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Articles 271 - 300 of 307
Full-Text Articles in Food and Drug Law
The Art Of Food Placement: Will The U.S. Follow Germany's Lead In Copyrighting Artistic Food Placement?, 15 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 565 (2016), Julianna Walo
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Recently, German courts created groundbreaking precedent allowing copyright protection for the artistic placement of food on a plate. The rulings allow chefs to prohibit people from taking pictures of the copyrighted food placement. While Germany’s moral-based legal system allows for such copyright protections, this comment compares the U.S. legal system to that of Germany and examines if and how such copyright protection could extend to food placement in the U.S.
An International Sos (Save Our Sharks): How The International Legal Framework Should Be Used To Save Our Sharks, Crystal Green
An International Sos (Save Our Sharks): How The International Legal Framework Should Be Used To Save Our Sharks, Crystal Green
Pace International Law Review
The purpose of this Article is to shed light on the plight on sharks in international and domestic waters. An estimated 100 million sharks are killed every year. The cruel and wasteful practice of shark finning is responsible for a large portion of those killings. Shark fins are the most valuable part of the shark, because they are used as the key ingredient – and namesake – in an Asian delicacy known as “shark fin soup.” This Article opens with background information on the dire situation sharks are facing in our oceans, and how the depletion of these top predators …
International Trade - Possible Undermining Of U.S. Pesticide And Food Safety Laws By The Draft Text Of The Uruguay Round Of Gatt Negotiations, Beth Sanders
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
African Aids Crisis: Implications From The Rise Of Managed Care In South Africa, J. Christopher Driver
African Aids Crisis: Implications From The Rise Of Managed Care In South Africa, J. Christopher Driver
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
World Trade Organization Adjudication Of The European Union-United States Dispute Over The Moratorium On The Introduction Of New Genetically Modified Foods To The European Common Market: A Hypothetical Opinion Of The Dispute Panel, Charles W. Smitherman Iii
World Trade Organization Adjudication Of The European Union-United States Dispute Over The Moratorium On The Introduction Of New Genetically Modified Foods To The European Common Market: A Hypothetical Opinion Of The Dispute Panel, Charles W. Smitherman Iii
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
International Trade Law And The U.S.-Eu Gmo Debate: Can Africa Weather This Storm?, Michelle K. Mcdonald
International Trade Law And The U.S.-Eu Gmo Debate: Can Africa Weather This Storm?, Michelle K. Mcdonald
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
A Tale Of Two Appellations: A Comparative Study Of International Agreements And Prevailing Law Impacting The Availability Of Seasonal Employees For The Wine-Grape Harvest In California's Napa Valley And France's Bordeaux Appellation, Michael K. Edmonson
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
"Where You Stand Depends On Where You Sit": Should The United States' Fda Have Followed The Lead Of Great Britain's Mhra In Banning Antidepressant Drug Use In Children And Adolescents?, Jennifer Dorminey
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
B.Y.O. Heroin: Will Canada Finally Recognize The Fundamental Rights Of Injection Drug Users By Providing Access To Safe Injection Facilities?, Robert Marston
B.Y.O. Heroin: Will Canada Finally Recognize The Fundamental Rights Of Injection Drug Users By Providing Access To Safe Injection Facilities?, Robert Marston
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
Beer, Liquor, Or A Little Bit Of Both? Getting To The Bottom Of Properly Classifying Flavored Malt Beverages In The United States And Australia, Bryan A. Schivera
Beer, Liquor, Or A Little Bit Of Both? Getting To The Bottom Of Properly Classifying Flavored Malt Beverages In The United States And Australia, Bryan A. Schivera
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
3(D) View Of India’S Patent Law: Social Justice Aspiration Meets Property Rights In Novartis V. Union Of India & Others, 13 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 719 (2014), Saby Ghoshray
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Not many constitutional decisions from developing countries find themselves at the center of global debate like the Indian Supreme Court’s Novartis decision invalidating the Gleevec patent. The patent was invalidated under amended Section 3(d) of the Indian Patents Act, which was amended to address some of the concerns of imbalance between the maximalist and minimalist cultures in the pharmaceutical context. Section 3(d) of the Indian Patent Act introduced a new threshold of patent eligibility for pharmaceutical innovation that requires applicants to demonstrate enhanced efficacy of their products. The objective of this Article is to get beyond the reactionary reviews of …
Morning-After Decisions: Legal Mobilization Against Emergency Contraception In Chile, Fernando Muñoz León
Morning-After Decisions: Legal Mobilization Against Emergency Contraception In Chile, Fernando Muñoz León
Michigan Journal of Gender & Law
In Chile, the Criminal Code bans all forms of abortion. Furthermore, the Constitution—drafted and enacted by the Military Junta led by General Augusto Pinochet—was inspired by a conservative version of Catholic natural law championed by prominent Chilean constitutional law scholars. This Article traces the emergence, development, and ultimately the defeat of a persistent legal mobilization driven by natural law-inspired litigants, politicians, and scholars against levonorgestrel-based emergency contraception, also known as the morning-after pill. In their decade-long efforts at legal mobilization, these natural law litigants used every tool of the Chilean legal system to challenge the legality and the constitutionality of …
The Penumbra Of The United States’ Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Brazil’S Clean Companies Act And Implications For The Pharmaceutical Industry, Beverley Earle, Anita Cava
The Penumbra Of The United States’ Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Brazil’S Clean Companies Act And Implications For The Pharmaceutical Industry, Beverley Earle, Anita Cava
Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business
No abstract provided.
Harmony With Nature And Genetically Modified Seeds: A Contradictory Concept In The United States And Brazil?, Heather Leibowitz
Harmony With Nature And Genetically Modified Seeds: A Contradictory Concept In The United States And Brazil?, Heather Leibowitz
Pace Environmental Law Review
Looking at the differing regulatory frameworks for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the United States and Brazil, this Article will help demonstrate how a lack of scientifically objective standards has allowed regulatory agencies to circumvent environmentally protective and sustainable policies. Additionally, this analysis will help illuminate what corrective steps can be taken.
A New Prescription To Balance Secrecy And Disclosure In Drug-Approval Processes, Gerrit M. Beckhaus
A New Prescription To Balance Secrecy And Disclosure In Drug-Approval Processes, Gerrit M. Beckhaus
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
To obtain approval to market a drug, a manufacturer must disclose significant amounts of research data to the government agency that oversees the approval process. The data often include information that could help advance scientific progress, and are therefore of great value. But current laws in both the United States and Europe give secrecy great weight. This Article proposes an obligatory sealed-bid auction of the sensitive information based on the experience with similar auctions in mergers and acquisitions, to balance manufacturers' interest in secrecy and the public interest in disclosure.
Intellectual Property, Traditional Knowledge, And Biodiversity In The Global Economy: The Potential Of Geographical Indications For Protecting Traditional Knowledge-Based Agricultural Products, Teshager W. Dagne
PhD Dissertations
The relationship between international regimes regulating intellectual property, traditional knowledge and biodiversity has received much attention in recent times. Of the many complex and controversial issues in contemporary international legal discourse on this matter, the protection of traditional knowledge (TK) stands out as a significant challenge. Choices abound in the search for modalities to regulate rights to use and control TK systems and their underlying biodiversity. In recent times, the protection of geographical indications (GIs) has emerged as an option for protecting TK. Despite the considerable enthusiasm over it, there is appreciable research dearth on how far and in what …
Fighting Poison With Poison? The Chinese Experience With Pharmaceutical Patent Linkage, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 623 (2012), Benjamin Liu
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Countries after countries are adopting a controversial regulatory system of linking the market approval for pharmaceuticals to the status of potentially blocking patents as part of their bilateral and multilateral trade agreement package with the United States. Surprisingly, China took up pharmaceutical patent linkage in the absence of any treaty obligations and became the first country to adopt this regulatory regime outside of North America, despite the presence of a flourishing generics pharmaceutical industry and its developing country status. In fact, the Chinese regulation promised more intellectual property ("IP") protection than what even the United States FDA is capable of …
Between Starvation And Globalization: Realizing The Right To Food In India, Lauren Birchfield, Jessica Corsi
Between Starvation And Globalization: Realizing The Right To Food In India, Lauren Birchfield, Jessica Corsi
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Article evaluates People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India & Others (PUCL) through multiple lenses, examining: (1) the necessary factors that contributed to the success of the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) and its enforcement and (2) both the implications and limitations of PUCL as it relates to India's larger economic policy framework. We argue that the development and success of the PUCL litigation have depended in part on provisions of the Indian Constitution amenable to the incorporation and promotion of economic and social rights as well as on a unique relationship between civil society and judicial institutions. …
The Chinese Regulatory Licensing Regime For Pharmaceutical Products: A Law And Economics Analysis, Qing Zhang
The Chinese Regulatory Licensing Regime For Pharmaceutical Products: A Law And Economics Analysis, Qing Zhang
Michigan Telecommunications & Technology Law Review
China's pharmaceutical market has expanded dramatically in the past twenty years and is expected to become the largest in the world by the year 2050. However, entry to the market remains difficult for many international pharmaceutical manufacturers due to the country's costly and complicated regulatory licensing requirements. This Article provides an overview of the regulatory licensing regime for pharmaceutical products in China. Then, the Article evaluates three key features of the regulatory licensing regime through a law and economics approach. These features include the use of licensing, as contrasted with alternative regulatory and non-regulatory mechanisms; the standards to be met …
Intellectual Property Rights And The Public Sector: Why Compulsory Licensing Of Protected Technologies Critical For Food Security Might Just Work In China, Gregory C. Ellis
Intellectual Property Rights And The Public Sector: Why Compulsory Licensing Of Protected Technologies Critical For Food Security Might Just Work In China, Gregory C. Ellis
Washington International Law Journal
The majority of people in the developed world have the luxury of never having to address food shortages and malnutrition. In developing countries, however, ensuring food security presents greater challenges. Agricultural biotechnology has the potential to alleviate many of the food crises occurring in developing countries. Unlike private sector corporations, public sector entities are creating genetically modified (“GM”) crops to ensure food security. However, the intellectual property rights (“IPRs”) to the many technologies required to create a single GM crop are often fragmented across the private and public sectors. Fragmentation of IPRs creates a “patent thicket” that increases the challenges …
Regulatory Marketing Approval For Pharmaceuticals As A Non-Tariff Barrier To Trade: Analysis Under The Wto's Agreement On Technical Barriers To Trade, Mary Hess Eliason
Regulatory Marketing Approval For Pharmaceuticals As A Non-Tariff Barrier To Trade: Analysis Under The Wto's Agreement On Technical Barriers To Trade, Mary Hess Eliason
San Diego International Law Journal
At a fundamental level, pharmaceuticals serve two roles: both as a cure for disease and as a product. As a cure for disease, a drug's value cannot be quantified because it saves lives. As a product, profit analysis shapes every step of a drug's progression to market. In least developed nations the barriers to drug access are not solely economic. National regulatory systems for market approval are being used to prevent external pharmaceutical manufacturers from participating in a national market. This article will address how the regulatory framework of pharmaceutical registration may serve as a barrier to trade in drugs, …
The Negative Effect Of Pharmaceutical Patents On South African Industry, Chenxi Jiao
The Negative Effect Of Pharmaceutical Patents On South African Industry, Chenxi Jiao
Cardozo Public Law, Policy & Ethics Journal
The note argues that the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) has disproportionately favored developed economies, stifling the growth of local pharmaceutical industries in developing countries like South Africa. While TRIPS aimed to balance societal benefits with short-term costs, its strict patent protections have hindered the development of generic drug manufacturing and technology transfer in these regions. The analysis highlights that strong intellectual property rights alone do not drive foreign investment or industrial growth, as market size, infrastructure, and economic stability play more critical roles. The note advocates for a reformed approach to intellectual …
Peru's Too Expensive - I'Ll Get My Cheese From Chile: The Agricultural Market Access Provisions Of The U.S.-Chile Fta And The U.S.-Peru Tpa, Guillermo Gabriel Zorogastua
Peru's Too Expensive - I'Ll Get My Cheese From Chile: The Agricultural Market Access Provisions Of The U.S.-Chile Fta And The U.S.-Peru Tpa, Guillermo Gabriel Zorogastua
Florida State University Journal of Transnational Law & Policy
No abstract provided.
Improving The Pharmaceutical Industry:Optimality Inside The Framework Of The Current Legal System Provides Access To Medicines For Hiv/Aids Patients In Sub-Saharan Africa, Gourav N. Mukherjee
Improving The Pharmaceutical Industry:Optimality Inside The Framework Of The Current Legal System Provides Access To Medicines For Hiv/Aids Patients In Sub-Saharan Africa, Gourav N. Mukherjee
Florida State University Journal of Transnational Law & Policy
No abstract provided.
Outsourcing Drug Investigations To India: A Comment On U.S., Indian, And International Regulation Of Clinical Trials In Cross-Border Pharmaceutical Research, James Cekola
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
The traditional research and development model of large pharmaceutical companies is arguably unsustainable in current times. For example, estimated research and development costs increased as much as twelve percent over the last year while pharmaceutical sales grew only seven percent over the same period. Current estimates put the price to develop a new drug and bring it to market between $800 million and $1.5 billion per drug. These costs are increasing, driving large pharmaceutical companies to find more cost-effective research and development models. One cost-saving initiative is to globalize the system. In particular, companies have increasingly outsourced the required investigational …
A Complete Property Right Amendment, John H. Ryskamp
A Complete Property Right Amendment, John H. Ryskamp
ExpressO
The trend of the eminent domain reform and "Kelo plus" initiatives is toward a comprehensive Constitutional property right incorporating the elements of level of review, nature of government action, and extent of compensation. This article contains a draft amendment which reflects these concerns.
Bond Repudiation, Tax Codes, The Appropriations Process And Restitution Post-Eminent Domain Reform, John H. Ryskamp
Bond Repudiation, Tax Codes, The Appropriations Process And Restitution Post-Eminent Domain Reform, John H. Ryskamp
ExpressO
This brief comment suggests where the anti-eminent domain movement might be heading next.
Genetically Modified Crops In The Philippines: Can Existing Biosafety Regulations Adequately Protect The Environment?, Christina L. Richmond
Genetically Modified Crops In The Philippines: Can Existing Biosafety Regulations Adequately Protect The Environment?, Christina L. Richmond
Washington International Law Journal
Global concern persists about the use of genetically modified crops (“GM crops”). This concern originates from the divergent perspectives of nations with a stake in either the production or consumption of GM crops. Proponents of GM crops in developing countries claim that the crops could increase food supply by improving plant resistance to pesticides, thereby alleviating the need for farmers to purchase chemicals that are frequently expensive or unavailable. However, many organizations and countries are hesitant or outright opposed to GM crops, particularly regarding their potentially undesirable ecological and agricultural consequences. As one of the first Asian nations to approve …
Global Pharmaceutical Patent Law In Developing Countries- Amending Trips To Promote Access For All, Angela J. Anderson
Global Pharmaceutical Patent Law In Developing Countries- Amending Trips To Promote Access For All, Angela J. Anderson
ExpressO
This comment will analyze the need to amend and revise the current global pharmaceutical patent system under TRIPS to take into account the needs of developing countries and overall public health. This comment will emphasize that the current international trade rules, which although administered by the WTO, are dictated by developed country governments and powerful pharmaceutical companies, and therefore, without reform will further diminish the access of poor people in developing countries to vital medicines. Part II of this comment will provide a general overview of the international trade law governing patents on pharmaceuticals focusing specifically on the development of …
Global Pharmaceutical Patent Law In Developing Countries- Amending Trips To Promote Access For All, Angela J. Anderson
Global Pharmaceutical Patent Law In Developing Countries- Amending Trips To Promote Access For All, Angela J. Anderson
ExpressO
This comment will analyze the need to amend and revise the current global pharmaceutical patent system under TRIPS to take into account the needs of developing countries and overall public health. This comment will emphasize that the current international trade rules, which although administered by the WTO, are dictated by developed country governments and powerful pharmaceutical companies, and therefore, without reform will further diminish the access of poor people in developing countries to vital medicines. Part II of this comment will provide a general overview of the international trade law governing patents on pharmaceuticals focusing specifically on the development of …