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Articles 181 - 210 of 372
Full-Text Articles in International Law
Breaking Legal Ground: A Bivens Action For Noncitizens For Trans-Border Constitutional Torts Against Border Patrol Agents, Julie Hunter
Breaking Legal Ground: A Bivens Action For Noncitizens For Trans-Border Constitutional Torts Against Border Patrol Agents, Julie Hunter
San Diego International Law Journal
This Comment assesses whether noncitizens can sue in U.S. courts when they have sustained an injury outside of U.S. territory. This Comment assumes the underlying merits of the Hernandez’s claim that Agent Mesa used excessive force when shooting at Sergio. It will not address whether Agent Mesa acted in self-defense. Part II will discuss the context of the Hernandez litigation and its claims against the U.S. Government, its agencies, and employees for the use of excessive force against a noncitizen. It will also discuss the legal requirements for bringing an excessive force claim under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents …
Naked Dishonesty: Misuse Of A Social Security Number For An Otherwise Legal Purpose May Not Be A Crime Involving Moral Turpitude After All, Nathanael C. Crowley
Naked Dishonesty: Misuse Of A Social Security Number For An Otherwise Legal Purpose May Not Be A Crime Involving Moral Turpitude After All, Nathanael C. Crowley
San Diego International Law Journal
This Comment questions whether the misuse of a Social Security number for an otherwise legal purpose is a crime involving moral turpitude. It begins with a history of moral turpitude and its initial connection to immigration law in the United States. Through a close analysis of misuse of a Social Security number for an otherwise legal purpose as a crime involving moral turpitude in modern cases, this Comment will examine the role of fraud and dishonesty in the question. The analysis reveals a critical distinction between crimes involving dishonesty and crimes involving fraud. This distinction shows that crimes involving naked …
Foreword, Kyle M. Bird
Foreword, Kyle M. Bird
San Diego International Law Journal
This Fourteenth Volume of the San Diego International Law Journal is composed of articles that demonstrate the importance of historical and contemporary expositions of international law. The topics range from international criminal law, territorial agreements between the United States and Mexico, international banking standards, and the legal consequences of the Defense of Marriage Act for bi- national same-sex couples in the United States and Canada. 2012 saw the further change of the world through elections, wars, and economic problems. The articles presented in this First Issue address these economic, political, and social changes of our time.
Cyberterrorism In The Context Of Contemporary International Law, Yaroslav Shiryaev
Cyberterrorism In The Context Of Contemporary International Law, Yaroslav Shiryaev
San Diego International Law Journal
The present Article addressed the legal issues surrounding cyberterrorism. In the first chapter, the author explains why cyberterrorism should be described as “the use of electronic networks taking the form of a cyber-attack to commit a) a substantive act criminalized by the existing legal instruments prohibiting terrorism, or b) an act of terrorism under international customary law.” Further, with a special emphasis on existing anti-terrorism conventions and customary international law, it was demonstrated which actors are likely to engage in acts of cyberterrorism (non-state actors, corporations and individuals), as well as which targets are protected by law and which aims …
The Judicialization Of International Atrocity Crimes: The Kharkov Trial Of 1943, Michael J. Bazyler, Kellyanne Rose Gold
The Judicialization Of International Atrocity Crimes: The Kharkov Trial Of 1943, Michael J. Bazyler, Kellyanne Rose Gold
San Diego International Law Journal
This Article analyzes the Kharkov trial, the first trial of Nazi war criminals undertaken by any Allied Power, as well as the first trial of the Holocaust. It is written on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Kharkov trial. Part II, as background, describes the Holocaust as experienced in Kharkov, Ukraine. Part III discusses the trial that took place in Kharkov: the defendants, the prosecution, the setting, and the testimony. Part IV looks at the Kharkov trial as a typical Stalinist “show trial,” where guilt has been predetermined and a trial is used merely as a show to …
The 2012 U.S.-Mexico Agreement On Transboundary Hydrocarbon Reservoirs In The Gulf Of Mexico: A Blueprint For Progress Or A Recipe For Conflict?, Jorge A. Vargas
The 2012 U.S.-Mexico Agreement On Transboundary Hydrocarbon Reservoirs In The Gulf Of Mexico: A Blueprint For Progress Or A Recipe For Conflict?, Jorge A. Vargas
San Diego International Law Journal
This Article is divided into four parts. Parts I and II describe each of the four previous U.S.-Mexico maritime delimitation treaties of 1970, 1976, 1978, and 2000. These treaties represent different degrees of progress in the process of completing the maritime boundaries that geographical contiguity imposes upon these contiguous countries. This was a slow and careful process that spanned almost half a century. Part III analyzes the 2012 U.S.-Mexico Agreement on Transboundary Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico from an international law perspective, with special reference to the interests of the United States and Mexico. Finally, Part IV advances …
"There's No Place Like Home" Doma Deportation: The Forced Expatriation Of Bi-National Same-Sex Couples From The United States To Canada, Anh "Annie" Nguyen
"There's No Place Like Home" Doma Deportation: The Forced Expatriation Of Bi-National Same-Sex Couples From The United States To Canada, Anh "Annie" Nguyen
San Diego International Law Journal
This comment will focus on bi-national same-sex couples who are forced to expatriate from the united states to canada because of DOMA’s detrimental effects on their relationship. more specifically, part I focuses on DOMA’s constitutionality, effects on bi-national same-sex couples, and current legal challenges. Part II provides a historical analysis of the united states’ attitude towards same-sex unions before describing current legislation regarding same-sex couples. Part III describes canada’s recognition of same-sex marriage and support of immigration equality, comparing and contrasting the canadian approach with the united states’ approach. Part IV explains the current legal and financial issues that bi-national …
Basel Iii And Credit Risk Measurement: Variations Among G20 Countries, Matt Schlickenmaier
Basel Iii And Credit Risk Measurement: Variations Among G20 Countries, Matt Schlickenmaier
San Diego International Law Journal
Most countries require banks to hold extra capital to protect against unforeseen financial calamities; banks with riskier loans must hold more capital than those with safer loans. Basel II, a set of international banking standards, allows banks to measure a loan’s risk in different ways: some banks make their own judgments; others use outside agencies. The recent mortgage crisis prompted banks to reevaluate these methods, in part due to banks having failed to perceive the high level of risk inherent in securitized mortgages. The international community’s response was Basel III, an updated version of its previous standards. This Comment will …
Foreword, Nicole J. Smith
Foreword, Nicole J. Smith
San Diego International Law Journal
This issue of the San Diego International Law Journal is composed of articles that exemplify the value in utilizing an international comparative approach to analyze and compare differing historical experiences. Taking a comprehensive review of the successes and failures of legal structures abroad provides an opportunity to harness and develop new possible solutions to today’s legal problems. By analyzing and understanding differing international prospective on legal issues, we gain a fuller understanding of ourselves, and of our common humanity, so that we may better face the future.
The Evolution Of A New International System Of Justice In The United Nations: The First Sessions Of The United Nations Appeals Tribunal, Tamara A. Shockley
The Evolution Of A New International System Of Justice In The United Nations: The First Sessions Of The United Nations Appeals Tribunal, Tamara A. Shockley
San Diego International Law Journal
In this overview of the new U.N. administration of justice system, a review has been undertaken of the evolution of the process from the former internal justice system to the development of the new administration of justice system. The Appeals Tribunal had a partially blank slate upon which to begin a new jurisprudence in international administrative law. In the first two sessions, the Appeals Tribunal decided upon a wide range of issues ranging from receivability, case management, disciplinary measures and pension cases. As the U.N. attempts to reform and streamline its bureaucratic structure for the 21st century, the judicial tribunals …
Protecting The Children Of The World: A Proposal For Tracking Convicted Sex Offenders Internationally, Nicole J. Smith
Protecting The Children Of The World: A Proposal For Tracking Convicted Sex Offenders Internationally, Nicole J. Smith
San Diego International Law Journal
This comment will compare and contrast the laws governing sex offenders in the United States and European Union and address the current obstacles in establishing a comprehensive international law about sex offenders. Finally, this comment will propose a global sex offender registry to allay the problem of sex offenders in the international community.
Sovereignty In Theory And Practice, Winston P. Nagan, Aitza M. Haddad
Sovereignty In Theory And Practice, Winston P. Nagan, Aitza M. Haddad
San Diego International Law Journal
This Article deals with the theory and practice of sovereignty from the perspective of a trend in theoretical perspectives as well as the relevant trend in practice. The Article provides a survey of the leading thinkers’ and philosophers’ views on the nature and importance of sovereignty. The concept of sovereignty is exceedingly complex. Unpacking its meanings and uses over time is challenging. An aspect of this challenge is that the discourse about sovereignty is vibrant among diverse policy, academic, and political constituencies. At times, its narratives are relatively discrete and at other times, the narratives overlap with the discourses from …
Cyberbullying: What's The "Status" In England?, Krupa A. Patel
Cyberbullying: What's The "Status" In England?, Krupa A. Patel
San Diego International Law Journal
This comment will explore the growing concern of cyberbullying and will highlight the need for the English Parliament to create its own national anti-cyberbullying legislation, or to incorporate this activity into existing laws as a preventative measure. Part II will define cyberbullying, highlight the various ways in which cyberbullying differs from traditional forms of bullying, and explore specific forms and mediums of cyberbullying to underscore the difficulty in regulating such actions through the law. It will also include illustrative examples of cyberbullying incidents. Part III explores the current laws that English prosecutors are attempting to use to penalize those who …
Foreword, Nicole J. Smith
Foreword, Nicole J. Smith
San Diego International Law Journal
The thirteenth volume of the San Diego International Law Journal is composed of articles illustrating the value in looking abroad at the diverse historical experiences of foreign nations to help shed light on solutions to contemporary legal issues. The articles tackle general legal topics such as property rights, patent regulation, and internet censorship, while utilizing an international lens to provide perspective and possible solutions. This issue aims to foster a comparative understanding of national legal structures and demonstrate the benefit in researching, understanding, and applying international and comparative law to modern legal problems.
Property Rights In Land, Agricultural Capitalism, And The Relative Decline Of Pre-Industrial China, Taisu Zhang
Property Rights In Land, Agricultural Capitalism, And The Relative Decline Of Pre-Industrial China, Taisu Zhang
San Diego International Law Journal
Scholars have long debated how legal institutions influenced the economic development of societies and civilizations. This Article sheds new light on this debate by reexamining, from a legal perspective, a crucial segment of the eighteenth and nineteenth century economic divergence between England and China: By 1700, English agriculture had become predominantly capitalist, reliant on managerial farms worked chiefly by hired labor. On the other hand, Chinese agriculture counterproductively remained household-based throughout the Qing and Republican eras. The explanation for this key agricultural divergence, which created multiple advantages for English proto-industry, lies in differences between Chinese and English property right regimes, …
Untangling The Web: Exploring Internet Regulation Schemes In Western Democracies, Renee Keen
Untangling The Web: Exploring Internet Regulation Schemes In Western Democracies, Renee Keen
San Diego International Law Journal
This Comment investigates past censorship schemes proposed and implemented by selected democratic administrations, in order to develop an improved framework and accompanying infrastructure that may accomplish the goals that these policies envisioned, but failed to achieve. The difficulty of this undertaking is in developing the intermediate and legally defensible parameters under which a regulation scheme can endure and gain support in a democratic society. The greater difficulty lies in developing a system that can accomplish these objectives in the burgeoning and ever-changing cyber realm. The challenges posed by Internet activity are novel ones, and the legitimacy of the actions taken …
The Genius Of Roman Law From A Law And Economics Perspective, Juan Javier Del Granado
The Genius Of Roman Law From A Law And Economics Perspective, Juan Javier Del Granado
San Diego International Law Journal
The Article is organized as follows: The first part of this Article will introduce Roman private law, and sketch out the law and economics methodology to be applied to the Roman classical system. The second part of this Article will discuss the Roman private law of property, obligations, as well as commerce and finance. The third part will discuss the interaction of private law and private morality in the construction of Roman social order. The fourth part of this Article will discuss private procedural aspects of the Roman legal system. The fifth and final part of this Article will discuss …
Retrying The Acquitted In England Part Iii: Prosecution Appeals Against Judges' Rulings Of "No Case To Answer", David S. Rudstein
Retrying The Acquitted In England Part Iii: Prosecution Appeals Against Judges' Rulings Of "No Case To Answer", David S. Rudstein
San Diego International Law Journal
The Order in Council permitting the prosecution appeal of "Mo" Courtney's acquittal and allowing him to be retried for the same offense of which he had previously been acquitted stems from the Criminal Justice Act 2003. That Act, which applies in England and Wales, grants the government the right to appeal certain rulings by the trial judge in criminal prosecutions on an indictment, including a ruling that there is no case to answer, i.e., a directed verdict of acquittal, and if the appeal is successful, allows the reviewing court to order that the acquitted defendant?s trial be resumed or that …
Commercial High Technology Innovations Face Uncertain Future Amid Emerging "Brics" Compulsory Licensing And It Interoperability Frameworks, Lawrence A. Kogan
Commercial High Technology Innovations Face Uncertain Future Amid Emerging "Brics" Compulsory Licensing And It Interoperability Frameworks, Lawrence A. Kogan
San Diego International Law Journal
The pathways that lead to the success of cutting-edge technologies are often fraught with risk, difficulty, and uncertainty. These issues are particularly prevalent under a regime involving lengthy time horizons for competent research, development, and commercialization, which may require regulatory approvals. These challenges are known to be endemic to capital-intensive technology development which requires significant follow-on funding, particularly in highly regulated industries such as life sciences (e.g., pharmaceuticals/biotechnology and electronic medical devices ) and clean technology (which may be subdivided into clean or renewable energy generation and clean or renewable energy efficiency technologies and services, the former having more direct …
Divided We Stand: The Haudenosaunee, Their Passport And Legal Implications Of Their Recognition In Canada And The United States, Nicole Terese Capton Marques
Divided We Stand: The Haudenosaunee, Their Passport And Legal Implications Of Their Recognition In Canada And The United States, Nicole Terese Capton Marques
San Diego International Law Journal
There are several indigenous nations divided by the international border between the U.S. and Canada (hereinafter, border tribes). Part II will provide historical background on the Haudenosaunee and the Haudenosaunee passport, as well as on the Jay Treaty's free passage right as recognition that the international border was not to affect border tribes. Part III of this comment will examine the trust-like duty both federal governments owe to indigenous populations in general, briefly describe benefits and services offered, and then discuss the legal effects of current legislation and regulations by the American and Canadian governments on Haudenosaunee tribal members living …
Foreword, Brian J. Kennedy
Foreword, Brian J. Kennedy
San Diego International Law Journal
This final issue of the San Diego International Law Journal's twelfth volume is composed of articles which examine a broad range of contemporary legal issues which raise foreign, international, and global concerns.
The Dangerous Illusion Of International Financial Standards And The Legacy Of The Financial Stability Forum, Cally Jordan
The Dangerous Illusion Of International Financial Standards And The Legacy Of The Financial Stability Forum, Cally Jordan
San Diego International Law Journal
In the aftermath of the Asian Financial Crisis, and the criticism directed towards the International Monetary Fund, in particular, for not having seen it coming, the Financial Stability Forum (FSF) was created in 1999 under a mandate from the G7 ministers of finance and central bank governors. The Asian Financial Crisis arose suddenly, spread rapidly, and spared neither developed nor developing economies in the region, although some fared much better than others. In retrospect, the causes of the crisis were obvious and the consequences predictable. Contagion entered the financial lexicon. Thus, the role of the FSF was to promote financial …
Economic And Social Rights: The Role Of Courts In China, Randall Peerenboom
Economic And Social Rights: The Role Of Courts In China, Randall Peerenboom
San Diego International Law Journal
This Article considers what the role of the courts could and should be in implementing ESR in China. Part II surveys recent global developments giving greater bite to economic and social rights, as well as some of the main controversies, debates, and approaches to promoting, protecting, and fulfilling ESR, with particular attention to the role of the courts. Part III provides a general introduction to the social, legal, political, and economic context in China, and contrasts the situation in China with South Africa?one of the global leaders in judicial implementation of ESR. The overall environment in China is, if not …
Gangs, Violence, And Victims In El Salvador, Guatemala, And Honduras, Juan J. Fogelbach
Gangs, Violence, And Victims In El Salvador, Guatemala, And Honduras, Juan J. Fogelbach
San Diego International Law Journal
Country conditions in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras will require U.S. courts to address complex protection law issues involving current and former gang members, as well as their victims. For example, just three months after the Seventh Circuit's decision, the Sixth Circuit also held that former gang members were a particular social group. In order to ensure proper handling of these cases, advocates, adjudicators, government attorneys, and judges must acquire a high level of understanding of gangs and violence in the affected countries. To facilitate this process, this paper will synthesize and analyze publicly available information on gangs and violence …
A Test Case In International Bankruptcy Protocols: The Lehman Brothers Insolvency, Jamie Altman
A Test Case In International Bankruptcy Protocols: The Lehman Brothers Insolvency, Jamie Altman
San Diego International Law Journal
Part II of this Article, explains the competing theories underlying bankruptcy systems: universalism and territorialism. Part III details various statutory solutions to international bankruptcy problems. Next, Part IV analyzes the provisions of the Lehman Protocol in depth. Part V then examines the precedent upon which the Lehman Protocol relies. Part VI assesses potential threats to the Protocol?s success. This leads to Part VII, which contains suggestions for future protocols. Finally, Part VIII concludes.
Overseeing Controlling Shareholders: Do Independent Directors Constrain Tunneling In Taiwan?, Yu-Hsin Lin
Overseeing Controlling Shareholders: Do Independent Directors Constrain Tunneling In Taiwan?, Yu-Hsin Lin
San Diego International Law Journal
This Article intends to explore the extent to which independent directors constrain tunneling by controlling shareholders in Taiwan. Taiwan serves as an appropriate jurisdiction for research since the private benefits agency problem is prevalent among Taiwanese public companies. A further twist in Taiwan?s case is that independent directors were newly introduced to Taiwan?s corporate boards, which follow dual-board system where the traditional monitoring function is served by statutory supervisors, instead of board committees, which adds to the complexity in analyzing the effectiveness of independent directors in constraining tunneling activities. Part II reviews relevant literature and lays the foundation for this …
The Global H1n1 Pandemic, Quarantine Law, And The Due Process Conflict, Gregory P. Campbell
The Global H1n1 Pandemic, Quarantine Law, And The Due Process Conflict, Gregory P. Campbell
San Diego International Law Journal
This comment argues that the CDC should develop a uniform due process standard to govern all quarantine procedures in the United States and then recommend that the standard be adopted by the WHO for incorporation into the IHR. Specifically, the standard should include: (1) a finding by a health professional that an individual poses a significant risk of spreading a contagious disease; (2) a quarantine order by a judicial authority or fact finder based on clear and convincing evidence that an individual poses a serious health risk; (3) an opportunity for a hearing and the right to appeal a quarantine …
One Time Too Many: In Re Briones And The Bia's Rigid Interpretation Of The Life Act And Its Dire Consequences For Undocumented Reentry, Lauren Gonzalez
One Time Too Many: In Re Briones And The Bia's Rigid Interpretation Of The Life Act And Its Dire Consequences For Undocumented Reentry, Lauren Gonzalez
San Diego International Law Journal
This Casenote will discuss both the origins of the LIFE Act and its early potential, and then focus attention on the BIA decision itself in Briones and its impact on immigration courts and U.S. courts of appeals. In Part II, this Casenote will give a brief overview of the LIFE Act and its creation. Parts III and IV will discuss the issues presented in Briones, the facts of the case, and the BIA?s decision. In Part V, the Casenote will then analyze the decision in Briones as it conflicts with previous case law from multiple circuit courts of appeal and …
Foreword, Brian J. Kennedy
Foreword, Brian J. Kennedy
San Diego International Law Journal
This twelfth issue of the San Diego International Law Journal is composed of articles which examine a broad range of contemporary legal issues of international and foreign significance.
Private And Public Construction In Modern China, Gregory M. Stein
Private And Public Construction In Modern China, Gregory M. Stein
San Diego International Law Journal
During the past three decades, real estate development in China has proceeded at an astonishing pace, with much development occurring before China's 2007 adoption of its first modern law of property. Investors thus spent hundreds of billions of dollars in the real estate market of a nation that, during most of this period, had not formal property law. How can a huge nation modernize so rapidly and dramatically when its legal system furnishes such uncertainty? And how can this happen in a nation that still purports to subscribe to socialist ideology? I set out to answer these questions by interviewing …