International Law Commons^™

International M&A And Joint Ventures, Renata Antiquera, Jason Saltzman, Selena Lucien, Francisco Ugarte, Alejandra Daroch, Yu Zheng, Yueyue Liao, Lu Jia, Xiao Wang, Luigi Pavanello, Anton Dzhuplin, Alexander Kleschev, Anna Kuznetsova, Albert Garrofé, Idoya Fernández, Lola Tejero, Timur Bondaryev, Anna Zorya, Edem Mensitov, Mark Howard, Geoffrey Goodale

The Year in Review

No abstract provided.

International Energy And Natural Resources Law, Mariana Ardizzone, Mathias Dantin, Ricardo Alves Silva, Sara Frazão, Tereza Garcia André

The Year in Review

No abstract provided.

International Contracts, Martin E. Aquilina, Max Deleon, Stuti Murarka, Willem Den Hertog, Anders Forkman, William P. Johnson, Samuel G. Wieczorek

The Year in Review

No abstract provided.

Cross-Border Real Estate, Timur Bondaryev, Tetiana Storozhuk, Anton Rekun

The Year in Review

No abstract provided.

South Asia/Oceania & India, Kavita Mohan, Amy Tolbert Harris, Aseem Chawla, Sumit Khadaria, Austin J. Pierce, Namrata Patodia Rastogi, Sanjay Notani, Arunabh Choudhary, Aditi Joshi, Amit Gupta, Mansi Kukreja, Vidhi Goel, Ronjini Ray

The Year in Review

No abstract provided.

China, Gary J. Gao, Ronnia Zheng, Yanling Zheng, Li Wang

The Year in Review

No abstract provided.

Mexico, Kelsey Quigley, Christopher Munoz, Cesar Conde, John Walsh, Sara Maldonado, Judith Wilson, Pedro Fernando González Maldonado, Estefania Díaz González, Bruce Greenberg, Mariano Carrizo, Karen Andrea Ortega Cajiga, Vanessa Romero-Rocha, Susan Burns, Rene Alva, Ernesto Velarde

The Year in Review

No abstract provided.

Canada, Jordan Goodman, Jeremiah Kopp, Julia Webster, Sam Levy, Jacob Mantle, Ashley Paterson, Tim Heneghan, Ramneet Sierra, H. Scott Fairley, Margarita Dvorkina, Adam Mauntah, Jacqueline Bart, Daniel O.W. Smith

The Year in Review

No abstract provided.

Introduction, Jason S. Palmer, Kimberly Y.W. Holst

The Year in Review

No abstract provided.

Front Matter

The Year in Review

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Real Money On Virtual Games: The History And Potential Ways Forward For Esports Gambling Regulation, Roger Davis-Jahnel

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

Electronic sports, “esports,” is a rapidly growing industry throughout the world. The global gaming market was valued to be worth approximately 221.24 billion USD in 2024 and is expected to reach 424.23 billion USD by 2033. It is expected that as technology continues to improve and there are less barriers to access gaming, such as cloud gaming which allows players to access games without expensive hardware, the market for games will continue to grow. In addition to technological advancements, investments the esports industry, such as teams, media rights, and sponsorship deals are expected to help drive growth in the gaming …

Transnational Accountability For Space Debris As A Precursor To Maintaining Peace In Outer Space, Bella Alonzo

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

Beginning with the Space Age in the 1950s, space exploration has accelerated exponentially as humans on Earth are continuously drawn to the mystery and opportunity that lies in outer space. The United States (“U.S.”) and the Soviet Union led the charge in space discovery throughout the “Space Race,” and once other countries saw the value in developing the technology to utilize space as a resource, multiple nations followed suit. While the U.S. and Russia retain the most dominant presence in outer space, other global superpowers like China, India, and Japan have exhibited competitive capabilities.

The Impact Of Catholic Canonical Jurisprudential Theory On The Catholic Church’S Ability To Address Sexual Abuse, Addison Bruce

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

The Catholic Church is one of the world’s oldest, largest, and most enduring institutions. Catholic theology’s impact on Western civilization, culture, politics, and morality persists to this day. Thus, when the first reports of widespread sexual abuse in the Catholic Church in Lafayette, Louisiana were released, the world paid attention. The truth revealed that priests had been using their positions of power for evil by abusing and engaging in sexual acts with minors and vulnerable adults. While the bulk of crimes were committed during the 1970s and 1980s and thereafter covered up by church leadership by paying hush money to …

The Intersection Of Cultural Rights And The Repatriation Of African Art: A Comparative Analysis Of International And North American Legal And Ethical Frameworks, Kennedy Wilson

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

The debate surrounding the repatriation of African and Indigenous art held in global museums is a complex and multifaceted issue that demands an examination of its historical, legal, and ethical dimensions. Emmanuel Macron's 2018 statement in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, encapsulates the core of this debate: “I cannot accept that a large part of the cultural heritage of several African countries is in France,” he declared. “There are historical explanations for this but there is no valid, lasting and unconditional justification. African heritage cannot be only in private collections and European museums.” This sentiment perfectly captures the profound unease surrounding the …

From Hanging To Nitrogen Hypoxia: The Evolution Of Execution And The Case For American Abolition, Anna Kuhlman

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

The death penalty has been a dark fixture in societal punishment for most of human history. It has allowed for grisly, violent executions of people found guilty of misconduct relative to the culture they live in. “The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century BCE in the Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes.” The first death sentence on record was a member of nobility in 16th-century BCE Egypt, where the wrongdoer was accused of magic and ordered to commit suicide. In the seventh century B.C.E., …

The Legality Of Nuclear-Weapons Sharing Arrangements Under International Law: United States-Nato And Russia-Belarus, Anthony J. Colangelo

Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters

This Essay argues that certain nuclear sharing agreements between nuclear and non-nuclear powers are legal under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. This topic is highly important as Russia has announced its stationing of nuclear weapons in Belarus and Belarus has signaled its intent to use them.

The Effectiveness Of The Hague Convention In Addressing International Child Abduction, Areej A. Dakelallah Althubiti

Theses and Dissertations

Parental child abduction is a growing concern fueled by immigration, cross-cultural marriages, evolving family dynamics, and gaps in the implementation and enforcement of developed international frameworks. This study examines the effectiveness of and challenges to the enforcement of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (HCCA), which was developed to address this problem. Specifically, the goal of this research is to assess the effect the HCCA has had on parental kidnapping, analyze its effectiveness in resolving international custody disputes, and identify the legal and practical obstacles that inhibit implementation. While the prevalence of parental kidnapping continues …

Femicides And Female Presidents: A Comparative Study On The Development Of Laws Against Femicide In Mexico And Honduras, Daniela Garcia

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

Gender-based killings, femicides, are the ultimate form of women suppression, and this crime flourishes in countries with deeply rooted misogyny and systematic gender power imbalance. But there is a complicated phenomenon occurring in Mexico and Honduras, in which their constituents voted for female presidents yet both countries have persistent rates of femicides. President of Honduras Xiomara Castro and President of Mexico Claudia Sheinbaum organized their respective voting coalitions with support from feminist advocates who believed that a female presidency would bring gender-based issues and femicides forefront. The institutionalized power of the rightwing party hinders Castro’s plan for the young democracy …

Racing To The Polls: A Comparative Analysis Of Election Administration Systems Between The United States And Canada, Anna Kuhlman

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

Federal elections in the United States are conducted almost entirely at the state-level with no assistance from an electoral management body. The current federal election administration procedures lead to lower voter participation rates compared to other industrialized nations, specifically when considering Canada. Canadian federal elections are administered entirely through a national electoral management body, and Canadian voters are subjected to uniform procedures throughout the country. On the other hand, American citizens living in different states have significantly different voting experiences. By comparing the legal frameworks governing voter registration in both countries, this article will explore how processes such as automatic …

Crypto Regulation (And De-Regulation) In The U.S. And E.U. And The Effects Of Each On Consumer Protection And Illicit Transactions, Bella Alonzo

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

The United States and the European Union face a wide disparity in regulation tactics for cryptocurrencies. With the recent rollout of the world’s first comprehensive crypto-asset regulation framework, the EU’s Markets in Crypto Assets Regulation (MiCA) has further exacerbated incongruities with the U.S.’s comparatively hands-off, scattered regulation strategy. The lack of uniform market regulation not only challenges compliance efforts, but it leaves critical gaps that have proved harmful for investors and opportune for criminals. Prioritizing international regulatory harmonization could result in continued growth of digital assets and a safer, more stable global crypto market, but the path forward is tense …

Unprotected Heritage: The Inadequate Safeguarding Of Traditional Knowledge And Cultural Expressions Under Intellectual Property Law And The Trips Agreement, Kennedy Wilson

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

This paper examines the challenges of protecting traditional knowledge and cultural expressions within existing intellectual property frameworks along with the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement. While intellectual property law is crucial for protecting creations of the mind, its application to the unique characteristics of traditional knowledge and cultural expressions—often communal, intangible, and spiritually significant—reveals significant inadequacies.

An analysis of copyright, patent, and trademark systems reveals shortcomings in adequately safeguarding traditional knowledge and cultural expressions. Copyright’s emphasis on originality and fixation in tangible form excludes much intangible cultural heritage. Patent systems frequently grant protection without acknowledging traditional knowledge as …

International Space Law In A New Space Age: What Laws Will Regulate Space Mining And Nasa’S Gateway Program?, Hannah Kirby

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

Since the late 1960s, international space law has promoted the peaceful use of outer space between countries. But international space law is insufficient to effectively govern novel outer space activities like space mining and NASA’s Gateway Program (a program between several countries to build an international space station that will orbit the moon and conduct missions to Mars). International space law is general, lacks enforceable repercussions, and leaves the door open for countries to create national laws which could result in the commercialization and destruction of celestial bodies like the Moon and Mars. This Comment explores the history of international …

Due Process In Anti-Doping Proceedings Within The International Olympic Committee And Professional Tennis Associations, Katherine Jakeway

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

Today, professional athletes across the globe are subjected to rigorous drug testing in an attempt to eradicate the use of performance enhancing substances in sports. Many professional sports tours, including tennis, work closely with the International Olympic Committee and World Anti-Doping Agency to monitor and address doping violations. Although anti-doping rules are important to the safety of professional athletes, the current enforcement of anti-doping rules creates due process concerns for athletes that test positive for banned substances. This article specifically argues that the strict scrutiny sanction which bans athletes from professional play for even an unknowing or accidental doping violation …

Mitigating Ai’S Harmful Effects In Developing Economies Through Contracting, A.B. Steinberg

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

The global economic community must establish a new organization that helps to create contracting parameters to ensure that AI does not crash economies, namely those in the developing world that are most at risk.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) will revolutionize the global economy. While many debate the ramifications for developed economies, such as the United States, these effects will likely be increased productivity and the loss of jobs across the workforce. This comment argues that these effects will be even more profound in developing nations due to both AI in their direct economies and the downstream effects of automation. The possible …

Raining Hellfire: An Analysis On The Use Of White Phosphorus And Its International Regulation, Shaun Quirk

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

Chemical weapons, biological weapons, nuclear weapons, and substance-infused munitions are not new in the art of war. In fact, accounts of toxins and venoms date back to ancient times when bows and arrows were cutting-edge technology. But the existing frameworks regulating these weapons require immediate and more exacting scrutiny. In late 2023, Hamas reignited a generations-old conflict with Israel through a surprise attack. Shortly thereafter, global headlines reported Israel was deploying white phosphorus—a highly volatile substance—into Gaza. The potential devastation of white phosphorus is shocking, yet the existing legal frameworks governing its use are both ambiguous and overly lenient. This …

Russia And China’S Complicity In North Korea’S Human Rights Violations: Measures The U.S. Should Take To Intervene And Mitigate The Abuse, Cameron Kenyon

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

The complicity of Russia and China in North Korea’s (DPRK) human rights issues is incredibly concerning not only for the safety and well-being of North Korean citizens, but for world-wide security. Both China and Russia facilitate the DPRK human rights abuses by trading with North Korea irrespective of international sanctions, enabling human trafficking of North Koreans who have fled to China, and involuntarily repatriating refugees from the DPRK. Awareness of the DPRK human rights issues and Russia and China’s complicity, as well as active intervention, should be at the forefront of the U.S. human rights policy in order for the …

U.S. International Adoption Subsidies: Shining Light On The Dark History Of The Baby "Black Market", Rachel Briner

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

While international adoption is a beautiful concept in theory, it often leads to dark consequences. From its inception, human trafficking has enabled international adoptions. While the United States alone cannot dismantle the entire baby “black market” and the likely black market for children’s organs intertwined with it, the U.S. can remove its large contribution. By limiting the federal adoption subsidy to only domestic adoptions, the United States can ensure it only aids systems within its control and address the needs of its own children without homes more effectively. Many other authors have also noted various human trafficking and potential organ …

Protection From Warlords & Celebrities: How Anti-Slapp Legislation Is Making International Headway To Protect Free Speech, Olivia Augustat

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs) are increasingly being used by powerful individuals and entities to silence dissent and criticism, posing a significant threat to free speech globally. This misuse of legal systems undermines democratic principles by intimidating those who speak out on matters of public interest. My paper argues for the urgent need for effective Anti-SLAPP legislation, focusing on a comparative analysis of the U.S. and European Union (EU) approaches. While the U.S. has a fragmented but largely pro-defendant framework, the EU is moving toward an arguably vaguer but more unified, cross-border solution. This paper takes a unique approach …

South Asia/Oceania & India, Kavita Mohan, Aseem Chawla, Kriti Jaiswal, Tushar Rustgi, Jonathan Blank, Namrata Patodia Rastogi, Arshad Paku Khan, Ebaad Nawaz Khan, Arunabh Choudhary, Aditi Joshi, Rishabh Rela, Amit Gupta, Katherine Maddox Davis

The Year in Review

No abstract provided.

Middle East, Kelly Blount, Howard L. Stovall, Mamoun Aidoud, Tania Tossa, Hassan Radhi, Noor Radhi, Nicolas Bremer, Joseph Busa Arop, Seyed Mohsen Rowhani, Jeremy Benjamin, Elad Sharabi, Sam Habbas, Ibrahim Sattout, Fouad Debs, Michela Cocchi, Ravinder Singh, Mansoor Malik, Khalid Rehman, Frank Lucente, Yessine Ferah, Anne Bodley

The Year in Review

No abstract provided.