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Articles 271 - 300 of 321
Full-Text Articles in Fourteenth Amendment
Political Apportioning Is Not A Zero-Sum Game: The Constitutional Necessity Of Apportioning Districts To Be Equal In Terms Of Both Total Population And Citizen Voter-Age Population, Timothy Mark Mitrovich
Political Apportioning Is Not A Zero-Sum Game: The Constitutional Necessity Of Apportioning Districts To Be Equal In Terms Of Both Total Population And Citizen Voter-Age Population, Timothy Mark Mitrovich
Washington Law Review
After each census, state legislatures must redraw voting districts for state and local elections. Each state legislature must perform this redistricting in a way that protects two important citizen rights. First, each citizen's vote must carry equal weight. Second, each citizen must have equal access to his or her representative. To this end, the U.S. Supreme Court has held that all state and local electoral apportionments must result in districts with equal populations. In Reynolds v. Sims, the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment requires all state and local electoral apportionments to result in districts with equal populations. However, …
The Contested Right To Vote, Richard Briffault
The Contested Right To Vote, Richard Briffault
Michigan Law Review
For those who believe the United States is a representative democracy with a government elected by the people, the events of late 2000 must have been more than a little disconcerting. In the election for our most important public office - our only truly national office - the candidate who received the most popular votes was declared the loser while his second place opponent, who had received some 540,000 fewer votes, was the winner. This result turned on the outcome in Florida, where approximately 150,000 ballots cast were found not to contain valid votes. Further, due to flaws in ballot …
The Origins And Constitutionality Of State Unit Voting In The Electoral College, Matthew J. Festa
The Origins And Constitutionality Of State Unit Voting In The Electoral College, Matthew J. Festa
Vanderbilt Law Review
On November 1, 2000, a Joint Resolution was introduced in Congress proposing a constitutional amendment to change the Article II system of electing the President and Vice President' by abolishing the Electoral College. Acknowledging the fact that "there have been more congressionally proposed constitutional amendments on this subject than any other," the sponsoring Senator noted that the issue "could become supremely important in a few days," because "we have the possibility that the winning candidate for President might not win the popular vote in our country.' One prominent legal scholar has described the mere possibility of such an event as …
The 2000 Presidential Election: Archetype Or Exception?, Michael C. Dorf
The 2000 Presidential Election: Archetype Or Exception?, Michael C. Dorf
Michigan Law Review
The day after the Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore, a colleague who specializes in tax law approached me with mock sympathy. "It must be very discouraging trying to teach constitutional law," he said, "when it's so obviously made up." This view of the Court's decision remains widely held, at least within the academy and among those who did not vote for President Bush. Unlike many of my fellow Democrats and academic colleagues, however, I see no reason to question the motives of the majority (or dissenting) Justices in Bush v. Gore. I certainly do not think that the …
Morgan Kousser's Noble Dream, Heather K. Gerken
Morgan Kousser's Noble Dream, Heather K. Gerken
Michigan Law Review
J. Morgan Kousser, professor of history and social science at the California Institute of Technology, is an unusual academic. He enjoys the respect of two quite different groups - historians and civil rights litigators. As a historian, Kousser has written a number of important works on the American South in the tradition of his mentor, C. Vann Woodward, including a foundational book on southern political history, The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Many of his writings have become seminal texts among election law scholars. Kousser has also used his historical skills …
Trying To Make Peace With Bush V. Gore (Symposium: Bush V. Gore Issue 2001), Richard D. Friedman
Trying To Make Peace With Bush V. Gore (Symposium: Bush V. Gore Issue 2001), Richard D. Friedman
Articles
The Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore, shutting down the recounts of Florida's vote in the 2000 presidential election and effectively awarding the election to George W. Bush, has struck many observers, including myself, as outrageous.' Decisions of the Supreme Court should be more than mere reflections of ideological or partisan preference thinly camouflaged behind legalistic language. It would therefore be pleasant to be able to believe that they are more than that. Accordingly, Judge Richard Posner's analysis,2 in which he defends the result reached by the Court-though not the path by which it got there-is particularly welcome. Though …
Race And The Right To Vote After Rice V. Cayetano, Ellen D. Katz
Race And The Right To Vote After Rice V. Cayetano, Ellen D. Katz
Articles
Last Term, the Supreme Court relied on Gomillion [v. Lightfoot] to hold that Hawaii, like Alabama before it, had segregated voters by race in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment. The state law at issue in Rice v. Cayetano provided that only "Hawaiians" could vote for the trustees of the state's Office of Hawaiian Affairs ("OHA"), a public agency that oversees programs designed to benefit the State's native people. Rice holds that restricting the OHA electorate to descendants of the 1778 inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands embodied a racial classification that effectively "fenc[ed] out whole classes of ...ci tizens from decisionmaking …
Race, Redistricting And A Republican Poll Tax: The Supreme Court's Voting Rights Decisions Of The 1995-96 Term, Frank Parker
Race, Redistricting And A Republican Poll Tax: The Supreme Court's Voting Rights Decisions Of The 1995-96 Term, Frank Parker
Touro Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Fifteenth Amendment And "Political Rights", Akhil Reed Amar
The Fifteenth Amendment And "Political Rights", Akhil Reed Amar
Cardozo Law Review
Professor Xi Wang has offered us an altogether exemplary paper on black suffrage. Rather than trying to criticize it, I shall attempt to extend it by picking up where he left off. My main text is the Fifteenth Amendment. I would like to suggest that the best interpretation of the Fifteenth Amendment would read it as encompassing a cluster of political rights; the Amendment protects not only the right to vote, but also the right to hold office, the right to be voted for, the right to vote in a legislature, the right to serve on a jury, and even …
Black Suffrage And The Redefinition Of American Freedom, 1860-1870, Xi Wang
Black Suffrage And The Redefinition Of American Freedom, 1860-1870, Xi Wang
Cardozo Law Review
One of the most important outcomes of the Civil War was the establishment of a new constitutional order. Under this new order, African Americans, a people whose essential human rights had been denied under the old constitutional order, were constitutionally emancipated from slavery and recognized as American citizens. They received the privileges and immunities that white Americans had automatically assumed. Male black Americans also received the right to vote. This new order, as embraced by the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution, was a truly remarkable achievement of Reconstruction. What is additionally significant is that these Amendments became …
Democratic National Committee V. Edward J. Rollins: Politics As Usual Or Unusual Politics?, Rachel E. Berry
Democratic National Committee V. Edward J. Rollins: Politics As Usual Or Unusual Politics?, Rachel E. Berry
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
No abstract provided.
Can Minority Voting Rights Survive Miller V. Johnson, Laughlin Mcdonald
Can Minority Voting Rights Survive Miller V. Johnson, Laughlin Mcdonald
Michigan Journal of Race and Law
Part I of this Article reviews the congressional redistricting process in Georgia, particularly the State's efforts to comply with the Voting Rights Act and avoid the dilution of minority voting strength. Part II describes the plaintiffs' constitutional challenge and the State's asserted defenses, or more accurately its lack of asserted defenses. Part III argues that the decision of the majority rests upon wholly false assumptions about the colorblindness of the political process and the harm caused by remedial redistricting. Part IV notes the expansion in Miller of the cause of action first recognized in Shaw v. Reno. Part V …
Johnson V. De Grandy: Mixed Messages On Equal Electoral Opportunity Under Section 2 Of The Voting Rights Act, Brenda Wright
Johnson V. De Grandy: Mixed Messages On Equal Electoral Opportunity Under Section 2 Of The Voting Rights Act, Brenda Wright
University of the District of Columbia Law Review
Johnson v. De Grandy' is Florida's contribution to the burgeoning Supreme Court jurisprudence addressing the redistricting which followed the 1990 Census.2 That round of redistricting has been heavily influenced by Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which Congress amended in 1982 to prohibit election practices that deny minorities an equal opportunity to participate in the political process andelect candidates of their choice to office.3 Because the composition of election districts may have a powerful impact on the ability of racial or ethnic minorities to elect candidates of their choice to office, 4 redistricting is among the practices …
Holder V. Hall: Blinking At Minority Voting Rights, Laughlin Mcdonald
Holder V. Hall: Blinking At Minority Voting Rights, Laughlin Mcdonald
University of the District of Columbia Law Review
Parts I and II of this Article discuss the sole commissioner form of government in Bleckley County and the nature and disposition of plaintiffs' Section 2 challenge in the lower courts. Part III analyzes the decision of the Supreme Court, its formalistic construction of Section 2, and the Court's retreat from voting rights enforcement. Part IV is a critique of the concurring opinion of Justice Thomas and responds to his arguments that the creation of majority-minority districts improperly embroils the courts in political theorizing and is a form of segregation. This Article concludes with a discussion of the critical role …
The Constitutionality Of Racial Redistricting: A Critique Of Shaw V. Reno, Frank R, Parker
The Constitutionality Of Racial Redistricting: A Critique Of Shaw V. Reno, Frank R, Parker
University of the District of Columbia Law Review
No abstract provided.
Bi-Partisan Voting: In Re Matthews
Expressive Harms, "Bizarre Districts," And Voting Rights: Evaluating Election-District Appearances After Shaw V. Reno, Richard H. Pildes, Richard G. Niemi
Expressive Harms, "Bizarre Districts," And Voting Rights: Evaluating Election-District Appearances After Shaw V. Reno, Richard H. Pildes, Richard G. Niemi
Michigan Law Review
This article attempts to define the constitutional principles that characterize Shaw and to suggest how those principles might be applied in a consistent, meaningful way. Part I, in which we argue that Shaw must be understood to rest on a distinctive conception of the kinds of harms against which the Constitution protects, is the theoretical heart of the article. We call these expressive harms, as opposed to more familiar, material harms. In Part II, we briefly survey the history of previous, largely unsuccessful, efforts in other legal contexts to give principled content to these kinds of harms in redistricting. …
Ugly: An Inquiry Into The Problem Of Racial Gerrymandering Under The Voting Rights Act, Daniel D. Polsby, Robert D. Popper
Ugly: An Inquiry Into The Problem Of Racial Gerrymandering Under The Voting Rights Act, Daniel D. Polsby, Robert D. Popper
Michigan Law Review
In the discussion that follows, we focus on the case of congressional districting rather than on districting in general. Although we proceed in this manner for the sake of clarity, it is also true that no single, all-purpose normative theory of electoral mechanics will cover every case of democratic representation, from county commissions to mosquito control districts to sovereign legislatures. We do not claim that one can generalize our argument to every sort of election to which the VRA might apply. Yet we think our argument does approximate a theory of general application.
Race And Redistricting: Drawing Constitutional Lines After Shaw V. Reno, T. Alexander Aleinikoff, Samuel Isaacharoff
Race And Redistricting: Drawing Constitutional Lines After Shaw V. Reno, T. Alexander Aleinikoff, Samuel Isaacharoff
Michigan Law Review
Shaw is no doubt a major opinion that attempts to define limits on the use of racial or ethnic classifications in electoral redistricting. The main thrust of this article is to assess the critical question of whether Shaw renders unconstitutional the type of race-conscious realignment of electoral configurations that have given meaning to the voting rights reforms of the past two decades. In making this assessment, we try to ascertain exactly how the Court has limited the use of race-conscious districting, and we try to determine whether there is any jurisprudential coherence to the Court's latest confrontation with the law …
Shaw V. Reno: On The Borderline, Emily Calhoun
Qualifications Of Governor And Lieutenant-Governor
Qualifications Of Governor And Lieutenant-Governor
Touro Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Court Confronts The Gerrymander, Josseph C. Coates, Iii
The Court Confronts The Gerrymander, Josseph C. Coates, Iii
Florida State University Law Review
No abstract provided.
Section 2 Of The Voting Rights Act: An Approach To The Results Test, David L. Eades
Section 2 Of The Voting Rights Act: An Approach To The Results Test, David L. Eades
Vanderbilt Law Review
The fifteenth amendment' guarantees that a citizen's right to vote shall not depend on his or her race. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 (the Act)2 ended nearly a century of congressional acquiescence to obstruction and subversion of that guarantee by certain state and local governments. The Act was remarkably successful in curbing many race-oriented abuses of the electoral process. Despite this success, however, Congress chose to bolster the 1965 Act with the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982., The new legislation's most significant feature was the revision of section 2, which contains the Act's blanket prohibition against "discriminatory"voting procedures.
Washington's Ballot Restriction For Minor Party Candidates: When Is A Primary Not A Primary?, Emily Calhoun
Washington's Ballot Restriction For Minor Party Candidates: When Is A Primary Not A Primary?, Emily Calhoun
Publications
No abstract provided.
Federal Protection Of Individual Rights In Local Elections, 13 J. Marshall L. Rev. 503 (1980), Sheldon Gardner, Celeste M. Ebers
Federal Protection Of Individual Rights In Local Elections, 13 J. Marshall L. Rev. 503 (1980), Sheldon Gardner, Celeste M. Ebers
UIC Law Review
No abstract provided.
Racial Vote Dilution In Multimember Districts: The Constitutional Standard After Washington V. Davis, Michigan Law Review
Racial Vote Dilution In Multimember Districts: The Constitutional Standard After Washington V. Davis, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note argues that the effect-oriented standard for multimember-district vote-dilution claims is unaffected by the Washington intent requirement. Part I outlines the manner in which multimember districts can dilute minority voting strength. After summarizing Washington's intent requirement, Part II surveys the post-Washington vote dilution cases and demonstrates that the applicability of the intent standard to vote dilution claims is uncertain. Part III first suggests two ways in which White and Washington may be reconciled. That section then argues that White is unaffected by the intent requirement because the standard for vote dilution fits within a fundamental interest analysis …
Constitutional Law--Equal Protection--Minimum Age Requirement For Candidates For Detroit Common Council Violates Equal Protection Clause Of Fourteenth Amendment--Manson V. Edwards*, Michigan Law Review
Constitutional Law--Equal Protection--Minimum Age Requirement For Candidates For Detroit Common Council Violates Equal Protection Clause Of Fourteenth Amendment--Manson V. Edwards*, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Recent Development will discuss the validity and potential impact of the court's selection of the compelling interest test to measure the compliance of Detroit's age restriction on candidacy with the fourteenth amendment. It will also explore the possible state goals sought to be achieved by requiring a minimum age for candidates and examine whether these goals can be viewed as "compelling governmental interests."
Federalizing Through The Franchise: The Supreme Court And Local Government, R. Perry Sentell Jr.
Federalizing Through The Franchise: The Supreme Court And Local Government, R. Perry Sentell Jr.
Scholarly Works
Decisionmaking at the local government level has been significantly affected by both national legislation and federal court decisions seeking to protect the right to vote. Indeed, Professor Sentell feels that the Supreme Court, through decisions invalidating restrictions on the franchise, has involved itself to an unparalleled degree in heretofore purely local affairs. In examining these decisions, the author queries if legitimate voting regulations may be now imposed by local governments. In so doing he focuses upon the Court's equal protection analysis of extraordinary majority vote requirements and elections restricted to certain segments of the electorate and upon the expansive judicial …
Effective Representation And Multimember Districts, Michigan Law Review
Effective Representation And Multimember Districts, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The Supreme Court has not decided a case involving an assertion of the claim that a multimember district denies the right of effective representation since Fortson and Burns. However, there have been several subsequent challenges in lower courts to the validity of such districts, and these challenges have generally failed because the factual evidence did not demonstrate conclusively that the voting strength of a legally cognizable racial or political element had been minimized or cancelled. In Chavis v. Whitcomb, however, a three-judge federal district court in Indiana found that the plaintiff had presented sufficient factual evidence to sustain …
Katzenbach V. Morgan And The 18 Year Old Vote, E. Rick Buell Ii
Katzenbach V. Morgan And The 18 Year Old Vote, E. Rick Buell Ii
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Recently the 91st Congress passed the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970. The provisions of the statute include Title III which extended the right of suffrage to eighteen year old citizens in all federal, state, and local elections. The basis for enacting Title III was the belief of Congress that citizens between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one, by being denied the right to vote, were being denied equal protection of the laws as required by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The purpose of this note is to briefly trace the historical development of Congress' power to …