International Law Commons^™

General Principles Of International Environmental Law, Max Valverde Soto

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

This article is a description of the general principles and rules of international environmental law that have emerged from international treaties, agreements, and customs. The significance of the generality of these principles is that they can be applied to the international community for the protection of the environment.

Outlawing The Use Of Refugees As Tools Of Foreign Policy, Geoffrey W. Hymans

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Assume that you are the dictator of a small country adjacent to a prosperous first world nation. You have little interaction with this nation because it objects to the manner in which you maintain control of the dissidents in your country. However, there are internal policies of the prosperous nation that, if changed, could bring an economic windfall to your country.

A Comparative Study Of The Jewish And The United States Constitutional Law Of Capital Punishment, Steven Davidoff

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The Jewish view on the death penalty is that it should exist but it should never be used .... [lI]t is Governor Pataki's job to ensure :order. But he must remember that as a leader he must exhibit attributes of both the father and the mother. Governor Pataki is a nice man. But if he acts on the death penalty, he will be the leader of a bloody government

Contracting Between A Japanese Enterprise And An American Enterprise: The Differences In The Importance Of Written Documents As The Final Agreement In The United States And Japan, Kizuki Kuzuhara

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

"One cause of the failure of mission work is that most of the missionaries are entirely ignorant of our history . . . 'what do we care for heathen records?' . . . and consequently estrange their religion from the habits of thought we and our forefathers have been accustomed to for centuries past."'

A. The Differences in the Approach to Forming a Contract

Generally, the Japanese approach to contract formation differs significantly from the American approach. Indeed, without this difference many disputes between the countries would not exist. Nevertheless, presently, the typical American business person says the Japanese approach …

Credit Insurance For Exports And The General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade, Rafael E. Cafias, Eric Scharf

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

By the end of World War II, increased efforts have been made to limit the enforcement of certain trade barriers which affect international trade, hinder the competition between countries, and prevents the globalization of a free-market system. It is in this light, that endeavors have taken place to avoid export credit subsidies from becoming a competitive element in international transactions. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Principios Generales Del Derecho Ambiental Internacional, Max Valverde Soto

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Este articulo pretende describir las normas y principios generals del derecho internacional del medio ambiente surgidos a partir de tratados, convenios y costumbres internacionales. La significancia de la generalidad de estos principios es que se podrian aplicar a la comunidad internacional para la protecci6n del medio ambiente.

International Law And Anti-Personnel Landmines, Ariane Sand-Trigo

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Antipersonnel land mines are among the deadliest and most insidious weapons in the world today: their aim is to maim for life, they cannot distinguish between the footfall of a soldier and that of a child and they recognize no cease-fire or end to war. More than 110 million active mines are scattered in sixty-four countries and the problem is growing worse at a dramatic rate.

International Law And Anti-Personnel Land Mines, Stephen Goose

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Human Rights Watch was one of the six non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that initiated the International Campaign to Ban Land Mines in 1992. The Campaign calls for a comprehensive international ban on the production, stockpiling, trade and use of antipersonnel land mines. It also calls for increased international resources for mine clearance and victim assistance programs.

What The Principle Of Self-Determination Means Today, Mitchell A. Hill

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The right of all peoples to self-determination has been one of the most vigorously promoted and widely accepted contemporary norms of international law. There is no clear consensus, however, as to what the meaning and content of that right is, and it has gained the distinction of "being one of the most confused expressions in the lexicon of international relations.

International Legal Sources And Global Environmental Crises: The Inadequacy Of Principles, Treaties, And Custom, Krista Singleton-Cambage

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The deterioration of the earth's physical environment presently represents a phenomenon which international society has never faced before. The current legal and political approach to global environmental crises appears largely inadequate as an effective response to this deterioration. International law, due to its very foundations, is unable to cope with global environmental degradation as it does not provide a clear and compelling direction for states to work collectively toward a common goal.

Human Rights Provisions Of The U.N. Charter: The History In U.S. Courts, Jo L. Southard

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

American law schools use appellate court decisions to teach the implementation and progression of the law. Typically, the first case in a series will stand for the proposition that a plaintiff is entitled to a certain right. A later case demonstrates that a subsequent plaintiff is also entitled to the right. After a number of cases are presented, the student is expected to understand the law, policy, doctrine or test that applies to situations revolving around the right.

International Environmental Law: The Impact And Implications Of Municipal Environmental Law, Harry H. Almond Jr.

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

States universally claim access to authority and control over events and persons. States exercise power within their territories primarily to maintain and promote public order, protect their assets and wealth, and ensure the public safety. The end result of these actions is law. The operational element of law involves combinations invoking cooperation, reciprocity in treatment and behavior, and dispute management and settlement.

The International Effort To Control The Transboundary Movement Of Hazardous Waste: The Basel And Bamako Conventions, Daniel Jaffe

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

In 1986, a ship named the Khian Sea set sail from Philadelphia carrying nearly 14,000 tons of toxic incinerator ash.' The ship was unable to dispose of the ash at her first destination, the Bahamian port of Ocean Cay. The ship then went to Honduras, Panama, and Guinea-Bisseau, only to be rejected.'

International Transfer Pricing Rules: Unconventional Wisdom, Eugene E. Lester

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

In the sixteenth century, the Spanish Empire was larger and "more powerful than any other European state since the Roman Empire.", A historian of that time period said, "[t]he sun never sets on the dominion of the King of Spain." Tax historian Charles Adams asserted that Imperial Spain's failure to reform its tax system significantly contributed to its demise

The Changing Aid Environment: Perspectives On The Official Development Assistance Debate, Emilio J. Cardenas, Carlos Sersale Di Cerisano, Secretary Oscar Avalle

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Our problem, as you well know and as I outlined, is to find a place for the foreign assistance package in the overall scheme, as we make a sincere effort here in Congress to try to balance the budget by the year 2002.'

Negotiations are currently being held at the United Nations for the formation of an Agenda for Development. In the center of these negotiations lies the role of the international community and, in particular, the role of developed countries in providing adequate Official Development Assistance (ODA) for the economic growth and sustainable development of developing countries.

Ilsa Journal Of International & Comparative Law, Ilsa Journal Of International & Comparative Law

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The taking of a bribe or gratuity, should be punished with as severe penalties as the defrauding of the State.

- William Penn'

If all statesmen shared this ideology, there would be no need for this article. However, a glance at current business journals and news agencies shows the great necessity to address global corrupt practices in today's transnational business environment.

Reshaping Trademark Protection In Today's Global Village: Looking Beyond Gatt's Uruguay Round Toward Global Trademark Harmonization And Centralization, Harriet R. Freeman

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The world has become a "global village" in which the "medium is the message."' A business engaged in international trade uses its trademark' as the medium to convey its message.

Section 301 And The New Two Dispute Settlement Understanding, Susana Hernandez Puente

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (as amended) is the principal United States statute designed to address foreign unfair practices affecting United States exports of goods and services, and to achieve improved intellectual property protection as well as equitable rules for investment abroad

Lender Liability: Civil Liability Regimes For Environmental Harm, John P. Morgan

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Lenders in the 1990s are increasingly being forced to take notice of environmental risks in their lending practices in both the United States and abroad.

A Woman's Cry For Help: Why The United States Should Apply Germany's Model Of Self-Defense For The Battered Woman, Danielle R. Dubin

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Domestic violence cuts across all social, economical, and political strata. In the United States a woman is beaten every fifteen seconds in her own home. In 1988, 1075 women were murdered by their spouses

In Pursuit Of Pan Am, Peter Watson

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

It is trite to say that the world is becoming smaller, yet it is true. For all of us who travel for business or pleasure, horizons expand and widen, and as we travel from country to country, and continent to continent, the challenges for lawyers become more complex and demanding. No longer is it sufficient to understand the laws and practice competently within your own jurisdiction, be it the United States or another country.

Proposing A Treaty On The Prevention Of International Corrupt Payments: Cloning The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Is Not The Answer, Stephen Muffler

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The taking of a bribe or gratuity, should be punished with as severe penalties as the defrauding of the State.

- William Penn'

If all statesmen shared this ideology, there would be no need for this article. However, a glance at current business journals and news agencies shows the great necessity to address global corrupt practices in today's transnational business environment.

Developing A Global Right To Know, Gary Rischitelli

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

This paper reviews "right-to-know" acts and examines the policy and methods used to implement them. It introduces two of the better known right-to-know schemes, the United States Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)' and the European Community's Seveso Directive.

Success And Failure Components Of Global Environmental Cooperation: The Making Of International Environmental Law, Gary L. Scott, Anthony D. Lott, Geoffrey M. Reynolds

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

As this quotation suggests, international environmental problems have taken center stage since the end of the cold war, capturing the attention of scholars and diplomats alike. The number of scholarly articles devoted to the environment, particularly those focusing on international environmental problems, has increased dramatically in the past few years.

Redefining Freedom Of Speech Under International Space Law: The Need For Bilateral Communications Alliances To Resolve The Debate Between The "Free Flow Of Information" And "Prior Consent" Schools Of Thought, Albert N. Delzeit, Robin M. Wahl

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has a dilemma. Imagine the Utopian States' positions a $236 million satellite system in the geosynchronous orbit to broadcast Utopian programming into Atlantis. Atlantis is outraged. Atlantis believes that Utopian programming not only destroys the cultural identity of Atlantis, but also advocates the overthrow of the Atlantian government. Despite protests by Atlantis, the Utopian States assert that international freedom of speech protects the broadcast.

The Efficacy Of International Environmental Law: A Personal Reflection, Francis D. P. Situma

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Chapter 38 of the Agenda 21' adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 emphasizes the need for an enhanced and strengthened role of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in the further development of international environmental law.

Justice On Trial: The Efficacy Of The International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda, Melissa Gordon

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

There can be no peace without justice, no justice without law, and no meaningful law without a court to decide what is just and lawful under any given circumstance. The process of codification, adjudication and enforcement is as vital to a tranquil international community as it is to any independent national state.

-Benjamin B. Ferencz'"

The success of the Yugoslavian and Rwandan War Crimes Tribunals will determine the future of international criminal law. Whether the Tribunals are able to command the attention and respect of the world remains to be seen.

Watching Czechs Look West, Norman Silber

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

"I prefer the way we live in my home of Krevitsonitze," the Czech factory computer engineer named Dzhenek told me. Together we flew toward Prague, conversing in broken English and pitiful Czech with the aid of a bilingual dictionary. Dzhenek was going home after four months spent in Pennsylvania, where he had been part of a team installing his Czech company's first American export: a giant computer-directed lathe in a machine-tools factory.