International Law Commons^™

The Right To An Exclusively Religious Education--The Ultra-Orthodox Community In Israel In Comparative Perspective, Gila Stopler

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

Understanding Disability Under The Convention On The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities And Its Impact On International Refugee And Asylum Law, Vandana Peterson

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

The Sentencing Legacy Of The Special Court For Sierra Leone, Shahram Dana

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

Table Of Contents, Georgia Journal Of International And Comparative Law

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

International Law In The Reagan Years: How Much Of An Outlier, John King Gamble Jr.

Akron Law Review

But is there reason to believe that the attitude and behavior of the Reagan administration towards international law have been unusually hostile? That fundamental question will be addressed in several ways.

First, one component of President Reagan's foreign policy, aid for the Nicaraguan Contras, will be discussed in some detail. That particular policy has produced perhaps the most sharply drawn, sustained conflict with international law. Second, a much briefer account will be provided about two other Reagan administration encounters with international law. Finally, an attempt will be made to provide some historical perspective to the 1981- 1988 period.

Prisoners Of War Under The 1977 Protocol I, Howard S. Levie

Akron Law Review

ARTICLE 1(4) of the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflict (Protocol 1), bringing national liberation movements within the ambit of the Protocol and thus making the conflicts in which they engage international in scope, was probably the most controversial provision adopted by the Diplomatic Conference which met in Geneva from 1974 to 1977. However, Article 44, which implements Article 1(4), has been the object of almost equal controversy. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the objections to that article were and …

Zivotofsky Ii's Two Visions For Foreign Relations Law, Harlan G. Cohen

Scholarly Works

The five opinions in Zivotofsky v. Kerry – four by the Supreme Court’s Republican-nominated Justices – exposed fault-lines over foreign relations law that have remained hidden in many of the Court’s other cases. This short essay, part of an AJIL Unbound Agora on the case, explores the most notable of these fissures – that between Justice Kennedy, who wrote the majority opinion, and Chief Justice Roberts, who dissented. Their disagreement in this case highlights the two Justices’ very different visions of U.S. foreign relations law and reveals the dynamic that has defined the direction of the Court over the last …

Several States, One Unity, One Law?, Nicola Preston

Akron Law Review

This article discusses the nature and operation of community law and highlights some of the difficulties experienced by its application to the English legal system.

The latter part of the article compares the operation of community law with that of the federal system in the United States of America.

In many respects the aims of both systems are the same. There are some matters in which it is considered essential that the law should be common or uniform throughout all the states, for example, commerce. In the United States, commerce is largely a federal matter so that goods can flow …

The Law Of Naval Warfare And China’S Maritime Militia, James Kraska, Michael Monti

International Law Studies

China operates a vast network of fishing vessels that form a maritime militia equipped and trained to conduct intelligence, communications, and targeting support for the People's Liberation Army Navy. Fishing vessels normally are exempt from capture or attack in the law of naval warfare unless they are integrated into the naval forces, but distinguishing between legitimate fishing vessels and maritime militia during naval warfare is virtually impossible.

Prospects For An Independent Judiciary: The Russian Constitutional Court And The Cpsu Trial, Lynne M. Tracy

Akron Law Review

This Comment will explore the role of law in Russian and Soviet history. It will then consider the legal reforms that arose under Mikhail Gorbachev's program of perestroika. Particular attention will be devoted to judicial reform and the creation of the Constitutional Court. Second, there will be a description of the events that led to the CPSU trial and the trial itself. Finally, there will be an examination of the impact of the Constitutional Court's verdict on: (1) the future of the Constitutional Court as an independent third branch of the government; (2) the Russian political scene; and (3) the …

The Beginning Of Development Of Legal Regulations Of Competition In Russia, Marina P. Bardina J.D.

Akron Law Review

Analyzing the legal regulation of the activity in the commodities markets, required by the Law, we begin with an examination of provisions on prevention, restriction and prohibition of monopolistic activity. Monopolistic activity is defined by the Law as action or inaction of business entities or state bodies, that contradict the Law and are directed at barring, restricting or distorting competition and/or causing losses to the consumers

The Present Developments Of Legal Regulations Of Space Activities In Russia And Commonwealth Of Independent States, Elena Kamenetskaya

Akron Law Review

The purpose of this article is to give general information about basic legal documents on the exploration and use of outer space which appeared in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States in the recent past.

Bringing Down The Barriers: American Laws That Impede Trade With The Cis, Arthur M. Dula, Lynne M. Tracy, Renee A. Rubino

Akron Law Review

It is necessary first to establish whether current trade restrictions apply to all former constituent parts of the Soviet Union or only to Russia. Second, the American-Russian trade relationship resembles a minefield. Some of the most powerful trade restrictions remain firmly in place. Others have been defused. This article will attempt to provide some guidance through the minefield. Finally, attention will be given to pending legislation that affects trade with Russia. Hopefully, this analysis will provide some insight into: (1) the past U.S. trade with the former Soviet Union; (2) where the relationship is now; and (3) what direction it …

Developing U.S. - Russian Relations: Academically, Legally And Economically, Isaac C. Hunt Jr.

Akron Law Review

No abstract provided.

Belgian Health Care: A System Worth Studying, Douglas John Maragas

Akron Law Review

This article will focus on basic information pertinent to the Belgian system. A more extensive explanation of the Belgian system, and a proposed American health care plan adapted from the Belgian system, can be found in my report: "A Comprehensive Health Care System Incorporating Public and Private Enterprise: With the Belgian system as a Base, America can Develop a Cost Efficient Comprehensive Health Care System."

Tortious Necessity; The Privileged Defense, John P. Finan, John Ritson

Akron Law Review

The similarities between the laws of torts in the United States of America and England enable one to make an interesting comparison between the two sets of rules applicable to the general defense of necessity. Although both tort systems are derivatives to a greater or lesser extent of the English common law, they have inevitably developed their own individual jurisprudence over the years. Concepts have been refined and extended to produce significant and curious differences which provide an interesting exercise in legal forensic. The similarities of the two tort systems make a comparative study possible, and the differences provide the …

The New Constitution Of Russia: Main Principles And Features, Ninel S. Krylova

Akron Law Review

On December 12,1993, the new Constitution of Russia was approved by the people who voted for it at the referendum. This Constitution will replace an old one which was adopted in 1978, when Russia was one of the Republics of the USSR. [...]

The new Constitution consists of one hundred thirty-seven (137) articles. It is impossible to describe all of them in detail. However, there are some provisions which are crucial for the future constitutional development of the country. The new Constitution should be the Bridge to Democracy. In the words of President Yeltsin, it is a touchstone in Russia's …

The Troubled Evolution Of Energy Policy In The Eec: A Discordant Note In The Harmonization Process, Jonathan D. Fishbane

Akron Law Review

This article will explore the troubled evolution of EEC energy policy and the attendant institutional and structural tensions that have militated against a cohesive energy policy and regulatory regime. Certainly, a by-product of such an inquiry is the issue of whether energy-based decision-making has been predicated upon a communitarian vision with Pan-European meaning, or whether nationalism and the pressures of the historical moment have determined the choice of rules to be made irrespective of long- term institutional considerations. While it is recognized that energy encompasses a variety of sources, including petroleum, coal, electricity, geothermal power, and nuclear energy, this article …

Judicial Enforcement Of International Human Rights, Edward D. Re

Akron Law Review

Lawyers are thinkers who must determine what are the fundamental human rights that must be legally enforced by a society worthy of being called civilized. Lawyers, therefore, devote their energies not only to human rights, but also to legal remedies designed to give effect to fundamental rights. Hence, for lawyers, the legal question presented deals with convening the ideals into legally enforceable norms. To phrase the inquiry in simple terms: what needs to be done to give legal effect to those moral norms which embody human rights and fundamental freedoms? What are the institutions of government that are charged with …

Vimar Segurosy Reaseguros V. M/V Sky Reefer: A Change In Course: Cogsa Does Not Invalidate Foreign Arbitration Clauses In Maritime, C. Christine Fahrenback

Akron Law Review

The purpose of this Note is to analyze the Supreme Court's reasoning in Vimar Seguros Y Reaseguros, S.A. v. M/V Sky Reefer, and to explore the case's domestic and international implications. Part II discusses the statutory history of COGSA and the Arbitration Act, and the lineage of cases preceding the Supreme Court's decision in this case. Part III looks at the specifics of the case, presenting the facts, procedural history, and reasoning of the majority and dissent. Finally, the Note concludes with an analysis of the Court's decision to abandon precedent and depart into uncharted waters by upholding the foreign …

Prosecuting War Crimes Before An International Tribunal, Howard S. Levine

Akron Law Review

It is probably appropriate to begin this discussion by stating that while the author has acted as an official reviewer of records of war crimes trials, and has read and analyzed innumerable records of those trials, he has never personally prosecuted an individual accused of a war crime.' Accordingly, this discussion will necessarily be based upon what others have said and done with respect to the problem of prosecuting war crimes cases before international tribunals. Some people would label such a discussion as "academic", intending the word to be interpreted pejoratively. If "academic" means knowledge gained from the study of …

War Crimes And International Criminal Law, Stuart H. Deming

Akron Law Review

My remarks will focus on three particular areas relating to war crimes and international criminal law. These will include the prospect of an international criminal court, my experience with war crimes issues in Ethiopia, and how traditional practitioners can become involved with these issues.

Nuclear Smuggling As An International Crime, Burrus M. Carnahan

Akron Law Review

In the chaotic post-Cold War world, international cooperation is increasingly needed to detect and punish those who aid the spread of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction. The proliferation of these weapons is a threat to the security of all states, except for a few rogues such as Iraq and North Korea; all other states have a common interest in punishing anyone who would assist the rogue states to acquire highly destructive weaponry. It would be reasonable to assume, therefore, that the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is widely regarded as an international crime, like piracy, war crimes …

Symposium On Hot Spots In International Law, John F. Seiberling

Akron Law Review

To anyone concerned about deterring future wars and war crimes and strengthening the rule of law, the panelists in this symposium bring fresh insights and encouragement. The University of Akron School of Law, the International Law Society, and the Akron Law Review are to be commended for bringing these experts and their discussion of this important subject to a wide audience at such a crucial time.

An International Sos (Save Our Sharks): How The International Legal Framework Should Be Used To Save Our Sharks, Crystal Green

Pace International Law Review

The purpose of this Article is to shed light on the plight on sharks in international and domestic waters. An estimated 100 million sharks are killed every year. The cruel and wasteful practice of shark finning is responsible for a large portion of those killings. Shark fins are the most valuable part of the shark, because they are used as the key ingredient – and namesake – in an Asian delicacy known as “shark fin soup.” This Article opens with background information on the dire situation sharks are facing in our oceans, and how the depletion of these top predators …

The Case Of Beatriz: An Outcry To Amend El Salvador’S Abortion Ban, Jonathan Alvarez

Pace International Law Review

This Note examines the evolution of El Salvador’s existing penal code, specifically focusing on the abortion legislation. Further, it examines the significance of The Case of Beatriz and it suggests reform for El Salvador’s government to include exceptions in their penal code, similar to exceptions available in the United States, to provide women with access to safe abortions in extreme circumstances. Part II will illustrate the struggle that women face in El Salvador. Part III will briefly explore the historical background of the current Penal Code, exclusively the abortion ban. Part IV will also discuss women’s rights violated by the …

Fleeing Cuba: A Comparative Piece Focused On Toro And The Options Victims Of Domestic Violence Have In Seeking Citizenship In The United States And Canada, Kiersten M. Schramek

Pace International Law Review

The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit decided a case on February 4, 2013 that has undoubted international implications. Toro v. Sec’y dealt with the language of the Cuban Refugee Adjustment Act of 1966 (CAA) and the provisions of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA).

This article focuses on how and why the court reached its decision. It analyzes the conflict between the “plain language” of the CAA and its statutory construction to rebut the court’s assertion that the VAWA self-petition was irrelevant in this case, and ultimately, offer an alternative analysis to this case.

This article …

A Dire Need For Legislative Reform, Patrick Dowdle

Pace International Law Review

In Section I of this note, I will lay out the several reasons why 18 U.S.C. § 1651 needs reform. I will provide background information on modern day piracy, including its economic impact, and will then break down varying definitions of piracy and their applications in recent cases. I will explore the split in U.S. case law caused by the application of the UNCLOS definition of piracy in Dire, and will identify the quandaries that result from the UNCLOS definition. In Section II, I will address two specific problems stemming from § 1651 that came to light as a result …

Balancing National Public Policy And Free Trade, Diane A. Desierto

Pace International Law Review

In the wake of the impasse between the World Trade Organization (WTO) and India regarding the ratification of the Protocol to the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) that concluded during the Ninth WTO Ministerial Conference in Bali, Indonesia on December of 2013, WTO Director-General Roberto Azevedo admitted that while the WTO succeeds in resolving trade disputes and monitoring trade practices, it “has failed to deliver new multilateral results since its creation.” This systemic failure in the trade negotiations pillar of the WTO is evident to all of its 160 Members. It is evident from thirteen years of stalled negotiations under the …

The Investigation Procedures Of The United Nations Office Of Internal Oversight Services And The Rights Of The United Nations Staff Member: An Analysis Of The United Nations Judicial Tribunals’ Judgments On Disciplinary Cases In The United Nations, Tamara A. Shockley

Pace International Law Review

An employee of an international organization misappropriates over one million dollars from a United Nations Peace-Keeping Mission’s designated for procurement of supplies. As a staff member of an international organization, he or she has functional immunity and cannot be investigated by the local jurisdiction or by authorities in his home country. Is this the “perfect crime”? Taking into consideration that these misappropriated funds are contributions from Member States of the United Nations, is there any recourse to investigate the facts of the incident to determine culpability?

International organizations have a legal obligation to ensure compliance with internal regulations, rules and …