorite kind of court - the kind with a net in the middle - he can set up the winning volley with a perfectly placed approach shot. On the court on which he served for the past twenty years, the New Jersey Supreme Court, Justice Pollock proved himself an equally gifted playmaker, earning a reputation as one who could forge consensus through judicial craftsmanship and common sense. Appellate judging is a team sport, though one would hardly know it by looking at recent United States Supreme Court cases, with all …
Judicial Hostility Toward Labor Unions--Applying The Social Background Model To A Celebrated Concern , James J. Brudney, Sara Schiavoni, Deborah J. Merritt
Judicial Hostility Toward Labor Unions--Applying The Social Background Model To A Celebrated Concern , James J. Brudney, Sara Schiavoni, Deborah J. Merritt
Faculty Scholarship
Brudney, Schiavoni, and Merritt address an important debate dividing lawyers And political scientists: To what extent do extra doctrinal factors such as political party, gender, and professional experience influence judicial decision making? They analyze an area of law, decisions interpreting the National Labor Relations Act, that has long been characterized by assertions of Judicial bias. By including every federal court of appeals decision applying the Act over a seven year period, and controlling for both deference to the administrative agency and differences among issues arising under the Act, the authors are able to identify previously undetected influences on judicial decision …
Forward: Is There A Threat To Judicial Independence In The United States Today?, Maria L. Marcus
Forward: Is There A Threat To Judicial Independence In The United States Today?, Maria L. Marcus
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This foreword gives a brief background on the panel discussion to ensue, which illustrates the dilemma surrounding the external pressure public criticism places on judges and how it affects judicial independence.
Is There A Threat To Judicial Independence In The United States Today? Roundtable Discussion, Roundtable Discussion
Is There A Threat To Judicial Independence In The United States Today? Roundtable Discussion, Roundtable Discussion
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This roundtable discussion poses the question of whether there is a threat to judicial independence in the United States today and, if so, what it is, to a panel of five judges composed of Honorable William H. Walls, Honorable Edward R. Becker, Honorable Morton I. Greenberg, Honorable Jan E. DuBois, and Honorable Stanley Sporkin. Some discuss what they consider the great stall by a partisan majority Senate to confirm judicial nominations, while others argue they have encountered no threat to their judicial independence, which allows for unpopular decisions to be made. Another concern discussed is that for state judges that …
Judicial Efficiency: Is There A Vacancy Crisis Threatening The Nation's Judicial System?, Panel Discussion
Judicial Efficiency: Is There A Vacancy Crisis Threatening The Nation's Judicial System?, Panel Discussion
Fordham Urban Law Journal
A panel composed of Honorable John F. Keenan, Michael Armstrong, Otto Obermaier, Honorable Michael Schattman, and Stephan Kline discuss whether the vacancy rate in the judiciary threatens erosion of the quality of justice. The panelists discuss whether the problem involves the White House's inability to work with the Senate Judiciary Committee, people of different persuasions, to move judicial candidates along. They also discuss how our system is dependent upon people who are older (senior judges), who are retired, who are entitled to move on, having to fill the vacancies. The panel discussion was followed by a short ceremony to unveil …
Multiracial Discourse: Racial Classifications In An Era Of Color-Blind Jurisprudence, Tanya K. Hernandez
Multiracial Discourse: Racial Classifications In An Era Of Color-Blind Jurisprudence, Tanya K. Hernandez
Faculty Scholarship
This Article analyzes the widespread legal ramifications of the Multiracial Category Movement (MCM) and assesses whether the MCM's proposal effectively advances its stated goal of promoting racial equality. After analyzing the legal import of multiracial discourse, the Article determines that the MCM misperception of race and its fluidity inadvertently furthers the progression of color-blind jurisprudence in direct contravention of the MCM goal of promoting racial equality. Part I provides background and identifies the motivating forces behind the MCM as a color-blind movement. Part II critiques the MCM for its adverse effects upon racial justice efforts in furthering the manner in …
Of Labor Law And Dissonance Colloquy, James J. Brudney
Of Labor Law And Dissonance Colloquy, James J. Brudney
Faculty Scholarship
What accounts for the dissonance between the meaning of our national labor law, as decreed primarily by federal judges, and the social and economic realities of workplace relationships addressed by that law? In his darkly eloquent commentary, Professor Getman acknowledges that such dissonance is not unique to the law governing labor-management relations. Yet the courts' often mistrustful approach toward employee rights under the National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA" or "Act") has had a special impact. The NLRA emerged at a time of social turbulence, and was based on a recognized need to redress the fundamental inequality of bargaining power …
Temper In The Court: A Forum On Judicial Civility, Norman Greene, Robert Tembeckjian, Ellen Carni, Ron Kuby
Temper In The Court: A Forum On Judicial Civility, Norman Greene, Robert Tembeckjian, Ellen Carni, Ron Kuby
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Transcript of a panel discussion concerning the need for judges to be more civil to litigants. What is the floor below which judicial intemperance is not acceptable and the ceiling, that is, what judges should aspire to.
A Perspecive On "Temper In The Court: A Forum On Judicial Civility", Norman L. Greene
A Perspecive On "Temper In The Court: A Forum On Judicial Civility", Norman L. Greene
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Essay focuses on the issue of judicial civility, which is not about the merits of any particular decision or an improvement in decision-making, but an aim to improve the tone of justice in the courts. Despite the fact that the Code of Judicial Conduct mandates temperance as part of a judge's job, abusive judge behavior has become too common.
Tragic Irony Of American Federalism: National Sovereignty Versus State Sovereignty In Slavery And In Freedom, The Federalism In The 21st Century: Historical Perspectives, Robert J. Kaczorowski
Tragic Irony Of American Federalism: National Sovereignty Versus State Sovereignty In Slavery And In Freedom, The Federalism In The 21st Century: Historical Perspectives, Robert J. Kaczorowski
Faculty Scholarship
A plurality on the Supreme Court seeks to establish a state-sovereignty based theory of federalism that imposes sharp limitations on Congress's legislative powers. Using history as authority, they admonish a return to the constitutional "first principles" of the Founders. These "first principles," in their view, attribute all governmental authority to "the consent of the people of each individual state, not the consent of the undifferentiated people of the Nation as a whole." Because the people of each state are the source of all governmental power, they maintain, "where the Constitution is silent about the exercise of a particular power-that is, …
Chase Court And Fundamental Rights: A Watershed In American Constitutionalism, The , Robert J. Kaczorowski
Chase Court And Fundamental Rights: A Watershed In American Constitutionalism, The , Robert J. Kaczorowski
Faculty Scholarship
Three weeks before he died in May 1873, the frail and ailing Salmon P. Chase joined three of his brethren in dissent in one of the most important cases ever decided by the United States Supreme Court, the Slaughter-House Cases.1 This decision was a watershed in United States constitutional history for several reasons. Doctrinally, it represented a rejection of the virtually unanimous decisions of the lower federal courts upholding the constitutionality of revolutionary federal civil rights laws enacted in the aftermath of the Civil War. Institutionally, it was an example of extraordinary judicial activism in overriding the legislative will of …
Women Judges And Better Justice For All, John D. Feerick
Women Judges And Better Justice For All, John D. Feerick
Faculty Scholarship
According to the most recent report of The New York Judicial Committee on Women in the Courts, published in October 1992, out of a total of 1,129 judges, only 183 are female. It is clear women are under-represented in the judiciary. Decisive action is required in order to increase opportunities for women to become judges. In January 1992, Governor Cuomo's Task Force on Judicial Diversity ("the Task Force") issued its report. The Task Force strongly supported diversity and set forth compelling reasons why a diverse bench is in the public interest. The report reminded us that "diversity is vital because …
Impeachment Exception To The Exclusionary Rules: Policies, Principles, And Politics, The , James L. Kainen
Impeachment Exception To The Exclusionary Rules: Policies, Principles, And Politics, The , James L. Kainen
Faculty Scholarship
The exclusionary evidence rules derived from the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments continue to play an important role in constitutional criminal procedure, despite the intense controversy that surrounds them. The primary justification for these rules has shifted from an "imperative of judicial integrity" to the "deterrence of police conduct that violates... [constitutional] rights." Regardless of the justification it uses for the rules' existence, the Supreme Court continues to limit their breadth "at the margin," when "the acknowledged costs to other values vital to a rational system of criminal justice" outweigh the deterrent effects of exclusion. The most notable limitation on …
Makers And Receivers: Judicial Heresy And The Tempting Of America, Charles Kelbley
Makers And Receivers: Judicial Heresy And The Tempting Of America, Charles Kelbley
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Essay examines "The Tempting of America" in three stages: Section II briefly summarizes the major themes of the book along three principal lines that parallel the book's three parts: Bork's critique of the Supreme Court, his concept of correct and incorrect legal theory and his assessment of the treatment he received from the media and the Senate Judiciary Committee. Each of these topics deserves serious consideration, but the ultimate concern of this Essay is Bork's theoretical chapters, not his historical and political arguments. Section III examines problems that Bork's judicial philosophy raises from the perspectives of history, jurisprudence, and, …
Common-Law Background Of Nineteenth-Century Tort Law, The , Robert J. Kaczorowski
Common-Law Background Of Nineteenth-Century Tort Law, The , Robert J. Kaczorowski
Faculty Scholarship
A century ago Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., examined the history of negligence in search of a general theory of tort. He concluded that from the earliest times in England, the basis of tort liability was fault, or the failure to exercise due care. Liability for an injury to another arose whenever the defendant failed "to use such care as a prudent man would use under the circumstances.” A decade ago Morton J. Horwitz reexamined the history of negligence for the same purpose and concluded that negligence was not originally understood as carelessness or fault. Rather, negligence meant "neglect or failure …
Report: Foreword, John D. Feerick, Cyrus Vance
Report: Foreword, John D. Feerick, Cyrus Vance
Faculty Scholarship
The last few years have been particularly bad for government integrity in New York. Since 1985, New York City has been rocked by a series of highly publicized scandals, arguably the worst since the days of Tammany Hall. One borough president was convicted of felonies; another committed suicide while under investigation; a congressman was recently convicted of bribery and extortion; former party chairmen in two boroughs were convicted of serious crimes; and a number of agency heads, judges, and lesser officials either have been convicted or forced to resign under a cloud of suspicion. And the City does not have …
Insulating Incumbent Judges From The Vicissitudes Of The Political Arena: Retention Elections As A Viable Alternative, David J. Papier
Insulating Incumbent Judges From The Vicissitudes Of The Political Arena: Retention Elections As A Viable Alternative, David J. Papier
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note proposes legislation that would cure many deficiencies in the present system of judicial tenure in New York. First, the Note examines the present retention system for trial court judges in New York State in light of the strict standards of judicial ethics the CJC imposes on sitting judges. Part II analyzes several problems in the current reelection process, focusing on the complex predicament a judicial incumbent faces as a result of having to return to the political arena. Part III then explores three possible alternatives to the present reelection system.' Finally, the Note recommends that the New York …
Self-Love And The Judicial Power To Appoint A Special Prosecutor Symposium On Special Prosecutions And The Role Of The Independent Counsel, James A. Cohen
Self-Love And The Judicial Power To Appoint A Special Prosecutor Symposium On Special Prosecutions And The Role Of The Independent Counsel, James A. Cohen
Faculty Scholarship
Judicial appointment of private attorneys as special prosecutors has occurred and is permitted to occur in a variety of contexts other than when the executive branch is faced with a potential or actual conflict of interest. Until recently, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals and, of course, district courts within the Second Circuit, have interpreted Rule 42(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure to permit judicial appointment of a private attorney to prosecute conduct allegedly violative of a court order as criminal contempt. Courts have been most active in appointing private attorneys as special prosecutors in cases involving counterfeit …
Revolutionary Constitutionalism In The Era Of The Civil War And Reconstruction , Robert J. Kaczorowski
Revolutionary Constitutionalism In The Era Of The Civil War And Reconstruction , Robert J. Kaczorowski
Faculty Scholarship
The meaning and scope of the fourteenth amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 remain among the most controversial issues in American constitutional law. Professor Kaczorowski contends that the issues have generated more controversy than they warrant, in part because scholars analyzing the legislative history of the amendment and statute have approached their task with preconceptions reflecting twentieth century legal concerns. He argues that the most important question for the framers was whether national or state governments possessed primary authority to determine and secure the status and rights of American citizens. Relying on records of the congressional debates as …