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Articles 61 - 90 of 127
Full-Text Articles in Internet Law
T-Mobile Usa Inc. V. Department Of Finance For Baltimore City: What The Latest Salvo In Disproportional Cellular Phone Taxation Means For The Future, Daniel P. Slowey
T-Mobile Usa Inc. V. Department Of Finance For Baltimore City: What The Latest Salvo In Disproportional Cellular Phone Taxation Means For The Future, Daniel P. Slowey
Duke Law & Technology Review
Seventeen percent of the average monthly cellular phone bill in 2004 was comprised of federal, state, and local taxes. As the number of wireless subscribers across the nation continues to increase, states, cities, and counties are increasingly seizing upon cellular taxation as a panacea for budget shortfalls. The Maryland Tax Court’s recent decision in T-Mobile USA, Inc. v. Department of Finance for Baltimore City held state and county taxes on the sale of individual cellular lines as legal excise taxes rather than illegal sales taxes. This iBrief will highlight the origins of telecommunications taxation, examine the ruling in T-Mobile in …
When Is Employee Blogging Protected By Section 7 Of The Nlra?, Katherine M. Scott
When Is Employee Blogging Protected By Section 7 Of The Nlra?, Katherine M. Scott
Duke Law & Technology Review
The National Labor Relations Act forbids employers from retaliating against certain types of employee speech or intimidating those who engage in it. This iBrief examines how blogging fits into the current statutory framework and recommends how the National Labor Relations Board and the courts should address the unique features of employee blogs.
The Constitutionality Of Wipo’S Broadcasting Treaty: The Originality And Limited Times Requirements Of The Copyright Clause, Adam R. Tarosky
The Constitutionality Of Wipo’S Broadcasting Treaty: The Originality And Limited Times Requirements Of The Copyright Clause, Adam R. Tarosky
Duke Law & Technology Review
Because the proposed WIPO Broadcasting Treaty extends perpetual copyright-like protections to unoriginal information, its implementation would violate at least two fundamental limitations on Congress’s Copyright Clause power: the originality and "limited times" requirements. But Congress has a trump card--the Commerce Clause. This iBrief argues that to give proper effect to the limitations of the Copyright Clause, Congress should not be allowed to implement copyright-like legislation under the less restrictive Commerce Clause.
The End Of Net Neutrality, William G. Laxton Jr.
The End Of Net Neutrality, William G. Laxton Jr.
Duke Law & Technology Review
In 2005, the FCC changed the competitive landscape of the high-speed Internet access industry by classifying both DSL and cable modem service as "information services." While many hail this move as a victory for competition and free markets, others fear the ruling could jeopardize the future of the Internet. This iBrief examines the potential end of "net neutrality" and concludes that new federal regulations are unnecessary because antitrust laws and a competitive marketplace will provide consumers with sufficient protection.
Shielding Journalist-“Bloggers”: The Need To Protect Newsgathering Despite The Distribution Medium, Laura Durity
Shielding Journalist-“Bloggers”: The Need To Protect Newsgathering Despite The Distribution Medium, Laura Durity
Duke Law & Technology Review
The failure to agree on a sufficiently narrow definition of "journalist" has stalled efforts to enact a federal shield law to legally protect reporter-source communications from compelled disclosure in federal court. The increasing use of the Internet in news coverage and the greater reliance by the public on the Internet as a news source creates further problems as to who should qualify for federal shield law protection. This iBrief argues that a functional definition of "journalist" can be created to shield journalists from compelled source disclosure so as to protect the free flow of information to the public, but limits …
Protecting Intellectual Property In The Developing World: Next Stop—Thailand, Cortney M. Arnold
Protecting Intellectual Property In The Developing World: Next Stop—Thailand, Cortney M. Arnold
Duke Law & Technology Review
This iBrief examines the U.S. strategy for strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in Southeast Asia through the use of free trade agreements (FTAs). After briefly examining the U.S. methodology for strengthening IPRs outside the U.S., this iBrief predicts that the intellectual property provisions in the final text of the U.S.-Thailand FTA, which is currently being negotiated, will be very similar to the provisions in previous FTAs that the United States has negotiated with other developing countries.
Mining The Common Heritage Of Our Dna: Lessons Learned From Grotius And Pardo, Jasper A. Bovenberg
Mining The Common Heritage Of Our Dna: Lessons Learned From Grotius And Pardo, Jasper A. Bovenberg
Duke Law & Technology Review
The Human Genome Project generated oceans of DNA sequence data and spurred a multinational race to grab the bounties of these oceans. In response to these DNA property grabs, UNESCO, drawing upon international law precedents addressing analogous grabs in the past, declared the Human Genome the heritage of humanity. The UNESCO Declaration provided, first, that the heritage shall not, in its natural state, give rise to financial gains and, second, that countries establish an international framework to make the benefits from genome research available to all. This iBrief will first examine Grotius’s Mare Liberum to determine whether international law precedent …
When Discrimination Is Good: Encouraging Broadband Internet Investment Without Content Neutrality, Christopher E. Fulmer
When Discrimination Is Good: Encouraging Broadband Internet Investment Without Content Neutrality, Christopher E. Fulmer
Duke Law & Technology Review
Cable television and traditional telephone companies are increasingly offering the same set of services: telephone, television, and broadband Internet access. Competition between these two types of companies would ordinarily require them to improve these services, but unless broadband providers have the ability to discriminate on the basis of content and charge Internet video providers that compete with their own video services, the growth of the Internet will be stunted, as broadband providers will not improve the capacity of their networks.
Internet Sales Taxes From Borders To Amazon: How Long Before All Of Your Purchases Are Taxed?, Walter J. Baudier
Internet Sales Taxes From Borders To Amazon: How Long Before All Of Your Purchases Are Taxed?, Walter J. Baudier
Duke Law & Technology Review
What so many internet consumers believe to be tax-free is actually subject to a state use tax. Faced with pressure from states that realize very little of the use tax owed, many online retailers, such as Wal-mart, "voluntarily" collect sales taxes from their customers. But a recent California Appeals Court decision, Borders Online v. State Board of Equalization, could mark a shift towards more prevalent, if not universal, taxation of internet retail.
Fighting Terrorism In An Electronic Age: Does The Patriot Act Unduly Compromise Our Civil Liberties?, Christopher P. Raab
Fighting Terrorism In An Electronic Age: Does The Patriot Act Unduly Compromise Our Civil Liberties?, Christopher P. Raab
Duke Law & Technology Review
The USA PATRIOT Act is tremendously controversial, both lauded by law enforcement and decried by civil liberties groups. This iBrief considers two of the Act's communications monitoring provisions, concluding that each compromises civil liberties to a greater degree than is necessary to combat terrorism. Accordingly, Congress should revise the USA PATRIOT Act, bringing it into line with the Constitution.
Anti-Employer Blogging: Employee Breach Of The Duty Of Loyalty And The Procedure For Allowing Discovery Of A Blogger’S Identity Before Service Of Process Is Effected, Konrad Lee
Duke Law & Technology Review
The rapid rise in anonymous anti-employer internet blogs by disgruntled employees has created a tension between the liberty interests of employees in free speech and privacy and employers' rights to be free from defamation, disparagement and disclosure of confidential information by an employee. This iBrief argues that the anonymity of anti-employer bloggers should not shield employees from breach of the duty of loyalty claims under tort and contract law, and that Congress should enact rules to govern the disclosure of blogger identity.
Completing The Connection: Achieving Universal Service Through Municipal Wi-Fi, K. Joon Oh
Completing The Connection: Achieving Universal Service Through Municipal Wi-Fi, K. Joon Oh
Duke Law & Technology Review
The federal universal service scheme is designed to ensure that everyone has affordable access to advanced telecommunications and information services. Despite the development of cost-effective technologies that drastically reduce the cost of telephone services vis-à-vis the Internet and Wi-Fi networks, federal regulations generally prevent municipalities or private companies from providing wireless Internet access with universal service funds. Federal regulations have replaced technology costs, lack of business incentives, and consumer affordability as the primary barrier to universal service. Competitive neutrality, the pro-competitive and technology-neutral approach to universal service funding, must be fully embraced in order to empower local communities with the …
Coddling Spies: Why The Law Doesn’T Adequately Address Computer Spyware, Alan F. Blakley, Daniel B. Garrie, Matthew J. Armstrong
Coddling Spies: Why The Law Doesn’T Adequately Address Computer Spyware, Alan F. Blakley, Daniel B. Garrie, Matthew J. Armstrong
Duke Law & Technology Review
Consumers and businesses have attempted to use the common law of torts as well as federal statutes like the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the Stored Wire and Electronic Communications and Transactional Records Act, and the Wiretap Act to address the expanding problem of spyware. Spyware, which consists of software applications inserted into another's computer to report a user's activity to an outsider, is as innocuous as tracking purchases or as sinister as stealing trade secrets or an individual's identity. Existing law does not address spyware adequately because authorization language, buried in "click-through" boilerplate, renders much of current law useless. …
Buggy Whips And Broadcast Flags: The Need For A New Politics Of Expression, Garrett Levin
Buggy Whips And Broadcast Flags: The Need For A New Politics Of Expression, Garrett Levin
Duke Law & Technology Review
In response to growing fears from the entertainment industry over online file-sharing of valuable content, the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") enacted sweeping regulations over the production of electronic devices in the name of protecting digital television broadcasts. Although the FCC's "broadcast flag" regulation was struck down on jurisdictional grounds, Hollywood has not given up the push for strict control. If Hollywood successfully acquires broadcast flag protection there could be far-reaching implications for innovation and development of new digital technologies. While content providers have important reasons to protect copyrighted material, there is too much at stake to merely acquiesce to their …
When Big Brother Privatizes: Commercial Surveillance, The Privacy Act Of 1974, And The Future Of Rfid, John M. Eden
When Big Brother Privatizes: Commercial Surveillance, The Privacy Act Of 1974, And The Future Of Rfid, John M. Eden
Duke Law & Technology Review
RFID is a powerful new technology that has the potential to allow commercial retailers to undermine individual control over private information. Despite the potential of RFID to undermine personal control over such information, the federal government has not enacted a set of practicable standards to ensure that personal data does not become widely misused by commercial entities. Although some potential privacy abuses could be addressed by modifying RFID technology, this iBrief argues that it would be wise to amend the Privacy Act of 1974 so that corporations would have a statutory obligation to preserve individual anonymity and respect the privacy …
China’S Wapi Policy: Security Measure Or Trade Protectionism?, Zia K. Cromer
China’S Wapi Policy: Security Measure Or Trade Protectionism?, Zia K. Cromer
Duke Law & Technology Review
In December of 2003, the Chinese government announced that all WLAN equipment sold in China must conform to a propriety standard called WAPI, rather than the internationally accepted Wi-Fi standard. Moreover, for foreign firms to gain access to WAPI technology, they would need to partner with one of two-dozen Chinese firms designated by the Chinese government. The policy ostensibly grew out of security concerns regarding Wi-Fi, although it is unclear whether WAPI is more secure. Beijing has now indefinitely postponed the implementation of this policy, but WAPI is still relevant. This iBrief argues that WAPI is illustrative of many Chinese …
Stop The Abuse Of Gmail!, Grant Yang
Stop The Abuse Of Gmail!, Grant Yang
Duke Law & Technology Review
Gmail, a highly anticipated webmail application made by Google, has been criticized by privacy advocates for breaching wiretapping laws, even before its release from beta testing. Gmail's large storage space and automated processes developed to scan the content of incoming messages and create advertisements based on the scanned terms have enraged privacy groups on an international level. This iBrief will compare Gmail's practices with its peers and conclude that its practices and procedures are consistent with the standards of the webmail industry. The iBrief will then propose additional measures Gmail could institute to further protect webmail users' and alleviate the …
The Sps Agreement: Can It Regulate Trade In Nanotechnology?, James D. Thayer
The Sps Agreement: Can It Regulate Trade In Nanotechnology?, James D. Thayer
Duke Law & Technology Review
Recent studies have shown that nanoparticles, which are approximately 1 to 100 billionths of a meter in size, present unique health and environmental risks. Nevertheless, products enhanced by nanoparticles, such as sunscreen, golf balls, and hard drives, are shipped daily in international trade. With these unique risks in mind, would measures regulating the trade in nanotechnology be subject to the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures? If they were, would the Agreement objectively balance the unique risks and benefits of trading in nanotechnology? Whether measures regulating the trade in nanotechnology are subject to the SPS Agreement depends on the …
The European Union “Software Patents” Directive: What Is It? Why Is It? Where Are We Now?, Robert Bray
The European Union “Software Patents” Directive: What Is It? Why Is It? Where Are We Now?, Robert Bray
Duke Law & Technology Review
This paper has been adapted from a presentation given by the author at Duke University School of Law's "Hot Topics in Intellectual Property Law Symposium" on April 1, 2005. It first presents an overview of the EU "Software Patents" Directive and many of the amendments that have been proposed and adopted. It then suggests a number of ways in which Europe can lead the world in developing a system that balances the interests of patent protection and open-source software.
Regulating Indecency: The Federal Communication Commission’S Threat To The First Amendment, Reed Hundt
Regulating Indecency: The Federal Communication Commission’S Threat To The First Amendment, Reed Hundt
Duke Law & Technology Review
This paper is adapted from a talk given by the author at Duke University School of Law on April 6, 2005. The author argues that the Federal Communication Commission's recent crackdown on television indecency poses a significant threat to First Amendment protections by (1) limiting television viewers' freedom of choice and (2) implying the possibility of punishment for failure to cooperate with the political objectives of the governing party.
Canning Spam: Consumer Protection Or A Lid On Free Speech?, Grant C. Yang
Canning Spam: Consumer Protection Or A Lid On Free Speech?, Grant C. Yang
Duke Law & Technology Review
The United States Congress recently passed the first federal legislation to curb the influx of spam. However, the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act ("CAN-SPAM Act") left some measures to be enacted by the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"), and some consumers are calling for the Act to have a broader reach and for the creation of a Do-Not-E-Mail registry. Conversely, the FTC decided to delay the creation of a registry and opted to assist in the development of a new technological authentication system. This iBrief looks at the current state of spam and explains that it is …
1984 Is Still Fiction: Electronic Monitoring In The Workplace And U.S. Privacy Law, Christopher Pearson Fazekas
1984 Is Still Fiction: Electronic Monitoring In The Workplace And U.S. Privacy Law, Christopher Pearson Fazekas
Duke Law & Technology Review
Electronic monitoring in the workplace has been the subject of relentless public criticism. Privacy advocates argue that technological advancements have given overbearing employers powerful tools to abuse employee dignity in the name of productivity and that new legislation should bolster workplace privacy rights. This iBrief contends that current U.S. legal doctrine governing electronic monitoring in the workplace is fair given the nature and purpose of the workplace, and potential employer liability for employee misconduct.
Crossed Signals In A Wireless World: The Seventh Circuit’S Misapplication Of The Complete Preemption Doctrine, Matthew J. Kleiman
Crossed Signals In A Wireless World: The Seventh Circuit’S Misapplication Of The Complete Preemption Doctrine, Matthew J. Kleiman
Duke Law & Technology Review
As the number of wireless telephone users continues to proliferate, so does the number of lawsuits against wireless service providers. While consumers seek to utilize various consumer-friendly state law causes of action, the wireless industry continues to push for a uniform federal regulatory regime. Ambiguous language in the Federal Communications Act of 1934 ("FCA") and disagreement among the federal circuits has led to much confusion over whether state law claims affecting wireless rates and market entry are removable to federal court by way of "complete preemption." This iBrief argues that FCA's preemption power is limited by its savings clause, failure …
The Trade Of Cross-Border Gambling And Betting: The Wto Dispute Between Antigua And The United States, James D. Thayer
The Trade Of Cross-Border Gambling And Betting: The Wto Dispute Between Antigua And The United States, James D. Thayer
Duke Law & Technology Review
The first ecommerce dispute to come before the World Trade Organization ("WTO") was billed to be one of David and Goliath proportion. The tiny twin-island nation-state of Antigua and Barbuda challenged the United States' ban on cross-border Internet gambling and betting. As a result of the dispute, the WTO issued a private final report against the United States finding that the ban violates the United States' commitments under the WTO. Shortly before the public release of the final report, both parties petitioned the WTO to indefinitely postpone its release so that the parties could engage in private negotiations. The final …
Privacy, Free Speech & The Garden Grove Cyber Café Experiment, Brett Stohs
Privacy, Free Speech & The Garden Grove Cyber Café Experiment, Brett Stohs
Duke Law & Technology Review
In response to gang violence at local "cyber cafés," the City Council of Garden Grove, California, passed an ordinance requiring cyber cafés to install video surveillance systems. The constitutionality of the provision was subsequently challenged, and a California Court of Appeal determined that the video surveillance requirement did not violate free speech or privacy protections under either the federal or California Constitutions. This decision was immediately challenged, by commentators and a dissenting judge, as opening the door to Orwellian-type, government intrusions into individuals' personal lives. This iBrief analyzes the appellate court's decision and concludes that not only did the majority …
A Manifesto On Wipo And The Future Of Intellectual Property, James Boyle
A Manifesto On Wipo And The Future Of Intellectual Property, James Boyle
Duke Law & Technology Review
In this Manifesto, Professor Boyle claims that there are systematic errors in contemporary intellectual property policy and that WIPO has an important role in helping to correct them.
Virtual Shareholder Meetings, Elizabeth Boros
Virtual Shareholder Meetings, Elizabeth Boros
Duke Law & Technology Review
Electronic communication impacts how widely-held corporations conduct shareholder meetings. For example, technology has facilitated such options as electronic proxy voting, remote electronic voting, and "virtual meetings." This iBrief examines the idea of "virtual meetings" and argues that they should not entirely replace physical meetings unless an electronic solution can be devised which replicates the face-to-face accountability of management to retail shareholders.
Restoring A Public Interest Vision Of Law In The Age Of The Internet, Marc Rotenberg
Restoring A Public Interest Vision Of Law In The Age Of The Internet, Marc Rotenberg
Duke Law & Technology Review
In November 2003, Mr. Marc Rotenberg, Executive Director of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, lectured at Duke Law School on the importance of protecting individual privacy. In his remarks, Mr. Rotenberg recounted the successful campaign against the government's Clipper Chip proposal. He argued that successful public interest advocacy in the Internet age requires the participation of experts from many fields, public engagement, and a willingness to avoid a simple "balancing" analysis. He further concluded that privacy may be one of the defining issues of a free society in the twenty-first century.
Wireless Local Number Portability: New Rules Will Have Broad Effects, Stephen M. Kessing
Wireless Local Number Portability: New Rules Will Have Broad Effects, Stephen M. Kessing
Duke Law & Technology Review
After a delay of over seven years, wireless local number portability rules ("WLNP") finally went into effect on November 24, 2003. These rules, promulgated by the Federal Communications Commission, allow wireless subscribers to change service providers within a given location while retaining the same phone number. The rules also allow consumers to transfer a land-based telephone number to a cellular provider. These new choices will likely have a significant impact on the wireless industry and increase competition in an already intense playing field. This iBrief provides a summary of the new rules, looks at the history and litigation, and predicts …
Investigating Terrorism: The Role Of The First Amendment, Amy E. Hooper
Investigating Terrorism: The Role Of The First Amendment, Amy E. Hooper
Duke Law & Technology Review
This iBrief discusses the constitutionality of a government policy enacted shortly after September 11, 2001 that denies public access to deportation hearings in cases allegedly bearing some connection to terrorism. This ibrief discusses two Circuit Courts of Appeals decisions on the issue and argues that this policy is unconstitutional.