International Law Commons^™

Policy Issues In Primary Industries, Zuhayr Mikdashi

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Business and government have espoused a variety of policies to exploit market forces to their advantage. This article explores the policies involved with important issues affecting relationships among protagonists in primary industries and offers some suggestions. The first section deals with "freeing" the supply of key information not normally accessible to less developed countries(LDC's). Sections two and three relate to two aspects of international trade: easing hardships resulting from interruptions in re-source flows; and redistributing gain from resource industries among trading countries. The final two sections of the article deal with development financing, and with the accommodation of foreign investments …

Judicial Deference In The Submerged Lands Cases, Jonathan I. Charney

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

When the Constitution established three branches of government, it did not create three hermetically sealed areas of responsibility. The executive, legislative and judicial branches are required to govern through a certain degree of accommodation. One area in which the need for accommodation between the judicial branch and the other two branches was recognized at an early stage is cases containing questions bearing on foreign relations.' Under the Constitution it appears that the conduct of the foreign relations is vested in the Executive with a secondary role for the Congress, but that the courts have no role to play in this …

Book Reviews, Richard W. Edwards, Jr.

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Studies in International Law is a collection of articles written by Dr. Mann between 1942 and 1972. All have previously appeared except "About the Proper Law of Contracts between States," which discusses the effect of a clause in a loan agreement between Denmark and Malawi providing that the agreement "shall be governed by Danish law." The largest piece, 139 pages, in this thick volume is a reprint of Mann's edited lectures on "The Doctrine of Jurisdiction in International Law" delivered at the Hague Academy of International Law in 1964.

All the articles relate to points of contact between public international …

Multiple Jurisdiction--Will It Save Or Destroy The Oceans? Political Analysis Of A Legal Problem, Charles F. Doran

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The recent trend of claims to the ocean and its riches has led far beyond the liberal twelve nautical mile territorial sea limit that the United States is prepared to recognize. In particular, two documents, the Declaration of Santo Domingo, proposing a "patrimonial sea" of 200 miles, and the draft articles on an "exclusive economic zone" of 200 miles submitted by Kenya, are likely to find much favor at the substantive session of the Third Law of the Sea Conference to be held at Caracas in the summer of 1974. Emerging from conflicts of interest, which have gradually eroded the …

Book Reviews, Edward H. Wall, Poeliu Dai

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

THE FUNCTION OF JUDICIAL DECISION IN EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION By C.J. Mann The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1972.Pp. xiv, 567.

Edward H. Wall

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INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING AT THE CROSSROADS: NATIONAL SuPPORT-EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS By David W. Wainhouse with the assistance of Frederick P. Bohannon, James E. Knott, Anne P. Simons. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.Pp. 634. $22.50.

Poeliu Dai

French Nuclear Testing And Article 41--Another Blow To The Authority Of The Court?, Jerome B. Elkind

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

On the 23rd of July 1973, at 9:00 a.m. New Zealand time, members of the crew of the New Zealand vessel, Otago, witnessed a nuclear explosion on one of the islands in the Mururoa atoll. The blast, a small one in the low kiloton range, marked the beginning of the eighth series of French atmospheric nuclear tests, which have been conducted in the Pacific since July 1966 when France moved its nuclear test site from the Reggane Firing Ground in the Sahara. Since that time the French nuclear tests have been a perennial sore spot in the diplomatic relations between …

Books Received, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

AMERICAN LABOR AND THE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION

Edited by Duane Kujawa

New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973. Pp. xxvii,285. $18.50.

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ASPECTS DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIQUE: ELABORATION CONTROLE--SANCTION.

Societe Francaise pour le Droit International. Paris: A. Pedone, 1972. Pp. 221. n.p. (paper).

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THE BASES OF INTERNATIONAL ORDER

Edited by Alan James

London: Oxford University Press, 1973. Pp. viii, 218 £ 3.50 net.

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CURRENT LEGAL ASPECTS OF DOING BUSINESS IN THE FAR EAST

Edited by Richard C. Allison

Chicago: American Bar Association,1972. Pp. vii, 208. $10.00.

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DOMESTIC TAXATION AND FOREIGN TRADE: THE UNITED STATES-EUROPEAN BORDER TAX DISPUTE

By Michael von …

Securities Regulation In Japan, Mitsuru Misawa

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Japanese securities exchanges, which were closed at the beginning of the Allied Force occupation in 1945, were permitted to reopen in 1949. During the following two decades, the Japanese economy displayed vigorous growth. An expansion of the operations of the securities markets accompanied the expansion of the economy, but the expansion did not progress evenly. The development of the securities markets in the post-War period can be divided into a number of stages: (1) the period of confusion and frustration (August 1945 to August 1949); (2) the period of reorganization (May 1949 to January 1954); (3) the period of high …

The Bremen, Cogsa And The Problem Of Conflicting Interpretation, Charles L. Black, Jr.

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

All aspects of the important Bremen decision will be explored in these Comments and elsewhere. I propose to present just two ideas, without needless connective verbal tissue between them: I. The Bremen case has nothing to do with the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA); both choice-of-forum and choice-of-law clauses should continue to be invalidated in bills of lading subject to that Act. II. The best solution for international conflicts of interpretation as to COGSA (and doubtless as to other statutes based on international conventions) would be an international court of appeals, exercising a discretionary jurisdiction, but empowered to …

The Nature And Extent Of Executive Power To Espouse The International Claims Of United States Nationals, Jesse W. Hill, Steven M. Lucas

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

International law is generally considered to be law that governs the conduct of sovereign states only. While individual private persons, both natural and juridical, undoubtedly are third-party beneficiaries of the rights and duties created by international law, those rights and duties, in the classical analysis, run only among sovereigns. Because rules of international law and treaties constitute obligations among or between sovereign states, a violation of international law imposes international responsibility not to the private parties who are injured by the violation but to the sovereign states of which they are members. Private parties, therefore, generally have no standing to …

Books Received, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Books Received

NULLITY AND REVISION: THE REVIEW AND ENFORCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL JUDGMENTS AND AWARDS

By W. Michael Reisman

New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971. Pp. vii, 900. $25.00.

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THE ENDLESS CRISIS

Edited by Frangois Duchne

New York: Simon and Schuster, 1971. Pp. 310. $2.75.

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INTERNATIONAL LAW, NATIONAL TRIBUNALS AND THE RIGHTS OF ALIENS By Grant Dawson and Ivan L. Head

Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1971. Pp. vii, 344. $11.75.

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THE LIMITED ELITE: POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT IN TWO INDIAN CITIES

By Donald B. Rosenthal

Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970. Pp.vii, 360. $12.75.

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INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE SUBSTANCE. …

The Question Of Compensation: A Third World Perspective, Norman Girvan

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The question of compensation for expropriated property takes us, in many respects, to the heart of the relationship between the developed capitalist countries and the Third World. On no other subject is the gulf between the two--in interests, perspectives and position--potentially so great, nor so pregnant with passionate and violent conflict. The rules of international law, the principles of international economics and the science of international politics can help clarify the issues involved and provide arguments for the claims of contending parties. But they cannot yield solutions which are "neutral" or are free of value judgments and philosophical assumptions which …

International Law And Conflict Resolution: Palestinian Claims And The Arab States, J. L. Taulbee, David P. Forsythe

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Over the last few years there has been a revival of interest in international law as a mechanism for conflict resolution. These same years have seen a demonstration of the undeveloped state of international law, particularly concerning intrastate conflicts. The wide disagreement about questions of fact, legal consequence, and world order implications of internal war is a telling commentary on the current problems of applying legal standards to such conflicts. A major part of the disagreement can be explained in terms of the specific problems relating to fact determination and authoritative interpretation engendered by the nature of the environment in …

Book Reviews, Max Rheinstein, Eugene V. Rostow, William O. Thweatt

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

JUDICIAL REVIEW IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

By Mauro Cappelletti

Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1971. Pp. xi, 117. $8.50 ($4.50 student edition).

reviewer: Max Rheinstein

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THE PRICE OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE

Philip C. Jessup

New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. Pp. ix, 82. $5.95.

reviewer: Eugene V. Rostow

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THREE WORLDS OF DEVELOPMENT: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL STRATIFICATION

By Irving Louis Horowitz

New York: Oxford University Press, 1972. Pp. xxx, 556. $15.00 (Paperback, $3.50).

reviewer: William O. Thweatt

Statutory Reform In Claims Against Foreign States: The Belman-Lowenfeld Proposal, Richard K.V. Hines, Kurt A. Strasser

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The executive branch of the United States Government has indicated recently that it is reexamining its dominant judicatory role in the field of sovereign immunity of foreign states. Studies undertaken in 1966 by the State Department resulted in the preparation of draft legislation on sovereign immunity that the Department has been studying for possible presentation to Congress. The proposed Belman-Lowenfeld legislation would completely remove the State Department from any role in deciding sovereign immunity cases. The proposal itself would subject foreign states to the jurisdiction of United States federal courts for activities carried on or having a direct effect in …

Editor's Foreword, Harold G. Maier

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This issue of the Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law includes two presentations to the 1972 Symposium of the Vanderbilt International Law Society and Regional Meeting of the American Society of International Law. First, Henry Harfield of the New York Bar discusses the relevance of international and transnational law to international commercial transactions, with a special emphasis on the usefulness of the Uniform Customs and Practices for Commercial Documentary Credits. Secondly, Sheldon S. Cohen, a member of the District of Columbia Bar and past Commissioner of Internal Revenue, focuses on the United States tax implications of changing currency values. While four …

The Public And Private International Response To Aircraft Hijacking, Gary N. Horlick

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The interests of aircraft hijackers are not easily summarized, if for no other reason than that the motivation of a given incident often cannot be clearly defined. For example, the recent extortion hijackings could have been motivated as easily by a desire for notoriety or other psychological reward as by a desire for cash. Hijackers exhibit, however, several recurring motivations. One fairly consistent element is the desire of the hijacker to escape the country in which he lives. Clearly, this motive was present in the eighteen attempts (eleven successes, seven failures) to flee Eastern European countries since 1960 by hijackers …

The 1971 I.C.J. Advisory Opinion On South West Africa (Nambia), Preston Brown

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

South Africa has administered the adjoining territory of South West Africa (Namibia) for over fifty years. Initially, that administration was granted to South Africa when it was designated a mandatory by the League of Nations. Since the dissolution of the League 25 years ago, South Africa's administration of the territory and, more recently, its right to administer, have been the subject of continued and escalating controversy.

The most recent development in this confused situation is the advisory opinion that was rendered in June, 1971, by the International Court of Justice. That opinion was requested by the Security Council of the …

A New Concept Of Consent And World Public Order, Stuart S. Malawer

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

There have been, however, many instances under traditional international legal theory when a state's consent has not been required. Professor Brierly, in a trenchant critique, has stated that consent as the basic concept of obligation under customary international law has involved no more than the use of a legal fiction. Moreover, the traditional notion of consent in treaty law has stated that any form of coercion on the state does not invalidate a treaty; freely given consent is not required. Furthermore consent by new states to existing rules of customary international law has been implied regardless of any actual consent. …

Recent Decisions, Arthur R. Louv, Mark R. Von Sternberg, Jesse W. Hill, Glen T. Oxton

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

ADMIRALTY--DAMAGES--AWARD ALLOWED FOR EMOTIONAL DISTRESS OF SURVIVING SPOUSES AND CHILDREN, OR PARENTS, UNDER GENERAL MARITIME LAW

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ANTITRUST--EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION--EFFORTS TO SECURE ACTION BY A FOREIGN STATE CONDUCIVE TO MONOPOLIZATION NOT PRIVILEGED; ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE BARS ANTITRUST CLAIM ARISING FROM ACTS OF A FOREIGN SOVEREIGN ALLEGEDLY INDUCED BY DEFENDANT

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CONSTITUTIONAL LAW--CITIZENSHIP--FIVE YEAR STATUTORY RESIDENCE REQUIREMENT AS A CONDITION SUBSEQUENT TO RETENTION OF CITIZENSHIP BY PERSONS BORN ABROAD NOT VIOLATIVE OF FIFTH AMENDMENT DUE PROCESS

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PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW--SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY--EXECUTIVE SUGGESTION BINDING ON COURTS DESPITE CONTRACTUAL WAIVER OF IMMUNITY

Book Reviews, Werner Baer, John B. Marshall, Justin P. Wilson, Emmanuel Bello

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

INDIRECT TAXATION IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES: THE ROLE AND STRUCTURE OF CUSTOMS DUTIES, EXCISES, AND SALES TAXES

By John F. Due

Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1970. Pp. viii, 201. .$9.00

reviewer: Werner Baer

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THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF CIVIL WAR

Edited by Richard A. Falk

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1971. Pp. xix, 452. $15.00

reviewer: John B. Marshall

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NATIONAL INTERESTS AND THE MULTI-NATIONAL ENTERPRISE

By Jack N. Behrman

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1970. Pp. 194. $4.95

reviewer: Justin P. Wilson

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TRANSNATIONAL BUSINESS COLLABORATION AMONG COMMON MARKET COUNTRIES: ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR POLITICAL INTEGRATION

By Werner J. Feld

New …

Recent Treaties And Statutes, Arthur R. Louv, Woodard E. Farmer, Jr., Mark R. Von Sternberg

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

ADMIRALTY--AMENDMENT TO FEDERAL MARITIME LIEN ACT--CHARTERER CONCLUSIVELY PRESUMED TO AUTHORIZE LIENS FOR NECESSARIES AND REPAIRS

Arthur R. Louv

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TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION--MASSACHUSETTS JUDICIAL EXTENSION ACT--STATE LEGISLATURE EXTENDS JURISDICTION OF STATE COURTS TO 200 MILES AT SEA

Woodard E. Farmer, Jr.

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TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION--MINING THE DEEP SEA BED--INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS AND NATIONAL RESOLUTIONS

Mark R. von Sternberg

Book Reviews, Dean Rusk, Barton T. Jones

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Although not the last of the essays, Oliver J. Lissitzyn's article serves as an excellent conclusion to McWhinney's collection of essays and materials. We are reminded that the first objective of any convention on hijacking should be to provide for the safety of innocent persons and that the second objective is to prevent hijacking. Moreover, international law already requires what is being demanded of countries by the new anti-hijacking conventions. The difficult and complex problem of deterring and, thus, preventing hijacking cannot be considered as an absolute value that overrides basic human rights and values. The multilateral international convention may …

Report On The Regional Meeting At The Vanderbilt University School Of Law, Harold G. Maier

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This issue of the Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law includes two articles that are based on papers presented at the Regional Meeting by Henry Harfield and Sheldon Cohen. Both articles deal with current and timely questions in the international commercial field. As an introduction to those papers it may be useful to comment briefly on several of the more important questions that were raised during the panel discussion of the papers which closed the conference. This may be particularly helpful in view of the fact that Professor Friedmann's untimely death prevented him from completing the revision of his remarks for …

Books Received, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

BASIC DOCUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Edited by Ian Brownlie-- London: Oxford University Press, 1972 (2d ed.). Pp. x, 284. $4.50.

LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES By Theodore Besterman-- Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1971. Pp. x, 436. $20.00.

CONFLICT ISSUES AND INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION DECISIONS: THREE CASES By Young W. Kih-- Denver: 1970-1971 Monograph Series in World Affairs, University of Denver, 1971. Pp. xi, 96. $1.00.

THE INTERNATIONAL COFFEE AGREEMENT: A STUDY IN COFFEE DIPLOMACY By Bart S. Fisher New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972. Pp. xx,287. $17.50.

LAW AND POLITICS IN OUTER SPACE: A BIBLIOGRAPHY By …

Recent Treaties And Statutes, Shelley I. Stiles, Iii

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Since the 1946 Supreme Court decision in Seas Shipping Co. v. Sieracki, the seaman's traditional remedy based on absolute liability of the vessel for an unseaworthy condition also has been available to longshoremen. Limited to longshoremen working aboard the vessel, the Sieracki opinion emphasized that the work of loading and unloading vessels was a maritime service formerly and historically rendered by seamen, and reasoned that because the work now performed by longshoremen involved risks commensurate with those undertaken by seamen, longshoremen injured on board ship should be entitled to unlimited recovery under the seaworthiness doctrine. The seaworthiness doctrine was expanded …

Book Notes: International Protection Of Human Rights, Alessandra Luini Del Russo

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Until the Nuremburg Tribunal, international thought concerning human rights conformed to the idea that the guarantor of these rights was the national sovereign. With the birth of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the need for international guarantees of human rights within a state was formally recognized; that individuals have certain inalienable human rights is a proposition which few nations will dispute today. Furthermore, despite wide ideological differences, most states have found it possible to agree on the scope and consequences of man's fundamental freedoms.

Internationally Uniform Probate Law--A Method For Improving Administration Of Multinational Estates, John G. Webb, Iii

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The need to coordinate succession laws of different nations was recognized as early as 1893 at the first Hague Conference where attempts were begun to coordinate the laws of succession on death through multilateral conventions. Notwithstanding so early an effort, however, the administration of multinational estates has remained plagued by diversity of national laws governing succession on death. The resulting confusion and inefficiency of administration has often frustrated the testamentary intentions of decedents of many nationalities. While no viable uniformity has been attained among nations, the need for consistency increases. Half a million United States civilian citizens live abroad, and …

Recent Cases, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Plaintiff, a West German foundation, sued to enjoin infringement of United States trademarks by defendant, an East German "peoples-owned enterprise." The original Carl Zeiss Stiftung was created at Jena in 1889 with the required approval of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach for the purpose of owning and operating an optical business for profit. In 1945, before Jena became part of the Soviet Zone, United States military authorities evacuated all members of the Zeiss Board of Management, as well as key personnel, to Heidenheim, Wuerttemberg, in the United States zone. In 1948, the Soviet Union expropriated all Zeiss assets in Jena, including …

United States Foreign Policy Toward South Africa: An Appraisal, Charles G. Burr

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

In recent years there have been notable cases in which United States involvement in African affairs has had a serious bearing on the United States' general international position, affecting its relations with the United Nations and other states, both African and non-African. The foremost of these cases is South Africa. In the view of many observers of the situation, the actions of the South African government cause reactions that jeopardize United States interests throughout the remainder of independent black Africa, undermine United States influence in the United Nations, and stimulate the nationalist movements within and outside South Africa to seek …