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Articles 601 - 624 of 624
Full-Text Articles in International Law
Is Somebody "Crying Wolf"?: An Assessment Of Whether Antitrust Impedes Export Trade, John Will Ongman
Is Somebody "Crying Wolf"?: An Assessment Of Whether Antitrust Impedes Export Trade, John Will Ongman
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The impact of the United States antitrust laws on American exports has in recent years become a controversial issue, especially in view of the increasing U.S, trade deficit. In this article, Mr. Ongman employs economic analysis to determine the desirability of a protectionistic Sherman Act. He concludes that such a policy, resulting in foreign retaliation and spillover into the domestic market, would be unwise.
Reconciling National Interests In The Regulation Of International Business, Stanley J. Marcuss, Dale P. Butland
Reconciling National Interests In The Regulation Of International Business, Stanley J. Marcuss, Dale P. Butland
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
In an increasingly integrated world where political and economic issues are deeply intertwined, the regulation of international business activity raises complex problems in international law. The existence of the multinational corporation, which is possessed of multiple identities and therefore subject to the jurisdiction of both "home" nations, where it is headquartered, and "host" nations, where its subsidiaries are located, makes the potentiality of jurisdictional disputes among nations particularly acute. While attempts to apply United States law to American foreign subsidiaries virtually ensures conflicts among jurisdictions, excusing subsidiaries from compliance with domestic law could seriously undermine comprehensive regulatory activity. It could …
Suing A Foreign Government Under The United States Antitrust Laws: The Need For Clarification Of The Commercial Activity Exception To The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Of 1976, James Hugo Friend
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Increased state involvement in trade and commerce has manifested itself in a variety of ways, including the growth of producer cartels with sovereign states as members, state monopolization of the sale and production of certain products, the nationalization of industry in peacetime and the concomitant growth of public corporations, and the partial or complete ownership by sovereign states of private corporate entities. The widespread participation of governments in activities of an arguably private nature, especially in view of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, raises a question of growing practical importance: to what extent are the "commercial" activities of …
German Merger Control: A European Approach To Anticompetitive Takeovers, Rolf Belke, W. David Braun
German Merger Control: A European Approach To Anticompetitive Takeovers, Rolf Belke, W. David Braun
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
European free-market countries recently have begun to enact more laws regulating mergers and joint-ventures, with Germany at the forefront. In this article, Messrs. Belke and Braun intensively analyze the German merger control law, including the criteria that necessitate a report to the German Cartel Office, its application of the substantive merger control rules, and possible exceptions to an anti-merger ruling. They also explore the impact of the German law on international mergers and joint-ventures. Finally, they discuss in detail the first two German Supreme Court decisions that construed the substantive rules and contrast them with similar American cases.
Trends In International Business Law: Towards A New Ethnocentricity?, Detlev F. Vagts
Trends In International Business Law: Towards A New Ethnocentricity?, Detlev F. Vagts
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Many legal practitioners and academicians who are sensitive to changes within the area of international business law have sighted signals of a trend toward greater ethnocentricity in the United States. Whether such a trend exists is not an issue that can be disposed of categorically, for the signals must be interpreted in light of the institution in question and the sector of economic activity involved. Moreover, an accurate resolution of the issue requires a comparison of the current signals with those of previous periods. Indeed, the post-Smoot-Hawley Tariff era of the late 1930's and the older mercantilist epoch were periods …
The Increasing Extraterritorial Impact Of U.S. Laws: A Cause For Concern Amongst Friends Of America, David Lord Hacking
The Increasing Extraterritorial Impact Of U.S. Laws: A Cause For Concern Amongst Friends Of America, David Lord Hacking
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
As students of international law know, there has been a long standing dispute between the United Kingdom and the United States over the doctrines of jurisdiction and sovereignty in the practice of international law. In two parts our nations do not quarrel. First, we agree that every nation has the right to exercise jurisdiction over its nationals and over non-nationals within its territory. Second, we agree that every nation has the right to exercise personal jurisdiction over its nationals residing abroad.
The Future Of Free Enterprise: Can It Survive Government Interventionism?, Baron Edmond De Rothschild
The Future Of Free Enterprise: Can It Survive Government Interventionism?, Baron Edmond De Rothschild
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Free enterprise is the indispensable prerequisite for personal freedom, which I dare believe is still highly valued by most people. Hence, it is also the only economic system which is compatible with the democratic governments of Europe and America. However, the vitality of free enterprise is being threatened by government interventionism on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, this manifests itself in taxation, nationalization, restrictive policies, subsidization, labor laws, and the growth of the public sector. In America, we find much of the same, excepting nationalization. In order to restore vigor to the weakened private sector, we must return …
The Search For A Viable Foreign Economic Policy, Frank Church
The Search For A Viable Foreign Economic Policy, Frank Church
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
United States foreign policy is, to a great degree, influenced by the performance of the international economy. This fact was brought home with dramatic force in 1973, when Arab oil-producing countries suddenly quadrupled the price of oil. That abrupt increase in price, followed by the Arab oil embargo, nearly crippled the economies of the industrial nations of the west. The recent political upheaval in Iran and its affect on the world oil supply is only another poignant example of the extent to which the performance of the American economy, which obviously includes our national and multinational business enterprises, is intimately …
Are Human Rights Good For International Business , Anthony D'Amato
Are Human Rights Good For International Business , Anthony D'Amato
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
When I take up the Nuremberg cases in my class in International Law, I find it quite difficult to convey to the students how radical those proceedings appeared to be in 1947. At that time, the contention that there should be individual accountability under international law seemed to constitute an unfounded and dangerous precedent. How could political leaders be made personally responsible for acts of state such as instituting a war (even an "aggressive" war) or engaging in wholly internal policies (the "final solution" against Jews and other minorities of their own citizens)? Indeed, the Nuremberg result seemed somewhat unprincipled …
The Law Of Non-Recognition: The Case Of Taiwan, Victor H. Li
The Law Of Non-Recognition: The Case Of Taiwan, Victor H. Li
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The United States and the People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations on January 1, 1979, while official United States ties with Taiwan terminated on the same day. In this article, Professor Li examines two possible American rationales for continued unofficial ties with Taiwan and the possible legal consequences of adopting either rationale.
The U.N. Law Of The Sea Conference And The U.S. Congress: Will Pending U.S. Unilateral Action On Deep Seabed Mining Destroy Hope For A Treaty?, Paul N. Jr. Mccloskey, Ronald K. Losch
The U.N. Law Of The Sea Conference And The U.S. Congress: Will Pending U.S. Unilateral Action On Deep Seabed Mining Destroy Hope For A Treaty?, Paul N. Jr. Mccloskey, Ronald K. Losch
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The eighth session of the United Nations Law of the Sea Conference convened recently in Geneva, Switzerland. A major unresolved issue at the Conference was the question of international regulation of deep seabed mining. In this article, Representative McCloskey and Attorney Losch discuss U.S. interests in achieving a comprehensive Law of the Sea Treaty, the sometimes conflicting objectives of other nations, and the effect that unilateral action by the U.S. Congress to legislate deep seabed mining could have on the successful completion of a treaty.
The Value Of Territorial And Field-Of-Use Restrictions In The International Licensing Of Unpatented Know-How: An Empirical Study, Joel A. Bleeke, James A. Rahl
The Value Of Territorial And Field-Of-Use Restrictions In The International Licensing Of Unpatented Know-How: An Empirical Study, Joel A. Bleeke, James A. Rahl
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Data concerning the international transfer of technology, particularly in the area of unpatented know-how, are relatively scarce. In this article, Mr. Bleeke and Professor Rahl present the results of one of the first empirical studies conducted in this field. The study, in which signifcant information was gathered from United States corporate licensing attorneys and executives, is focused upon the extent to which territorial and field-of-use restrictions are necessary to facilitate the international transfer of unpatented know-how. The results provide a clearer picturefor both policy makers and practitioners in the field.
The Effects Of United States Antitrust Laws On The International Operations Of American Firms, Melvin Schwechter, Richard Schepard
The Effects Of United States Antitrust Laws On The International Operations Of American Firms, Melvin Schwechter, Richard Schepard
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
United States antitrust laws increasingly have affected the international activities of U.S. corporations. The business community maintains that these laws have hurt international operations. In this article, Messrs. Schwechter and Schepard consider five major areas of concern to American businessmen: potential antitrust attacks upon licensing agreements, use of the foreign sovereign compulsion doctrine as an antitrust defense, subject matter jurisdiction and discovery, application of the "rule of reason" to international joint ventures, and the multifaceted nature of antitrust enforcement. They then discuss the Justice Department's response to the business community and propose several recommendations that should help United States firms …
United States Ocean Shipping: The History, Development, And Decline Of The Conference Antitrust Exemption, F. Conger Fawcett, David C. Nolan
United States Ocean Shipping: The History, Development, And Decline Of The Conference Antitrust Exemption, F. Conger Fawcett, David C. Nolan
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Since the beginning of this century, the United States has attempted to regulate the shipping industry through governmental oversight. In this article, Messrs. Fawcett and Nolan examine the Shiping Act of 1916, and consider whether it has been misinterpreted by recent judicial interpretations. The authors conclude that the courts' application of United States antitrust laws to the activities of shipping conferences is contrary to congressional intent and the best interests of the industry and American commerce.
United States Foreign Trade Policy: A Delicate Balancing Act, Robert S. Strauss
United States Foreign Trade Policy: A Delicate Balancing Act, Robert S. Strauss
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
World trade today involves one-sixth of everything that is grown or manufactured on this planet. Translated into dollars, this amounted to a value last year of one trillion dollars. Of this amount, $150 billion belongs to American agriculture and industry. The enormous stake of the United States in maintaining and encouraging the growth of its exports has led the present Administration to chart an enlightened and courageous trade policy of promoting free and fair trade. Rather than take the politically expedient course of protectionism, this Administration has embarked on the course of lowering barriers to fair trade to ensure the …
Changes In Presidential Powers Over The Awarding Of International Air Routes: Effects And Implications Of Section 801(A) Of The Airline Deregulation Act Of 1978, Jeffrey I. Langer
Changes In Presidential Powers Over The Awarding Of International Air Routes: Effects And Implications Of Section 801(A) Of The Airline Deregulation Act Of 1978, Jeffrey I. Langer
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Congress amended the international air route-awarding procedures established in earlier legislation when it enacted section 801(a) of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. Changes in the procedures were necessary for two reasons. First, the original route-licensing scheme was designed by Congress to balance presidential discretion concerning defense and foreign policy with congressional authority over foreign commerce. However, by precluding judicial review of challenges by foreign air carriers, Congress thwarted its own intent and established the President as the final authority in awarding routes to such carriers. Secondly, by also precluding review of certain challenges by citizen carriers, the courts destroyed …
Nuclear Waste Disposal: An International Legal Perspective, Leonard S. Spector, Geoffrey B. Shields
Nuclear Waste Disposal: An International Legal Perspective, Leonard S. Spector, Geoffrey B. Shields
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
As the world contends with an energy shortage, the development of alternative sources of energy has become a critical problem. Nuclear power is both an obvious and controversial alternative to traditional fossil fuels. Associated with the use of nuclear power is the important question of nuclear waste disposal. In this article, Messrs. Shields and Spector discuss the nuclear fuel cycle, bring together a survey of how countries around the world are dealing with the question of nuclear waste disposal both domestically and on an international level, and make suggestions for a more aggressive international regulation of nuclear waste disposal.
Manifest Intent And The Generation By Treaty Of Customary Rules Of International Law, Anthony D'Amato
Manifest Intent And The Generation By Treaty Of Customary Rules Of International Law, Anthony D'Amato
Faculty Working Papers
I shall argue in this essay that the World Court used a method which might be called the rule of manifest intent in the North Sea Continental Shelf Cases, that this method differs from a more traditional approach found in the writings of publicists, and that this new method accords well with the growing need to objectify and place upon a scientific basis the methodology by which one may determine what in fact are the rules of customary law.
Vietnam And Public International Law, Anthony D'Amato
Vietnam And Public International Law, Anthony D'Amato
Faculty Working Papers
With each international crisis inevitably come the selfstyled "realists" proclaiming that there is no such thing as public international law. The Vietnam war is no exception, although here, due to the unusual complexity of the facts and the controversy over the applicable rules of international law, many of the published replies to the "realist's" positions have themselves been insubstantial and unconvincing. Let us look first, briefly, at the arguments of one of the realists, and then, with equal brevity, at some of the counterclaims. The remainder of this comment will be addressed to the larger issues involved and some suggested …
War Crimes And Vietnam: The "Nuremberg Defense" And The Military Service Resister, Anthony D'Amato, Harvey . L. Gould, Larry D. Woods
War Crimes And Vietnam: The "Nuremberg Defense" And The Military Service Resister, Anthony D'Amato, Harvey . L. Gould, Larry D. Woods
Faculty Working Papers
We have attempted to establish first that the international laws of warfare are part of American law, and have argued that these laws, when taken as prohibitions of specific methods of waging war, are a practical and effective means of controlling unnecessary suffering and destruction. Second, we have analyzed these laws as they apply to treatment of prisoners of war, aerial bombardment of nonmilitary targets, and chemical and biological warfare, and have marshalled a portion of the available evidence that American forces commit war crimes in Vietnam. Third, we have discussed the defenses of tu quoque, reprisal, military necessity, superior …
Legal Aspects Of The French Nuclear Tests, Anthony D'Amato
Legal Aspects Of The French Nuclear Tests, Anthony D'Amato
Faculty Working Papers
Even at the level of scholarly or diplomatic argumentation it is important to inquire into the competing interests and legal factors involved in the atmospheric tests. This is true not only because differing political expectations or even measures might depend on the consensus as to the legality or illegality of the French tests, but also because the precedential value of the tests will be of greater or less force depending upon whether there is agreement at the time of the tests that France was or was not acting within her international legal rights.
The Inductive Approach Revisited, Anthony D'Amato
The Inductive Approach Revisited, Anthony D'Amato
Faculty Working Papers
A significant theoretical dispute has opened between Schwarzenberger and Jenks over the former's inductive approach to international law. At least three questions may be asked of the debate between Schwarzenberger and Jenks: (1) Is the inductive method inherently limited in its usefulness? (2) Given the use of an inductive approach, is there any room left for creativity in international law? (3) More basically, is Schwarzenberger's self-styled inductive approach really inductive?
The Neo-Positivist Concept Of International Law, Anthony D'Amato
The Neo-Positivist Concept Of International Law, Anthony D'Amato
Faculty Working Papers
The question "Is international law really law?" has not proved troublesome, according to Hart, because "a trivial question about the meaning of words has been mistaken for a serious question about the nature of things." Hart defends international law in Bentham's terms as "sufficiently analogous" to municipal law. It is important to see in what way this analogy is viewed by Hart in order to determine whether the reasoning he offers is too high a price to pay for accepting a neo-positivist into the circle of those who hold that international law is really law.
Treaties As A Source Of General Rules Of International Law, Anthony D'Amato
Treaties As A Source Of General Rules Of International Law, Anthony D'Amato
Faculty Working Papers
Attempts a theoretical explanation of the power of treaties to extend their rules to nations not parties to them—to rationalize, in a nonpejorative use of that term, the Court's citation of the Bancroft treaties in Nottebohm and its use of treaty provisions in other cases—and to provide a basis for the continued use of the contents of treaties in assessing the requirements of international law. Thus this paper is basically argumentative—it attempts to state what the law ought to be by demonstrating that the law as it is logically compels the adoption of the present thesis