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Articles 271 - 300 of 453
Full-Text Articles in International Law
National And International Sources Of Women's Right To Equal Employment Opportunities: Equality In Law Versus Equality In Fact, Jill Andrews
National And International Sources Of Women's Right To Equal Employment Opportunities: Equality In Law Versus Equality In Fact, Jill Andrews
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Women's right to equal employment opportunity has been recognized virtually worldwide. In fact, one-third of the total world labor force consists of women.' As the higher echelons in employment are reached, however, the number of positions occupied by women tapers off dramatically.2 Thus, while the right to equal employment opportunity is acknowledged, enforcement remains a formidable challenge. Although facially similar laws prohibiting discrimination in the recruitment, promotion and working conditions of women have been enacted by United Nations member countries, the United States, the European Community and Japan, the difference between equality in law and equality in fact lies with …
Pudong: Another Special Economic Zone In China?-An Analysis Of The Special Regulations And Policy For Shanghai's Pudong New Area, Bin Xue Sang
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The Open Door Policy instituted in the late 1970s marked the beginning of economic reform in the People's Republic of China ("China"). Leading these reforms was the establishment of five special economic zones i and the opening of fourteen coastal cities.2 These special economic zones ("SEZs") and coastal cities, located along the east coast of China, serve as "windows" to attract foreign investment and technology.' So far, each of the five SEZs and the fourteen coastal cities has been successful in achieving these goals.
Chinese Traditions Inimical To The Patent Law, The Symposium: Doing Business In China, Liwei Wang
Chinese Traditions Inimical To The Patent Law, The Symposium: Doing Business In China, Liwei Wang
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
These phenomena remind us of a common view that China's modernization of science and technology is "burdened by a number of constraints, primarily constraints in traditional culture and in the Marxist-Leninist one-party state." 5 More specifically, in discussing the patent law of the People's Republic of China (PRO), Beaumont claimed that the "two-fold problem in stimulating innovation" is "a residual mistrust of innovation as a result of years of foreign imperialistic colonization," and of "finding ways to encourage and reward innovation which are congruent with Marxist thought."6 This article asserts that China's traditional culture is probably as inimical to patent …
Enforcement Of Judgments In Mexico: The 1988 Rules Of The Federal Code Of Civil Procedure, Jorge A. Vargas
Enforcement Of Judgments In Mexico: The 1988 Rules Of The Federal Code Of Civil Procedure, Jorge A. Vargas
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This article describes and analyzes the reforms to the Federal Code of Civil Procedure in the following four areas: (1) application and proof of foreign law; (2) processing of letters rogatory; (3) international cooperation for the taking of evidence, and (4)enforcement of foreign judgments. The first part offers an overview and commentary on the very few provisions Mexico had enacted in the area of international procedural cooperation prior to the 1988 reform. Part two explores the legislative history of the 1988 amendments, emphasizing the objective and purpose of the legislative bills submitted to Congress by the President of Mexico. The …
Medical Waste Regulation In The United States: A Dire Need For Recognition And Reform, Christina Louise Martini
Medical Waste Regulation In The United States: A Dire Need For Recognition And Reform, Christina Louise Martini
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This Comment will discuss the current methods by which medical waste is regulated in the United States and how the scientific data regarding medical waste demonstrates a misplaced emphasis on its regulation. Part II of this Comment discusses what constitutes medical waste and current methods for its disposal. Part III discusses the reasons why the medical waste problem began and the real versus perceived risks of medical waste and its disposal. In addition, the current federal and state medical waste regulation in the United States is discussed, and its effects on the states and the health-care industry are examined in …
Substantive Appraisal Of Horizontal Mergers Under Eec Regulation 4064/89: An Inquiry Into The Commission's First Year Decisions, Frank M. Hellemans
Substantive Appraisal Of Horizontal Mergers Under Eec Regulation 4064/89: An Inquiry Into The Commission's First Year Decisions, Frank M. Hellemans
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Rather, our purpose is to examine what criteria the Regulation prescribes for the substantive appraisal of mergers. We will not only scrutinize Article 2 of the Regulation and the different policies behind it, but we will also inquire into the Commission's decisions in order to find out how the Commission has applied the Regulation's substantive criteria to 'real live' mergers and acquisitions. Broadly speaking, this involves questions of product and geographic market definition, of calculating market shares and interpreting them and, finally, of basic goals of mergers control policy.
The Utility Of Bilateral Investment Treaties In The Formulation Of Customary International Law, Bernard Kishoiyian
The Utility Of Bilateral Investment Treaties In The Formulation Of Customary International Law, Bernard Kishoiyian
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In this paper, I propose to investigate the utility of BITs in the formulation of customary international law in the area of state responsibility for the protection of alien property. It is my thesis that the frenetic conclusion of BITs is occasioned by the uncertainty that pervades international investment law since the advent of the developing countries on the international scene, and secondly, that international law has not kept pace with the developments that have taken place in the last thirty years in foreign direct investment. To the extend that this is so, I contend that each BIT is nothing …
Public Law, Private Actors: The Impact Of Human Rights On Business Investors In China Symposium: Doing Business In China, Diane F. Orentlicher, Timothy A. Gelatt
Public Law, Private Actors: The Impact Of Human Rights On Business Investors In China Symposium: Doing Business In China, Diane F. Orentlicher, Timothy A. Gelatt
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Should companies invest at all in countries, like China, where severe human rights abuses are pervasive? If they do invest, should they restrict their operations to areas of the country that have a comparatively good human rights record? Are there basic principles that transnational companies should observe to ensure, at a minimum, that they do not become complicit in a host government's abrogation of universally-recognized human rights? Should such principles be enforced by Executive or congressional fiat, or should companies take primary responsibility for policing themselves? How can companies that wish to factor human rights considerations into their business decisions …
Resolving Commercial Disputes In China: Foreign Firms And The Role Of Contract Law, Roy F. Grow
Resolving Commercial Disputes In China: Foreign Firms And The Role Of Contract Law, Roy F. Grow
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
It is not my intention to explicate China's Foreign Economic Contract Law (FECL), the Joint Venture Law (JVL), or the Foreign Enterprise Income Tax Law (FEITL). The analysis of these codes has been done in great detail by others.' Instead, I will examine the actual behavior of the most important actors governed by this set of laws-the Chinese and foreign enterprises that work with one another and which must find ways to resolve their competing claims. In this study, I will examine the tension between Chinese and foreign firms by focusing on several specific and limited questions having to do …
Nafta's Rule Of Origin And Its Effect On The North American Automotive Industry, Jonathan M. Cooper
Nafta's Rule Of Origin And Its Effect On The North American Automotive Industry, Jonathan M. Cooper
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This comment will specifically address how NAFTA's rule of origin requirement will affect the North American automotive industry. To provide a thorough understanding of this topic, this comment will (1) discuss how NAFTA evolved and detail the remaining procedural steps necessary for its enactment; (2) briefly discuss the current North American automotive industry; (3) compare and contrast rule of origin requirements under previous FTAs; and (4) analyze NAFTA's proposed rule of origin requirement and its potential effects on the North American automotive industry.
The North American Free Trade Agreement: In Whose Best Interest?
The North American Free Trade Agreement: In Whose Best Interest?
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
On October 17, 1991, the Journal of International Law & Business hosted a round table discussion on the implications and impact of the proposed North American Free Trade Agreement. This discussion focused on the implications of free trade between the United States and Mexico. Five panelists from a variety of Chicago institutions and organizations discussed their personal and institutional perspectives regarding the proposed Agreement.
The Impact Of Eec Competition Law On The Music Industry, Frank L. Fine
The Impact Of Eec Competition Law On The Music Industry, Frank L. Fine
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The purpose of this article is to examine the relevance of EEC competition law (or antitrust law as it is known in the United States) to the music industry. EEC antitrust cases concerning other media, such as satellite broadcasting, are discussed to the extent that they are relevant. It will be shown that EEC antitrust law has a pervasive effect on the music industry and will play an important role as the industry exploits the EEC market.
How Does Europe Regulate Powers Within Its Corporations? What Might The Answer Mean For The U.S.? An Essay And Review Of European Company Laws: A Comparative Approach, Donald C. Jr. Dowling
How Does Europe Regulate Powers Within Its Corporations? What Might The Answer Mean For The U.S.? An Essay And Review Of European Company Laws: A Comparative Approach, Donald C. Jr. Dowling
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
European Company Laws: A Comparative Approach is a compilation of ten essays by various authors on the jurisprudence of corporate control within Europe. The book focuses on the company laws within the various member states, somewhat to the exclusion of the emerging EC-level corporate laws. Yet while European Company Laws concerns itself with member states' internal company laws, the book's goal is much loftier than merely compiling the European states' corporate statutes into some sort of practitioners' guide. Rather, European Company Laws attempts to divine jurisprudential truths about the regulation of power within the European company by examining the European …
Working On Dignity: Ec Initiatives On Sexual Harrassment In The Workplace, Victoria A. Carter
Working On Dignity: Ec Initiatives On Sexual Harrassment In The Workplace, Victoria A. Carter
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This article argues that the [European] Commission should propose legally binding legislation to guarantee all workers, both women and men, protection against sexual harassment in Community workplaces. Section I describes the nature of sexual harassment, the problems it poses in the EC, and the effects of sexual harassment on people and businesses. Section II reviews existing Member State legislation and labor union policies and identifies the inadequacy of these measures to protect EC workers from sexual harassment. Section III describes existing EC legislation on sexual harassment and the equal treatment of women and men in the workplace and identifies the …
Compulsion Over Comity: The United States' Assault On Foreign Bank Secrecy, C. Todd Jones
Compulsion Over Comity: The United States' Assault On Foreign Bank Secrecy, C. Todd Jones
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Because of their physical proximities and tory secrecy laws, many nations have become bank secrecy havens, providing financial services and anonymity to people and business enterprises, both legitimate and illegitimate. In response, U.S. courts have systematically circumvented almost any challenge to the authority of our prosecutors and judicial procedures presented by nations that respect and uphold financial privacy. Unfortunately, efforts by other branches of the United States government to ease the friction created by the courts have proved to be only moderately effective and remain essentially unrecognized by the judiciary.
Potential Liability Of New Employers To Pre-Existing Collective Bargaining Agreements And Pre-Existing Unions: A Comparison Of Labor Law Successorship Doctrines In The United States And Canada, Phillip M. Schreiber
Potential Liability Of New Employers To Pre-Existing Collective Bargaining Agreements And Pre-Existing Unions: A Comparison Of Labor Law Successorship Doctrines In The United States And Canada, Phillip M. Schreiber
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Successorship questions arise in many areas of corporate law when one business entity takes over another business entity. In labor law, successorship issues can arise whenever one business entity takes over another business entity which has employees that are collectively organized. Similar successorship issues in labor law exist in both the United States and Canada. However, both the determination of successor status and the consequences of this determination differ in the United States and Canada. In addition, differences exist within the various Canadian provinces and federal territories. This comment will explore and analyze these differences.
Recent Developments In Inter-American Commercial Arbitration, Charles Robert Norberg
Recent Developments In Inter-American Commercial Arbitration, Charles Robert Norberg
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Arbitration has become an effective procedure for resolving international commercial disputes in the Western Hemisphere. A framework of treaties exists, establishing substantive law and procedure for that purpose. The United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (1958) has been ratified by sixteen Western Hemisphere countries. The Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (1975) has been ratified by thirteen countries. Furthermore, the World Bank's Convention establishing the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes has been ratified by four Latin American countries and six anglophobe Western Hemisphere countries and it has been signed but not …
Non-Lawyers In International Commercial Arbitration: Gathering Splinters On The Bench, James E. Meason, Alison G. Smith
Non-Lawyers In International Commercial Arbitration: Gathering Splinters On The Bench, James E. Meason, Alison G. Smith
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In light of the frequent appearance of arbitration clauses in international contracts, and the volume of litigation handled in this manner, international commercial arbitration' has become a favorite subject of commentators who have primarily focused on the relative benefits of arbitration versus litigation and cross-institutional rules comparisons. One area that has received scant attention is the factors concerning the actual selection of particular individuals to serve as arbitrators. This article looks at how arbitrators are chosen today within the institutional context. Following this are general discussions of selected professions for indications of their members' inherent suitability for and adaptability to …
The International Arbitrator: From The Perspective Of The Icc International Court Of Arbitration, Stephen R. Bond
The International Arbitrator: From The Perspective Of The Icc International Court Of Arbitration, Stephen R. Bond
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In short, an arbitrator must have what Professor Pierre Lalive has called the "ability to judge," which implies a capacity to evaluate conflicting statements of law and/or fact and to have the wisdom, courage and expertise to reach and render a decision in such a way that the parties - and perhaps most of all the losing party - will recognize both the essential fairness of the procedure and the futility of efforts to overturn the award or oppose its execution. Only when this occurs, as happens in about ninety percent of ICC cases, can arbitration truly achieve the relative …
The Selection Of Choice Of Law Provisions In International Commercial Arbitration: A Case For Contractual Depeҫage, Craig M. Gertz
The Selection Of Choice Of Law Provisions In International Commercial Arbitration: A Case For Contractual Depeҫage, Craig M. Gertz
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
One additional advantage of arbitration, the parties' ability to predetermine the law governing the resolution of the dispute, has gained growing recognition in recent years. This recognition, however, has been myopic to some extent. Some commentators see choice of law options confined either to the selection of one national legal system from several possibilities or to the selection of a single national, international, or anational legal system. Such a self-imposed limitation of the applicable law to one system of law often denies parties many of the benefits and powers allowed them in international commercial arbitration. As an alternative, an agreement …
Field-Of-Use Restrictions As Precompetitive Elements In Patent And Know-How Licensing Agreements In The United States And The European Communities, Thomas C. Meyers
Field-Of-Use Restrictions As Precompetitive Elements In Patent And Know-How Licensing Agreements In The United States And The European Communities, Thomas C. Meyers
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The courts of both the United States and the European Communities have upheld the legality of various licensing restrictions. One such restriction, the "field-of-use" restriction, is the subject of this article. A field-of-use restriction prohibits a licensee from realizing the benefits of the license in certain technical fields. Field-of-use restrictions are usually written as restricting use to a particular field rather than listing prohibited fields… This article first sets forth an economic justification for the legality of field-of-use restrictions, concluding that such restrictions are usually pro-competitive. The article then analyzes the relevant law in both the United States and the …
The Role Of Antitrust Policy In The Development Of Australian-New Zealand Free Trade, Rex J. Ahdar
The Role Of Antitrust Policy In The Development Of Australian-New Zealand Free Trade, Rex J. Ahdar
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This article examines some antitrust aspects of the Australia-New Zealand free trade accord. The first section will trace the development of trans-Tasman2 free trade, noting the long history of efforts to liberalize trade between the two countries. The next part analyzes the role antitrust law played in the movement to free trade. The final two sections raise a number of outstanding issues and problems yet to be resolved by Australia and New Zealand policy makers.
Chapter 13 Of The United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement: Has It Created An Open And Effective Government Procurement Dispute Resolution System?, Charles W. Levesque
Chapter 13 Of The United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement: Has It Created An Open And Effective Government Procurement Dispute Resolution System?, Charles W. Levesque
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Chapter 13 creates new and additional opportunities for businesses on both sides of the Canadian-United States border to bid on federal government contracts on opposite sides of the border. In order to implement the Free Trade Agreement and the provisions of Chapter 13, the Canadian federal government created a new administrative agency, the Procurement Review Board of Canada (the Board), to adjudicate government procurement disputes. The Board is the focus of this article. Because the Board is charged with adjudicating contract disputes arising under Chapter 13 of the FTA, its decisions provide an insight into whether Chapter 13 is creating …
Perspectives On Privatization And Plant-Level Industrial Relations: Great Britain In The 1980s, Germany In The 1990s, Andrew J. Ritten
Perspectives On Privatization And Plant-Level Industrial Relations: Great Britain In The 1980s, Germany In The 1990s, Andrew J. Ritten
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This Comment will analyze the changing situation in Germany and offer analogies based on a historical precedent. Though the degree of change was much less revolutionary, Great Britain in the 1980s experienced a period of industrial privatization similar to that which is presently occurring in Germany. The purpose of this Comment is to examine the effects of British privatization on plant-level labor representation and industrial relations and to show how this experience may provide insight into what is likely to happen in Germany during its period of privatization.
A Rapid Or Evolutionary Approach: The Eec's Adoption Of The Ecu As A Common Currency, Susan B. Shulman
A Rapid Or Evolutionary Approach: The Eec's Adoption Of The Ecu As A Common Currency, Susan B. Shulman
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Perhaps the EEC should move to a common currency, but there is no reason to rush towards such a dramatic change. According to optimal currency area theory, the current system of limited flexibility within the EEC is ideal. Any move to a common currency should be flexible in that it initially allows member states the ability to use national monetary policy if necessary. The British proposal allows just this kind of flexibility.
Book Review: Cautious Revolution: The European Community Arrives, John T. Shaw
Book Review: Cautious Revolution: The European Community Arrives, John T. Shaw
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Book Review: Cautious Revolution by Clifford Hackett is a valuable addition to this growing literature on the European Community. Hackett is a respected authority on European affairs who has worked in the U.S. Foreign Service and as a congressional aide… In Cautious Revolution, Hackett outlines the history of the EC as both an idea and institution, identifies the EC's successes and failures, and assesses the relationship between the United States and the EC.
The Place Of Arbitration In The Conflict Of Laws Of International Commercial Arbitration: An Exercise In Arbitration Planning, Filip De Ly
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Growing complexities in the law and practice of international commercial arbitration and a certain loss of the spirit of arbitration require reflection by all interested parties (litigating parties, their counsels, arbitrators and arbitration centers) in order to maintain some of the traditional advantages of arbitration… The purpose of such reflection is to maintain the reputation of international commercial arbitration as a speedy and cost efficient dispute resolution mechanism for international business transactions. This may be achieved by an attempt to identify the options which interested parties may have and to indicate their respective advantages and disadvantages. This process may be …
1992: The Case Of Financial Services, Caroline Bradley
1992: The Case Of Financial Services, Caroline Bradley
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
By the end of 1992 the European Community (EC) intends to create a single internal market in goods, services, labor and capital. Of all the internal markets to be created by the end of 1992, the single internal market in financial services may be the most interesting. This paper considers three aspects of the single market in financial services: regulatory harmonization as a solution to the problems caused by the development of international financial markets; the rules which the EC has adopted and proposed to create the single market in financial services; and the extent to which the single market …
Joint Ventures, Antitrust, And Transnational Cartelization, Walter Adams, James W. Brock
Joint Ventures, Antitrust, And Transnational Cartelization, Walter Adams, James W. Brock
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Joint ventures have fired corporate imaginations and captured the fancy of government officials, who perceive them as key weapons in the struggle to achieve global competitiveness. Characterizing the trend as corporate America's version of the singles bar, Business Week reports that in the current rage for "strategic alliances," scarcely a day passes without the announcement of another cooperative inter-corporate agreement. The London Economist reports that "just as the vogue for aggressive takeovers in America and Britain has come to an end, many of the world's biggest companies are scrambling to sign up joint-venture partners or to conclude an alliance with …
Current Administration Of U.S. Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Laws: Implications For Prospective U.S.-Mexico Free Trade Talks, Stephen J. Powell, Craig R. Giesse, Craig L. Jackson
Current Administration Of U.S. Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Laws: Implications For Prospective U.S.-Mexico Free Trade Talks, Stephen J. Powell, Craig R. Giesse, Craig L. Jackson
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
U.S.-Mexico trade relations are changing at a rapid pace. In 1985, the United States and Mexico entered into a bilateral trade agreement that seeks to eliminate the subsidization of manufactured products. One year later, Mexico became a signatory to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (the "GATT"), the multilateral accord that governs world trade in manufactured and agricultural products. In 1987, the two countries entered into a framework agreement that establishes a consultative mechanism designed to resolve bilateral trade disputes involving such issues as intellectual property protection, direct foreign investment, and trade in goods and services.