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Articles 151 - 180 of 453
Full-Text Articles in International Law
Fight Or Flight Of U.S.-Based Multinational Businesses: Analyzing The Causes For, Effects Of, And Solutions To The Corporate Inversion Trend, Hale E. Sheppard
Fight Or Flight Of U.S.-Based Multinational Businesses: Analyzing The Causes For, Effects Of, And Solutions To The Corporate Inversion Trend, Hale E. Sheppard
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
When a person is confronted by a threat, he or she experiences a psychological and physiological response commonly known as "fight or flight." In general, this innate survival mechanism causes the body to direct blood to vital areas and to release lactic acid, adrenaline and other chemicals in order to prepare a person to either face the threat or flee immediately. Multinational corporations based in the United States, likewise, have recently displayed similar fight-or-flight behavior when faced with the threat of high taxes. Unfortunately for the U.S. economy, a growing number of these American corporations have chosen the latter: flight. …
Implementation Of The Wto Agreements: Framework And Reform, Xin Zhang
Implementation Of The Wto Agreements: Framework And Reform, Xin Zhang
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The term 'implementation' has two meanings in the WTO context. The general meaning refers to all the modalities, mechanisms, and instruments that assist in the application of the WTO Agreements. A more recent meaning, highlighted by the Doha Development Agenda, addresses the 'implementation-related issues and concerns' such as those "raised by many developing-country Members regarding the implementation of some WTO Agreements and Decisions, including the difficulties and resource constraints that have been encountered in the implementation of obligations in various areas." In this regard, the WTO implementation issue refers to the abilities of developing-country Members to implement the existing WTO …
The International Art Auction Industry: Has Competition Tarnished Its Finish, Brenna Adler
The International Art Auction Industry: Has Competition Tarnished Its Finish, Brenna Adler
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
I argue that a stronger, more cohesive international regulation specially tailored to the auction industry is required in order to keep auction houses from committing unlawful behavior. Auction houses should not be considered merely businesses. Rather, special regulations are needed--regulations that take into account the unique goods that auction houses sell. Part I of this comment will describe auctioneers' duties to sellers under the law. I will compare and contrast the laws of the United States, the Netherlands, and France and focus on an American case that discusses the breach of an auctioneer's duty to the seller. Part II will …
The Protection Of Test And Other Data Required By Article 39.3 Of The Trips Agreement, G. Lee Skillington, Eric M. Solovy
The Protection Of Test And Other Data Required By Article 39.3 Of The Trips Agreement, G. Lee Skillington, Eric M. Solovy
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the origins, purpose and scope of protection for test and other data required by TRIPS Article 39.3. Through this analysis, which looks to the ordinary meaning of the provision in proper context in the same manner as would a WTO dispute settlement panel or the WTO Appellate Body, we conclude that Article 39.3 provides protection against the unjust or unfair application or conversion of certain test and other data to make a profit or to obtain a benefit. Such protection must be provided long enough to allow the originator to at least recoup …
The New Economic Constitution In China: A Third Way For Competition Regime?, Youngjin Jung, Qian Hao
The New Economic Constitution In China: A Third Way For Competition Regime?, Youngjin Jung, Qian Hao
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This article will discuss the basic features of the competition regime China is ready to set up, as envisioned in its draft of the anti-monopoly law. By comparing different antimonopoly systems worldwide and their relevance to China's idiosyncrasies in its antimonopoly law, this article intends to promote a better understanding of China's emerging antitrust regime by providing illustrative comments and legislative suggestions. Part II of this article will focus on the economic and legal contexts of the drafting of the antimonopoly law in order to illuminate the unique priorities of the Chinese lawmakers. Part III will highlight the distinctive traits …
Crackdown On Money Laundering: A Comparative Analysis Of The Feasibility And Effectiveness Of Domestic And Multilateral Policy Reforms, Kathleen A. Lacey, Barbara Crutchfield George
Crackdown On Money Laundering: A Comparative Analysis Of The Feasibility And Effectiveness Of Domestic And Multilateral Policy Reforms, Kathleen A. Lacey, Barbara Crutchfield George
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This is a uniquely opportune time for anti-money laundering initiatives and policy reform to occur. Since the terrorist attacks in the United States in September, 2001, security agencies throughout the world have rushed to follow leads that may prove that Osama bin Laden financed the attack with massive amounts of laundered money. Greater awareness of the harmful effects of money laundering, and public and governmental concerns regarding reverse-money laundering by terrorists, has resulted in a surge of attention directed toward anti-money laundering efforts. Consequently, financial institutions are under increasing pressure to comply with existing anti-money laundering regulations by implementing internal …
Justice Required: Using A Preservation-Of-Court-Access Approach To Forum Non Conveniens In Five International Product-Injury Case Studies, Jeffrey A. Van Detta
Justice Required: Using A Preservation-Of-Court-Access Approach To Forum Non Conveniens In Five International Product-Injury Case Studies, Jeffrey A. Van Detta
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The American federal courts have used a questionable common law procedural rule to erect a virtually impenetrable barrier for those injured in other countries by products or industrial activities of U.S.-based multinationals. This barrier exists as the forum non conveniens ("FNC") rule. Section II briefly reviews the current problems that the FNC rule causes and explains its origins. In Section III, I describe my doctrinal shift away from the FNC rule to a preservation-of-court-access statute. I demonstrate in Section IV, the focus of the article, how applying that statute would change the outcome of actual product injury cases filed by …
Strengthening Available Evidence-Gathering Tools In The Fight Against Internatoinal Money Laundering, W. Clifton Holmes
Strengthening Available Evidence-Gathering Tools In The Fight Against Internatoinal Money Laundering, W. Clifton Holmes
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Congress responded rapidly to the terror attacks, passing the U.S.A. Patriot Act ("Patriot Act") in October 2001. In addition to providing the death penalty for the "attempted wrecking of a mass transportation vehicle," the Patriot Act contains several anti-money laundering provisions. This article will argue that the Patriot Act's anti-money laundering scope was excessively narrow in that the Act did not address existing inadequacies under federal law in the area of grand jury investigations of transnational money laundering offenses. In order to enhance the efficacy of such investigations, Congress should take three steps: first, Congress should confer to federal courts …
Express Delivery And The Postal Sector In The Context Of Public Secto Anti-Competitive Practices, D. Daniel Sokol
Express Delivery And The Postal Sector In The Context Of Public Secto Anti-Competitive Practices, D. Daniel Sokol
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
International trade plays an increasingly important role in global economics. One growing part of the international economy has been express delivery services. Because various governments that maintain public sector postal monopolies have erected barriers to entry to impede its growth, express delivery has become an important battleground within the realm of trade. International trade, which initially consisted mainly of the trade of goods, is now increasingly focusing on services. This article focuses on the problem of a particular type of service and the barriers on this service (express delivery) that countries place upon it. Not surprisingly, those countries that are …
Should China Provide Intellectual Property Protection For Genetically Modified Animals?, Ke Geng
Should China Provide Intellectual Property Protection For Genetically Modified Animals?, Ke Geng
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The advent of recombinant genetic engineering techniques has revolutionized biotechnology. The biomedicine and biotechnology industries have extensively employed these techniques to improve the quality of agricultural crops and livestock and to create genetically modified organisms ("GMOs") in order to produce drugs. Since as much as twenty-five percent of the world's intellectual property-related trade involves biotechnology, many countries have realized the importance of providing intellectual property protection for biotechnological technologies, including GMOs. In the past decade, China's booming economy has helped make its biotechnological market the fastest growing market in the world. To stimulate innovation and attract private investment in its …
Regulatory Mismatch In The International Market For Legal Services, Carole Silver
Regulatory Mismatch In The International Market For Legal Services, Carole Silver
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The increasingly international reach of law owes part of its momentum to individual lawyers and law firms that function as carriers of ideas, processes and policies. U.S. lawyers are important participants in this expanding influence of law, both in the public sphere in areas such as human rights and in private areas, such as regulation of business. They work as representatives of both U.S. clients and foreign organizations and governments, bringing their basic mindset, shaped by education and practice experiences, into their dealings with foreign lawyers as they connect in a variety of roles, from co- and opposing counsel, to …
Creating A Market For Justice; A Market Incentive Solution To Regulating The Playing Field: Judicial Deference, Judicial Review, Due Process, And Fair Play In Online Consumer Arbitration, Llewellyn Joseph Gibbons
Creating A Market For Justice; A Market Incentive Solution To Regulating The Playing Field: Judicial Deference, Judicial Review, Due Process, And Fair Play In Online Consumer Arbitration, Llewellyn Joseph Gibbons
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Swindlers, purveyors of substandard products or services, and honest traders unable to perform their agreements can access the global market as easily as legitimate and capable businesses. The impersonal nature of e-commerce makes it more difficult for traders to discern a merchant or transaction that will not satisfy their expectations. This article analyzes procedural due process concerns as an element of arbitration in online dispute resolution ("ODR") in business-to-consumer ("B2C") e-commerce. B2C e-commerce will be worth an estimated $250 billion by the end of 2003, but one factor hindering its growth is the lack of effective dispute resolution. For reasons …
The Abcs And Ntbs Of Gmos: The Great European Union-United States Trade Debate - Do European Restrictions On The Trade Of Genetically Modified Organisms Violate Internaitonal Trade Law, Sarah Lively
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The genetic engineering of agriculture has spurred a lively worldwide discussion, and the technology has found both enthusiastic fans and formidable foes. Specifically, the United States has signed on as a proponent of the genetic modification of agriculture. In fact, the United States has become the largest producer of genetically modified organisms ("GMOs") and is consequently the leading exporter of genetically modified goods. On the other side of this debate lies the European Community ("EC"). The European Community is much less enthusiastic about GMOs and effectively questions their presence in our environment and food products. The European Community has focused …
Recovering Attorneys' Fees As Damages Under The U.N. Sales Convention (Cisg): The Role Of Case Law In The New International Commercial Practice, With Comments On Zapata Hermanos V. Hearthside Baking, Harry M. Fletcher
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The conclusion I ultimately draw is that, although the holdings of individual cases are ambiguous, as a group the relevant foreign decisions clearly sanction an award of CISG damages to cover attorneys' fees that would not normally be compensable under U.S. national law. As I discuss in Part III of the article, the firmly-established "American rule" on recovery of attorneys' fees is that, in the absence of a statutory or contractual provision to the contrary, each party to a dispute must bear his or her own attorneys' fees. A line of U.S. cases construing Article 2 of the U.C.C. strongly …
How Far Have We Come, And Where Do We Go From Here: The Status Of Global Computer Software Protection Under The Trips Agreement, Aaron D. Charfoos
How Far Have We Come, And Where Do We Go From Here: The Status Of Global Computer Software Protection Under The Trips Agreement, Aaron D. Charfoos
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The TRIPS agreement made significant advances over the pre-TRIPS international regime with respect to the protection of computer software. There are at least two significant advances. First, computer software protections have been embedded into the new dispute resolution procedures. Second, both object and source code are protected under the copyright sections of the Agreement. The dispute resolution procedures provide back-end protection (protection after offenses have occurred), while new copyright provisions provide affirmative front-end protection (protection deterring such offenses). However, the Agreement could have, and should have, gone farther to protect the software industry. By not formally deciding on the ability …
Optimal International Taxation And Tax Competition: Overcoming The Contradictions, William B. Barker
Optimal International Taxation And Tax Competition: Overcoming The Contradictions, William B. Barker
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This paper presents a theory of international taxation based on a new approach to source taxation that reflects world development and synthesizes the objectives of economic efficiency, fairness to taxpayers, and fairness to governments. Adoption of this model results in the preservation of comprehensive income taxation to capital-exporting nations and an expenditure tax base for capital-importing nations. The system would reduce much of the distortion caused by tax competition, eliminating the tax incentive for businesses to use productive assets and technologies outside the country of their development and saving the jobs of many workers.
African Private Security Companies And The Alien Tort Claims Act: Could Multinational Oil And Mining Companies Be Liable?, Jennifer L. Heil
African Private Security Companies And The Alien Tort Claims Act: Could Multinational Oil And Mining Companies Be Liable?, Jennifer L. Heil
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This paper focuses specifically on the possible liability under the ATCA of multinational oil and mining companies operating in Africa. First, it will examine the relationships between the multinational oil and mining companies, private security forces and African governments. In doing so, it will describe the actual activities and operations of the private security forces in conjunction with the oil and mining corhpanies. Second, this paper will outline the elements of liability under the ATCA. This will include a discussion of recent cases in which foreign nationals have sued multinational companies in the United States for alleged human rights abuses …
International Economic Conflict And Resolution, C. O'Neal Taylor
International Economic Conflict And Resolution, C. O'Neal Taylor
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Conflict and their resolutions contribute to the development of the law. Organizations and systems are structured or restructured and policies are formulated in response to them. In the case of international economic law, conflict comes in a variety of forms and is resolved in a number of ways and in different forums.' The 2001 Conference of the International Economic Law Group focused on the issue of conflict resolution.2 The two plenary sessions of the conference were held at the Warwick Hotel in Houston. This symposium issue of the Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business contains three of the articles …
International Commercial Arbitration In Cyberspace: Recent Developments, Ljiljana Biukovic
International Commercial Arbitration In Cyberspace: Recent Developments, Ljiljana Biukovic
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This article examines some features of virtual arbitration and argues that the use of new technology and the development of e-commerce raise some interesting questions to international arbitration laws. Part It describes initiatives to develop online dispute resolution. Part III discusses virtual dispute resolution centers, including, how, why, and where they function. More importantly, however, Part III investigates the differences between online and off-line arbitration, where the focus remains on three questions. The first question is a crucial one. It has been debated by scholars and practitioners but still remains unresolved: will arbitration agreements concluded online and arbitration awards rendered …
Judicial Activism At The World Trade Organizational: Development Principles Of Self-Restraint, J. Patrick Kelly
Judicial Activism At The World Trade Organizational: Development Principles Of Self-Restraint, J. Patrick Kelly
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In a number of recent decisions the AB has begun to grapple in a non-systematic way with both the incorporation and creative interpretation issues.14 These decisions raise serious concerns that the AB is exceeding its authority under the DSU and inappropriately incorporating non-WTO law or interpreting WTO agreements in a manner that diminishes the rights of members. This article explores both the incorporation and creative interpretation questions by assessing the relative merits of three different models of how social regulatory policy might be integrated into WTO decision-making: the Judicial Activist Model, the Contract Model, and the Legislative Model.
Knowledge, Legitimacy, Efficiency And The Institutionalization Of Dispute Settlement Procedures At The World Trade Organization And The World Intellectual Property Organization, Michael P. Ryan
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
International legal research regarding international economic dispute settlement tends to be a-theoretical. A theoretically-grounded analytic framework is employed in this article which draws from scholarship from political science, sociology, and economics regarding institutions and international governmental organizations. The knowledge-legitimacy-efficiency analytic framework is applied in this article to studies of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GA TT)/World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement in order to relate this relevant scholarship to the economic field under primary study, Internet domain names. GA TT/WTO knowledge regarding international trade law has thickened through multi-lateral trade negotiations and dispute settlement decisions. The WTO's legitimacy is …
Implications For Foreign Direct Investment In Sub-Saharan Africa Under The African Growth Opportunity Act, Rebecca Trent
Implications For Foreign Direct Investment In Sub-Saharan Africa Under The African Growth Opportunity Act, Rebecca Trent
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In the wake of the September 11th attacks on the United States, there has been an outcry in the media over the economic, social, and political rights of individuals in less developed nations. The need to integrate developing nations into the global economy has been called for, not only for sheer humanitarian reasons, but also as a means to prevent catastrophic actions by those who feel left out when it comes to globalization. It is said that "rich countries will pay a price" if they cannot find ways to integrate developing nations into the international economy and that "security depends …
Eustitia: Institutionalizing Justice In The European Union, Helen Elizabeth Hartnell
Eustitia: Institutionalizing Justice In The European Union, Helen Elizabeth Hartnell
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Madame Guigou's prediction that a "single judicial space" might be in place by the year 2020 signals a brave new horizon for the rule of law in the European Union. Yet even her dramatic claim fails to convey the range, depth, and momentum of changes wrought by the Treaties of Maastricht and Amsterdam in the realm of justice. The European Union is installing new infrastructure upon which to build a "genuine European area of justice." This "European judicial area" constitutes a key component of the "area of freedom, security and justice" ("AFSJ"). The Amsterdam Treaty added the AFSJ as a …
Levi Strauss V. Tesco And E.U. Trademark Exhaustion: A Proposal For Change, Kimberly Reed
Levi Strauss V. Tesco And E.U. Trademark Exhaustion: A Proposal For Change, Kimberly Reed
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
When the European Court of Justice ("ECJ") issued its final decision in the case of Levi Strauss & Co. v. Tesco Stores Ltd. in November 2001, affirming Levi Strauss' right to keep cut-price imported Levis out of the European Union ("E.U."), the general public was outraged at the perceived blow to consumer rights. The ECJ's decision to allow Levi Strauss to prohibit "gray market" imports of its jeans from the United States for resale in the United Kingdom at prices much cheaper than Levi Strauss' own U.K. prices was characterized as protecting "big business" at the expense of consumers. While …
Turning Competition On Its Head: Economic Analysis Of The Ec's Decision To Bar The Ge-Honeywell Merger, Paul Jin
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
On July 3, 2001, the Commission of the European Communities ("Commission") rejected the proposed $45 billion merger between The General Electric Company ("GE") and Honeywell International, Inc. ("Honeywell"), which U.S. antitrust regulators had approved. Of the some 400 mergers involving U.S. companies reviewed by the Commission since 1990, only one had ever been barred. In that instance, however, U.S. authorities had also blocked the proposed transaction. Thus, the failed GE-Honeywell merger marked the first time the Commission had blocked a merger involving U.S. companies that had been approved by U.S. authorities. The Commission's move to block the GE-Honeywell merger brought …
Corporatization And Privatization: A Chinese Perspective, Yuwa Wei
Corporatization And Privatization: A Chinese Perspective, Yuwa Wei
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Although the enterprise reform in China has its own causes, it conforms to the current movement of commercializing public enterprises in a global sense. Thus, over the course of its enterprise reform, China has the advantage of drawing lessons and gaining wisdom from the experience of other jurisdictions. Consequently, China may achieve two goals, commercializing its public sector and standardizing the practice of its corporatized enterprises, at the same time. Meanwhile, the Chinese enterprise reform will provide an interesting case for comparative study, since the country is pioneering a different path in the process of corporatizing and privatizing its public …
Internet Jurisdiction Today, Adria Allen
Internet Jurisdiction Today, Adria Allen
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This paper will use the Yahoo case to illustrate the unique jurisdictional dilemma posed by the Internet as countries try to enforce their laws in an era when laws may be broken, through the use of the Internet, from other countries with conflicting laws.' Part I of this paper will address the Yahoo case and its importance to Internet jurisdiction. Part II will explore traditional jurisdiction and apply it to the Yahoo case. Part III will identify twopotential theories of Internet jurisdiction and investigate whether they are feasible solutions to the problem posed by the Yahoo case. Part IV will …
The Proposed E.U. Vat On Electronically Transmitted Services: Enforcement And Compliance Issues, Thomas Fawkes
The Proposed E.U. Vat On Electronically Transmitted Services: Enforcement And Compliance Issues, Thomas Fawkes
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This paper will begin by discussing the current VAT system in the E.U. It will also describe in detail the provisions of the proposed VAT amendments as they affect electronic commerce transactions with respect to both B2B and B2C transactions. Next, the practical effects of the VAT amendments in terms of increased VAT revenue for the E.U. and its mem-ber states will be discussed. Following will be a discussion on the past and present failures of the E.U. and its Member States in encouraging and en-forcing compliance under the current VAT Directive, and the implication of such failures on the …
Infrastructure For Commerce, Michael B. Likosky
Infrastructure For Commerce, Michael B. Likosky
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
While the government presents the MSC as the embodiment of the future, structurally it bears remarkable resemblance to the colonial legal orders. The enclave nature of the MSC is reminiscent of the colonial dual legal orders. At the same time, the international legal and economic orders have undergone profound changes. The international legal order is now premised on sovereign absolutism and equality among nation-states. The reigning economic paradigm is high technology rather than manufacturing or the spice trade. Discussion of the continuities and discontinuities between colonial and present day transnational legal orders must thus attend to a number of variables. …
Transactional, Social, And Legal Aspects Of Oil Exploration And Extraction In Colombia, Juan Carlos Palau
Transactional, Social, And Legal Aspects Of Oil Exploration And Extraction In Colombia, Juan Carlos Palau
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In Colombia, as in many other countries with oil reserves potential, the government has sought to reduce the activity's inherent high degree of un-certainty by shaping the legal and economic environment that foreign com-panies have to operate in, making it more profitable and attractive for them.16 This paper seeks to accurately represent this environment to the pro-spective investor, starting with the structures of the two basic transactions, referred to herein as "modes", through which most commonly, foreign com-panies participate in the oil industry in Colombia, namely, the Standard As-sociation Mode ("S.A.M") and the Risk Sharing Mode ("R.S.M.").17 The contractual agreements …