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Articles 91 - 120 of 221
Full-Text Articles in International Law
Excuses, Justifications, And Duress At The International Criminal Tribunals, Noam Wiener
Excuses, Justifications, And Duress At The International Criminal Tribunals, Noam Wiener
Pace International Law Review
This article examines the application of the defense of duress by international criminal tribunals through analyzing opposing theoretical approaches to justifications and excuses. The purpose of this examination is twofold. First, the article offers a framework for duress’s application by examining scholarly approaches to duress and by analyzing the application of the defense by international tribunals. This analysis includes the tribunals constituted following the Second World War and International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Second, the article provides insight into the underlying rationales that guide judges at the international tribunals in the last decade through the judges’ application …
Searching For The Hinterman: In Praise Of Subjective Theories Of Imputation, Jens David Ohlin
Searching For The Hinterman: In Praise Of Subjective Theories Of Imputation, Jens David Ohlin
Cornell Law Faculty Publications
How should international courts distinguish between principals and accessories? The ICC answered this question with Roxin’s Control Theory of Perpetration; defendants should be convicted as principals if they control the crime individually, jointly with a co-perpetrator, indirectly via an organized apparatus of power, or as indirect co-perpetrators (via a combination of the previous doctrines). As the ICC adopted the control requirement, however, some of its decisions have allowed lower mental states such as recklessness or dolus eventualis to meet the standard for principal perpetration under the Control Theory. Other decisions have asserted that intent or knowledge is required though their …
International Criminal Law For Retributivists, Alexander K.A. Greenawalt
International Criminal Law For Retributivists, Alexander K.A. Greenawalt
Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications
Responding to the proliferation of international criminal tribunals during the last two decades, scholars have engaged in a rich debate about the normative foundations of international criminal law (“ICL”). The retributive theory of punishment--which justifies punishment based on the culpability of the accused, rather than by reference to its social benefits--has met with significant skepticism in these discussions. Some have argued that unique features of international criminal justice--for example, the extreme selectivity of punishment or the lack of certain social or political preconditions--are a poor match for retributive theory. Others have ignored retributivism altogether, or afforded the theory only passing …
The Problem Of Risk In International Criminal Law, Mark A. Summers
The Problem Of Risk In International Criminal Law, Mark A. Summers
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Accelerated Formation Of Customary International Law, Michael P. Scharf
Accelerated Formation Of Customary International Law, Michael P. Scharf
Faculty Publications
This article examines the phenomenon of accelerated formation of customary international law. It argues that in periods of fundamental change (which the author characterizes as "Grotian Moments"), whether by technological advances, the commission of new forms of crimes against humanity, or the development of new means of warfare or terrorism, customary international law may form much more rapidly and with less state practice than is normally the case to keep up with the pace of developments. The article examines several case studies that explore the application and contours of the concept of "Grotian Moments."
A War Crimes Tribunal For Sri Lanka? Examining The Options Under International Law, Nihal Jayasinghe, Daley J. Birkett
A War Crimes Tribunal For Sri Lanka? Examining The Options Under International Law, Nihal Jayasinghe, Daley J. Birkett
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
No abstract provided.
Destroying The Legacy Of The Icty: Analysis Of The Acquittals Of Jovica Stanišic And Franko Simatović, Katherine Pruitt
Destroying The Legacy Of The Icty: Analysis Of The Acquittals Of Jovica Stanišic And Franko Simatović, Katherine Pruitt
San Diego International Law Journal
In a 2005 press release by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (“ICTY”), Chief Prosecutor Carla Del Ponte stated “[t]he debate on war crimes in the former Yugoslavia is not subsiding. It is present in the daily life and media, and always politicised . . . I am much more concerned about the victims of war crimes and their families, and I appeal to you to make the victim aspect of any legal process a priority.” Despite this stated dedication to war crimes victims and their families, the ICTY’s Trial Chamber (“Chamber”) recently acquitted two state security officials …
Function And Dysfunction In Post-Conflict Justice Networks And Communities, Elena Baylis
Function And Dysfunction In Post-Conflict Justice Networks And Communities, Elena Baylis
Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
The field of post-conflict justice includes many well-known international criminal law and rule of law initiatives, from the International Criminal Court to legal reform programs in Afghanistan and Iraq. Less visible, but nonetheless vital to the field, are the international staff (known as internationals) who carry out these transitional justice enterprises, and the networks and communities of practice that connect them to each other. By sharing information, collaborating on joint action, and debating proposed legal rules within their networks and communities, internationals help to develop and implement the core norms and practices of post-conflict justice. These modes of collaboration are …
Amnesty Or Accountability: The Fate Of High-Ranking Child Soldiers In Uganda's Lord's Resistance Army, Stella Yarbrough
Amnesty Or Accountability: The Fate Of High-Ranking Child Soldiers In Uganda's Lord's Resistance Army, Stella Yarbrough
Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
In May 2013, Uganda surprisingly resurrected its amnesty provision for two more years after having let it lapse only a year earlier. Uganda's vacillation likely represents its competing desires to grant amnesty to low-level actors in the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and to end impunity for decades of gross human rights violations in accordance with international criminal law. However, instead of crafting an amnesty provision that would satisfy both of these needs, Uganda reinstated the same "blanket" amnesty, or all-inclusive pardon, found in the Amnesty Act of Uganda (2000) (Act). As a result, high-level LRA actors like Thomas Kwoyelo and …
The Special Tribunal For Lebanon: A Defense Perspective, Charles C. Jalloh
The Special Tribunal For Lebanon: A Defense Perspective, Charles C. Jalloh
Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
This Article analyzes the absence of organs tasked with guaranteeing the rights of the defense in international criminal law. It explains the historical origins of the problem, tracing it back to the genesis of modern prosecutions at the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal. It then explains how the organizational charts of the UN courts for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone omitted the defense and essentially treated it as a second class citizen before the eyes of the law. This sets the stage for the author to show why the creation of the first full-fledged defense organ in international criminal …
Judging Leaders Who Facilitate Crimes By A Foreign Army: International Courts Differ On A Novel Legal Issue, Mugambi Jouet
Judging Leaders Who Facilitate Crimes By A Foreign Army: International Courts Differ On A Novel Legal Issue, Mugambi Jouet
Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
In one of the most significant cases in the history of international criminal law, Prosecutor v. Perisic, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) effectively addressed an issue of first impression: may a military or political leader be convicted for knowingly facilitating crimes by another state's army? The influential tribunal answered this question in the negative--knowledge that the recipients of military assistance are perpetrating crimes is essentially irrelevant absent evidence that the facilitator specifically intended that crimes occur. The ICTY Appeals Chamber thus acquitted Serbian General Momilo Peridid, who had been convicted at trial of knowingly aiding and …
Foreword, The Future Of International Criminal Justice, Claudio Grossman
Foreword, The Future Of International Criminal Justice, Claudio Grossman
Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals
International criminal law attempts to sanction crimes that have a global nature and impact. After World War II, the international community came together to begin addressing important international issues, including preventing future war and non-war related atrocities and crimes. From the International Military Tribunals established in the wake of World War II to the world's first permanent International Criminal Court (ICC), a number of international bodies, treaties, and statutes have been formed in an effort to effectively administer criminal justice on an international level. Yet the administration and application of international criminal justice has faced significant hurdles and there are …
Assessing The Control-Theory, Jens David Ohlin, Elies Van Sliedregt, Thomas Weigend
Assessing The Control-Theory, Jens David Ohlin, Elies Van Sliedregt, Thomas Weigend
Cornell Law Faculty Publications
As the first cases before the ICC proceed to the Appeals Chamber, the judges ought to critically evaluate the merits and demerits of the control-theory of perpetratorship and its related doctrines. The request for a possible re-characterization of the form of responsibility in the case of Katanga and the recent acquittal of Ngudjolo can be taken as indications that the control-theory, is problematic as a theory of liability. The authors, in a spirit of constructive criticism, invite the ICC Appeals Chamber to take this unique opportunity to reconsider or improve the control-theory as developed by the Pre-Trial Chambers in the …
Is Jus In Bello In Crisis?, Jens David Ohlin
Is Jus In Bello In Crisis?, Jens David Ohlin
Cornell Law Faculty Publications
It is a truism that new technologies are remaking the tactical and legal landscape of armed conflict. While such statements are undoubtedly true, it is important to separate genuine trends from scholarly exaggeration. The following essay, an introduction to the Drone Wars symposium of the Journal, catalogues today’s most pressing disputes regarding international humanitarian law (IHL) and their consequences for criminal responsibility. These include: (i) the triggering and classification of armed conflicts with non-state actors; (ii) the relative scope of IHL and international human rights law in asymmetrical conflicts; (iii) the targeting of suspected terrorists under concept- or status-based classifications …
Changing Tides: An Adaptable Prosecution Approach To Piracy’S Shifting Problem, Jessica Piquet
Changing Tides: An Adaptable Prosecution Approach To Piracy’S Shifting Problem, Jessica Piquet
National Security Law Program
Although piracy off the coast of Somalia has captured worldwide attention, attacks in this region are decreasing while other regions are experiencing increases in pirate activity. This Note expands upon prior research into prosecution models for combatting piracy off the coast of Somalia to determine the adaptability and sustainability of these methods as applied to piracy in other regions. In examining the three most common prosecution models currently used and proposed (prosecution by domestic courts in regional states, prosecution by the capturing state or by a state with a significant nexus to the attack, and prosecution by a specialized piracy …
The Michigan Guidelines On The Exclusion Of International Criminals
The Michigan Guidelines On The Exclusion Of International Criminals
Michigan Journal of International Law
With a view to promoting a shared understanding of the proper approach to Article 1(F)(a) exclusion from refugee status, we have engaged in sustained collaborative study and reflection on relevant norms and state practice. Our research was debated and refined at the Sixth Colloquium on Challenges in International Refugee Law, convened in March 2013 by the University of Michigan’s Program in Refugee and Asylum Law. These Guidelines are the product of that endeavor, and reflect the consensus of Colloquium participants on how decision makers can best ensure the application of Article 1(F)(a) in a manner that conforms to international legal …
Trying Terrorism: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Material Support, And The Paradox Of International Criminal Law, Alexandra Link
Trying Terrorism: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Material Support, And The Paradox Of International Criminal Law, Alexandra Link
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Note will examine theoretical problems in ICL and public international law by evaluating the practical implications of applying ICL sources to find criminal liability outside the narrow confines of the international tribunals. It will examine the problems posed by the conflicting standards of the Rome Statute and ICTY jurisprudence as a matter of customary international law, the failure of U.S. courts to effectively confront the contextual and doctrinal analysis necessary to determine the limitations of these sources, and the proper application of these sources to the issues raised in Hamdan II and Al Bahlul. Viewing ICL through the lens …
Targeting And The Concept Of Intent, Jens David Ohlin
Targeting And The Concept Of Intent, Jens David Ohlin
Michigan Journal of International Law
International law generally prohibits military forces from intentionally targeting civilians; this is the principle of distinction. In contrast, unintended collateral damage is permissible unless the anticipated civilian deaths outweigh the expected military advantage of the strike; this is the principle of proportionality. These cardinal targeting rules of international humanitarian law are generally assumed by military lawyers to be relatively well-settled. However, recent international tribunals applying this law in a string of little-noticed decisions have completely upended this understanding. Armed with criminal law principles from their own domestic systems — often civil law jurisdictions — prosecutors, judges and even scholars have …
Prosecuting Those Bearing 'Greatest Responsibility': The Lessons Of The Special Court For Sierra Leone, Charles Chernor Jalloh
Prosecuting Those Bearing 'Greatest Responsibility': The Lessons Of The Special Court For Sierra Leone, Charles Chernor Jalloh
Faculty Publications
This Article examines the controversial article 1(1) of the Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) giving that tribunal the competence “to prosecute those who bear the greatest responsibility” for serious international and domestic crimes committed during the latter part of the notoriously brutal Sierra Leonean conflict. The debate that arose during the SCSL trials was whether this bare statement constituted a jurisdictional requirement that the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt or merely a type of guideline for the exercise of prosecutorial discretion. The judges of the court split on the issue. This paper is the …
Custom, General Principles And The Great Architect Cassese, Mary Fan
Custom, General Principles And The Great Architect Cassese, Mary Fan
Articles
Major advances in international criminal law and procedure rose on the trusses of judicially elucidated sources of international law—custom and general principles. These sources depend on the crucial art of derivation advanced by the architect of modern international criminal justice, President Antonio Cassese. What has transformed international criminal justice into flourishing law able to address changing configurations of violence is the development of the art of finding law in the dark and wilds of murky unwritten norms. [para] President Cassese pioneered paths through a perilous bog. "[T]he law lives in persons," and to understand the law one must study the …
The Paradox Of Impartiality: A Critical Defense Of The International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda, Daniel Koosed
The Paradox Of Impartiality: A Critical Defense Of The International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda, Daniel Koosed
University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review
No abstract provided.
Session Five: Expert Panel On Fighting Impunity Remarks Of Professor Diane F. Orentlicher, Diane Orentlicher
Session Five: Expert Panel On Fighting Impunity Remarks Of Professor Diane F. Orentlicher, Diane Orentlicher
Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals
As the field of transitional justice has matured, we have a better appreciation of the fact that both the capacity and will of societies to address violations of the past may evolve signifiicantly, and in unforeseen ways, over time—sometimes over a long, long period. (One speaker this morning described how he was unable to come to terms with his own torture for 11 years— and then, pursuing justice became critical.) Thus, for example, prosecutions for past violations may not occur in the immediate aftermath of a transition from repression to democratic gover¬ nance; often they take place after the passage …
The Reach And The Grasp Of International Criminal Justice – How Do We Lengthen The Arm Of The Law?, Stephen J. Rapp Amb.
The Reach And The Grasp Of International Criminal Justice – How Do We Lengthen The Arm Of The Law?, Stephen J. Rapp Amb.
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
No abstract provided.
Reflections From The International Criminal Court Prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda
Reflections From The International Criminal Court Prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
No abstract provided.
72 Years Later: Still Seeking Accountability For The Katyn Forest Massacre, Allan Gerson
72 Years Later: Still Seeking Accountability For The Katyn Forest Massacre, Allan Gerson
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
No abstract provided.
Policing International Prosecutors, Jenia I. Turner
Policing International Prosecutors, Jenia I. Turner
Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters
A recurring question in international criminal procedure is how to ensure that prosecutors are held accountable for their errors and misconduct. When International Criminal Court (ICC) judges encountered the first serious error by the prosecution in Prosecutor v. Lubanga, they opted for an absolutist approach to remedies: the judges stayed the proceedings and ordered the release of the defendant. Although termination of the case was avoided through the intervention of the Appeals Chamber, the standoff between the judges and the prosecution highlighted the dilemmas that the ICC faces in these circumstances. To protect the integrity of its proceedings, the court …
Preventing Mass Atrocity Crimes: The Responsibility To Protect And The Syria Crisis, Paul R. Williams, Jonathan Worboys, J. Trevor Ulbrick
Preventing Mass Atrocity Crimes: The Responsibility To Protect And The Syria Crisis, Paul R. Williams, Jonathan Worboys, J. Trevor Ulbrick
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
No abstract provided.
Flying Into The Future: Drone Warfare And The Changing Face Of Humanitarian Law, Michael A. Newton
Flying Into The Future: Drone Warfare And The Changing Face Of Humanitarian Law, Michael A. Newton
Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications
Before we consider the specifics of drone warfare, we must remember two predicate points. Firstly, the discipline of international criminal law has never been healthier as the era of accountability is irreversibly underway. While the challenges of administering justice in the midst of profound political and personal passions remain, there is no current shortage of young and inspired advocates who wish to contribute. Furthermore, they do so against the backdrop of a developed discipline. It cannot be forgotten that the discrete discipline that we term international criminal law, and that many of us teach in our law schools, has taken …
Universal Jurisdiction Not So Universal: A Time To Delegate To The International Criminal Court, Dalila V. Hoover
Universal Jurisdiction Not So Universal: A Time To Delegate To The International Criminal Court, Dalila V. Hoover
Cornell Law School Inter-University Graduate Student Conference Papers
The exercise of universal jurisdiction in cases involving crimes under international law remains highly debated and underlines a certain number of legal and political issues in its implementation. Because the principle of universal jurisdiction relies on national authorities to enforce international prohibitions, pivotal decisions are expected to reflect, to a greater or lesser extent, domestic decision-makers’ positions as to the interests of justice, the national interest and other criteria. In many States, the legal system lacks the means to investigate or prosecute on the basis of universal jurisdiction. Indeed, many legal systems do not define the term “crimes” that can …
The Regulatory Turn In International Law, Jacob Katz Cogan
The Regulatory Turn In International Law, Jacob Katz Cogan
Faculty Articles and Other Publications
In the post-War era, international law became a talisman for the protection of individuals from governmental abuse. Such was the success of this "humanization of international law" that by the 1990s human rights had become "part of... international political and legal culture." This Article argues that there has been an unnoticed contemporary counter trend -- the "regulatory turn in international law." Within the past two decades, states and international organizations have at an unprecedented rate entered into agreements, passed resolutions, enacted laws, and created institutions and networks, formal and informal, that impose and enforce direct and indirect international duties upon …