Internet Law Commons^™

Cover Letter, Benjamin R. Fox

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

The Richmond Journal of Law and Technology is proud to present its third issue of the 2013-2014 academic year. First published in 1995, JOLT is the world’s first exclusively online law review. JOLT strives to discuss new and emerging issues that fall squarely at the intersection of technology and the law. With this goal in mind, we are proud to announce the publication of the following articles.

Cover Letter, Benjamin R. Fox

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

The Richmond Journal of Law and Technology is proud to present the final issue of the Twentieth Volume. First published in 1995, JOLT isthe world’s first exclusively online law review. JOLT strives to discuss new and emerging issues that fall squarely at the intersection oftechnology and the law. With this goal in mind, we are proud to announce the publication of the following articles.

Cover Letter, Laura M. Bedson

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

The Richmond Journal of Law and Technology is pleased to present the first issue of the Twenty-First Volume. With its first publication in 1995, JOLT became the world’s first law review to be published exclusively online. It was with that original publication that JOLT established itself as one of the leading publications in the legal technology field. Today, JOLT has continued the bold tradition of publishing articles to further scholarship in areas of new and emerging fields that fall at the intersection of technology and the law.

Clapper V. Amnesty International And Data Privacy Litigation: Is A Change To The Law “Certainly Impending”?, John L. Jacobus, Benjamin B. Watson

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

On December 19, 2013, the retailer Target announced that unauthorized third parties had gained access to its customer payment information. While Target originally estimated that the security breach affected 40 million of its customers, a subsequent investigation revealed that anywhere from 70 to 110 million people—almost one in three Americans—may have had their sensitive payment information stolen. In response, the retailer offered free credit monitoring services and assured affected customers that they would not be responsible for fraudulent charges made with their payment information.

Finding The Signal In The Noise: Information Governance, Analytics, And The Future Of Legal Practice, Bennett B. Borden, Jason R. Baron

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

In the watershed year of 2012, the world of law witnessed the first concrete discussion of how predictive analytics may be used to make legal practice more efficient. That the conversation about the use of predictive analytics has emerged out of the e-Discovery sector of the law is not all that surprising: in the last decade and with increasing force since 2006— with the passage of revised Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that expressly took into account the fact that lawyers must confront “electronically stored information” in all its varieties—there has been a growing recognition among courts and commentators that …

Third Party Records Protection On The Model Of Heightened Scrutiny, Marc J. Blitz

Oklahoma Law Review

No abstract provided.

Big Data Distortions: Exploring The Limits Of The Aba Leatpr Standards, Andrew G. Ferguson

Oklahoma Law Review

Before moving on to my contribution about how the growing reliance on big data analytics may necessitate a slight modification to the ABA Standards on Law Enforcement Access to Third Party Records (LEATPR Standards), I would like first to pay a few compliments to the drafters of the LEATPR Standards for producing such a systematic, thoughtful, and elegant framework for considering Fourth Amendment freedoms. As anyone who writes about or teaches the Fourth Amendment knows, the doctrine remains a theoretical muddle. Yet, despite a minefield of conflicting precedent, the drafters of the LEATPR Standards have managed to construct a defensible …

Legislating Trust, John D. Gregory

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

As governments in Canada and elsewhere have considered statutes to ensure that electronic communications are legally effective, they have invariably had to face questions about the reliability of those communications. Can we trust electronic messages, documents, and signatures? Are they the same in law as if they were on paper? What conditions should be imposed in order to give us the right assurances that we can trust them? To answer these questions properly, we need to understand the nature of “trust” and the extent to which legislation can be a source of it, and what other sources should be enlisted …

Book Review: Juries In The 21st Century, By Jacqueline Horan, Vanessa Macdonnell

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

In Juries in the 21st Century, Jacqueline Horan immerses the reader in a discussion of how jury trials operate, how they could be more effective, and how they should adapt to emerging technologies. The book makes three contributions to the existing legal literature. First, it challenges basic assumptions about how juries operate. Horan demonstrates that not all features of modern jury trials are essential or even useful. She argues convincingly that the existing features of the jury system should only be retained if they contribute positively to the process by which the jury arrives at a verdict. This leads Horan …

Near-Field Communication Technology: Regulatory And Legal Recommendations For Embracing The Nfc Revolution, Allan Richarz

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

Despite its ease and convenience, NFC technology raises a number of privacy issues. Chief among these concerns are the collection, retention, and usage of personally-identifying information contained within NFC-enabled devices by both private and public entities. Within that category, the most pressing privacy issues inherent in the collection and usage of such information relate to real-time tracking or after-the-fact habit profiling and identity theft. As well, privacy issues persist around the means used, if any, to secure and protect that information from unauthorized third parties both at the end-user and systemic database levels.

In light of these concerns, it is …

Legal Phantoms In Cyberspace: The Problematic Status Of Information As A Weapon And A Target Under International Humanitarian Law, Jack M. Beard

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Reports of state-sponsored harmful cyber intrusions abound. The prevailing view among academics holds that if the effects or consequences of such intrusions are sufficiently damaging, international humanitarian law (IHL) should generally govern them--and recourse to armed force may also be justified against states responsible for these actions under the jus ad bellum. This Article argues, however, that there are serious problems and perils in relying on analogies with physical armed force to extend these legal regimes to most events in cyberspace. Armed conflict models applied to the use of information as a weapon and a target are instead likely to …

Atteinte À La Vie Privée Et Publicité Comportementale, Virginie Blanchette-Séguin

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

Le présent texte aura pour objet les questions relatives à la vie privée que soulève la publicité comportementale et le suivi des activités des individus qu’elle implique par définition. Pour ce faire, nous délimiterons d’abord le spectre du droit à la vie privée en droit québécois dans ce contexte (I.) et nous poursuivrons selon une approche plus critique en nous prononçant sur les différents arguments pouvant être soulevés quant à l’absence d’une perception humaine dans une violation potentielle du droit à la vie privée (II.)

Fan Fiction And Canadian Copyright Law: Defending Fan Narratives In The Wake Of Canada's Copyright Reforms, Rebecca Katz

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

Amateur, non-commercial writing based on contemporary copyrighted works — “fan fiction” — is a practice that is worth defending despite its unclear status vis a vis copyright law. In this article, I assess how Canadian fan authors may defend their works using Canadian copyright law. I argue that the recent copyright reforms are promising for fan and other second generation creators. The new fair dealing categories of parody and satire are positive steps, though the broad and technologically neutral non-commercial user-generated content provi-sion may be the most promising reform of all. I begin with an exploration of the benefits of …

Cause To Believe What? The Importance Of Defining A Search's Object—Or, How The Aba Would Analyze The Nsa Metadata Surveillance Program, Christopher Slobogin

Oklahoma Law Review

Courts and scholars have devoted considerable attention to the definition of probable cause and reasonable suspicion. Since the demise of the “mere evidence rule” in the 1960s, however, they have rarely examined how these central Fourth Amendment concepts interact with the “object” of the search. That is unfortunate, because this interaction can have significant consequences. For instance, probable cause to believe that a search “might lead to evidence of wrongdoing” triggers a very different inquiry than probable cause to believe that a search “will produce evidence of criminal activity.” The failure to address the constraints that should be imposed on …

Ubiquitous Privacy, Thomas P. Crocker

Oklahoma Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Aba Standards For Criminal Justice: Law Enforcement Access To Third Party Records: Critical Perspectives From A Technology-Centered Approach To Quantitative Privacy, David C. Gray

Oklahoma Law Review

No abstract provided.

Stymieing Controversy Over Generic Top-Level Domains (Gtlds) And Other Internet Governance Decisions With Content Neutrality, Nafees Uddin

Seattle Journal for Social Justice

No abstract provided.

A New Approach To Digital Reader Privacy; State Regulations And Their Protection Of Digital Book Data, Andrew A. Proia

Indiana Law Journal

No abstract provided.

The Collision Of Social Media And Social Unrest: Why Shutting Down Social Media Is The Wrong Response, Mirae Yang

Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property

With the growing availability of Internet access across the globe, social media has transformed the traditional relationship between government authority and its citizens by providing the people with an innovative and powerful means to harmonize their efforts in expressing their political and social concerns. The importance of safeguarding Internet availability is more critical than ever before as access to the Internet is now the means by which the world communicates, stays informed, and engages in daily tasks. In the face of potential social unrest fueled by social media, the United States must take a preventative approach, one that matches our …

International Cryptography Regulation And The Global Information Economy, Nathan Saper

Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property

With the meteoric rise of the Internet and e-commerce in the 1990s came great attention to the problems and opportunities associated with cryptography. Throughout that decade, the United States and many foreign countries debated and experimented with various forms of cryptography regulation, and attempts were made at international harmonization. Since then, however, policy-making activity around cryptography has slowed, if not halted altogether, leaving individuals and companies to face a bewildering array of regulations—or, in many cases, to face regulations that are extraordinarily unclear and haphazardly applied.

This Note seeks to introduce the reader to the issue of international cryptography regulation …

Costing A Pretty Penny: Online Penny Auctions Revive The Pestilence Of Unregulated Lotteries, David R. Konkel

Seattle University Law Review

Penny auctions, an online phenomenon imported from Europe, operate by the hundreds in the United States without meaningful oversight from consumer protection agencies. In a penny auction, consumers compete for items one penny at a time. To date, no significant inquiry, either academic or practical, into the legitimacy of the penny auction has occurred. Although marketed as auctions, online penny auctions may actually qualify as lotteries. Unlike the multifarious and confusing definitions of gambling, the long-accepted definition of a lottery consists of three elements: prize, consideration, and chance. If a penny auction satisfies this definition then, under well-established case law …

Social Media: The Law Simply Stated, Steve Coughlan, Robert J. Currie

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

It is a challenge to simply state the law about social media, because there is no such thing as “social media law.” Rather, the law bumps up against social media in many ways. In some cases, existing law can be seamlessly applied to new technologies and means of interaction. In other cases, entirely new paradigms will likely need to be adopted to handle new challenges. Many other cases will fall somewhere in between.

Our goal in this Law Simply Stated is to provide some background on the nature of social media themselves, and then to state the basic law in …

Proof And Progress: Coping With The Law Of Evidence In A Technological Age, David M. Paciocco

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

This article outlines those rules of evidence that are most likely to be called upon to fit new technologies. It identifies some of the challenges that are presented, and identifies modest techniques or suggestions for coping. Those suggestions include taking the kind of relaxed view as to when expert evidence is being offered illustrated by the Ontario Court of Appeal in R. v. Hamilton; taking a functional approach to judicial notice; ensuring that authentication and the “best evidence” rule for electronic records are not applied in a highly technical fashion; understanding the law of hearsay and remaining familiar with …

Regulatory Issues Concerning New Media Alternatives To Television, Michael Rimock

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

This article will begin by discussing the significance of over-the-top (OTT) video services in Canada and briefly outline the CRTC’s recent efforts and findings in relation to new media trends. It will then describe the problems with the current regulatory framework and some of the proposed solutions. While some have argued that regulating OTT services like Netflix would level the playing field, I will argue that encouraging competition and decreasing some of the onerous regulations that are currently imposed on Canadian broadcasters would be the best solution since it would benefit both consumers and Canadian corporations.

Implementing Technology In The Justice Sector: A Canadian Perspective, Jane Bailey, Jacquelyn Burkell

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

Despite the many technological advances that could benefit the court system, the use of computers and network technology to facilitate court procedures is still in its infancy, and court procedures largely remain attached to paper documents and to the physical presence of the parties at all stages. More and more research is focusing on the use of technology to make the legal system more efficient and to reduce excessive legal costs and delays. The goal of this exploratory research project is to examine the experience of justice sector technology implementation from the perspective of individuals involved first-hand in the implementation …

Patent-Backed Securization For Innovation And Economic Growth In The Life Sciences: A Proposal For Incremental Securities Law Reform, Grace Sweeney

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

In this section, the historical balance struck by securities law between conservatism and innovation was considered in the context of a shifting economic landscape.

In Section II, the life sciences sector will be chosen to illustrate the current barriers impeding capital flow to high-value enterprise, resulting in decreased innovation and economic growth. These include the existence of “ever greening”, non-practicing entities, patent thickets, and onerous transaction costs on upstream patent holders with limited competency.

In Section III, the tool of intangible asset finance will be introduced as a means of harnessing the value of intellectual property assets, and leveraging them …

In The Middle: Creating A Middle Road Between U.S. And Eu Data Protection Policies, Carolyn Hoang

Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary

The first section of this paper examines the historical differences that have led to the American approach to privacy and the European approach to privacy. The second section will examine the current U.S. model, and the third section will examine the EU model. Next, the fourth section will compare and contrast the two models. Finally, the last section will argue that the U.S. should have a regulatory agency and describe how that should look and run.

The Granting Clause And Intellectual Property Rights Management In Open-Source Software Licensing, Vikrant N. Vasudeva

IP Theory

No abstract provided.

Net Neutrality: Preparing For The Future, Jennifer Wong

Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary

No abstract provided.

Corresponding Evolution: International Law And The Emergence Of Cyber Warfare, Bradley Raboin

Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary

No abstract provided.