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Articles 451 - 480 of 491
Full-Text Articles in Estates and Trusts
Trusts And Estates-Trends In The Law: 1941-1945 (A Service For Returning Veterans), Lewis M. Simes
Trusts And Estates-Trends In The Law: 1941-1945 (A Service For Returning Veterans), Lewis M. Simes
Michigan Law Review
In every generation there are some judicial decisions so revolutionary that any summary of developments in the law, regardless of its author or of its brevity, would include them. Such cases as Erie Railroad v. Tompkins and Williams v. North Carolina will fall into this category no matter who lines up the materials. But such avulsive changes rarely if ever occur in the law of Trusts and Estates; and it is anybody's guess to determine the significant aspects of the day-to-day accretions which actually take place. Thus, the writer has no illusions that he is singling out the trends as …
An Objective Test Of Transfers In Contemplation Of Death, Ivan C. Rutledge, Charles L.B. Lowndes
An Objective Test Of Transfers In Contemplation Of Death, Ivan C. Rutledge, Charles L.B. Lowndes
Articles by Maurer Faculty
No abstract provided.
Future Interests - Taxation - Evidence - Presumption As To The Possibility Of A Woman Bearing Children, Hobart Taylor, Jr.
Future Interests - Taxation - Evidence - Presumption As To The Possibility Of A Woman Bearing Children, Hobart Taylor, Jr.
Michigan Law Review
Testatrix, a resident of Massachusetts, set up a trust of her residuary estate for her two daughters, the principal to be paid to their issue, but if either should die without issue, her share to be paid to certain named charities. On probate, the remainder to charity was held to be void. The income tax law of Massachusetts imposed a three per cent levy on income accumulated for contingent future interests, but exempted from taxation certain interests of nonresidents, including vested remainders not subject to being divested. The daughters, nonresidents, contended that their interests should not be taxed as contingent …
Executors And Administrators - Double Domicile - Inheritance Taxation Of Intangibles, Robert Walsh
Executors And Administrators - Double Domicile - Inheritance Taxation Of Intangibles, Robert Walsh
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff was appointed executor by a Georgia court which found that decedent had been domiciled in Georgia. Defendant was appointed administrator by a New York court which found that decedent was domiciled in New York. Plaintiff and defendant were interpleaded in the Delaware court by a Delaware corporation to determine who was entitled to shares of stock owned by decedent in the Delaware corporation. Plaintiff claimed that the Delaware court was required to give full faith and credit to the Georgia finding that decedent was domiciled in Georgia. The Supreme Court of Delaware found that decedent was domiciled in New …
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - Powers Of Appointment - When Property Subject Thereto Is Taxable As Part Of Donee's Estate - Effect Of A Compromise, Charles J. O'Laughlin
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - Powers Of Appointment - When Property Subject Thereto Is Taxable As Part Of Donee's Estate - Effect Of A Compromise, Charles J. O'Laughlin
Michigan Law Review
The decedent was a beneficiary of a trust established by his father and of two other trusts created by his mother. From his father's trust the decedent was to receive a portion of the income prior to his twenty-eighth birthday, when he was to receive the principal and accumulated income. His mother's trusts gave him the income for life, subject to certain restrictions before he attained the age of twenty-eight. Under all three trusts he had a general testamentary power of appointment. In case of nonexercise of this power, decedent's descendants were to be default takers under the donor's will, …
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - Deduction Allowable For Gifts To Charity When There Has Been A Compromise, William H. Shipley
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - Deduction Allowable For Gifts To Charity When There Has Been A Compromise, William H. Shipley
Michigan Law Review
The testator gave the residue of his estate to a charity. When the widow of the testator made known her intention to contest the will, the charity offered to give her "a sum equivalent to twenty-five per cent" of the amount it was to receive under the will. The widow then agreed to withdraw all objections to the probate of the will. The executors were not parties to the compromise agreement, nor was it incorporated in, or made a part of, the probate proceedings. The executors filed an estate tax return in which a deduction from the testator's gross estate …
Rules Against Perpetuities And Gifts To Charity, Robert G. Wolfe
Rules Against Perpetuities And Gifts To Charity, Robert G. Wolfe
Indiana Law Journal
No abstract provided.
Taxation -- Taxing Income From Short-Term Family Trust To Settlor, William H. Shipley
Taxation -- Taxing Income From Short-Term Family Trust To Settlor, William H. Shipley
Michigan Law Review
In 1931 a settlor executed a deed of trust and transferred securities to the trustees, who were also the settlor's lawyers. The trustees were to pay the income to the settlor's wife, children and mother-in-law. The duration of the trust was six years and sixteen days, but it was provided that the trust would terminate before that time if the settlor or his wife died. At the termination of the trust the corpus was to be returned to the settlor. The settlor reserved no power to remove the trustees or to modify or revoke the trust or to control the …
Taxation - Gift Tax - Transfer In Pursuance Of An Antenuptial Agreement As A Taxable Gift, Michigan Law Review
Taxation - Gift Tax - Transfer In Pursuance Of An Antenuptial Agreement As A Taxable Gift, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff entered into an antenuptial agreement with his intended wife whereby she waived all rights which she might acquire by virtue of the marriage in certain stock which he owned. In consideration therefor, he transferred to her two annuities and an interest as tenant by the entirety in two parcels of real estate. Plaintiff contended that such transfers did not constitute taxable gifts, and the Board of Tax Appeals decided in his favor. Held, that the transfers were taxable gifts, for a waiver of marriage rights in the property of plaintiff pursuant to an antenuptial agreement did not constitute …
The Impact Of The Law Of Powers Upon Our Internal Revenue Laws, Montgomery B. Angell
The Impact Of The Law Of Powers Upon Our Internal Revenue Laws, Montgomery B. Angell
Michigan Law Review
An interesting difference in view has arisen recently in the halls of the Harvard Law School on the use of powers of appointment under the federal estate tax act. One view is that the chief efficacy today of the power of appointment lies in its capacity for use in tax evasion, which should be corrected. The other view is that there is a salutary tendency toward using sensible and flexible powers of appointment, which should be encouraged in meeting changing and difficult family situations, but which would be checked were the former view accepted. Thus we find here the age-old …
Taxation - Gift Tax - Each Beneficiary Of Trust As Donee For Purpose Of Exemption Provision, Alfred I. Rothman
Taxation - Gift Tax - Each Beneficiary Of Trust As Donee For Purpose Of Exemption Provision, Alfred I. Rothman
Michigan Law Review
In 1935, the donor created a trust for the benefit of seven children. The donor in her gift tax return, pursuant to section 504b of the Gift Tax Act, excluded from the taxable amount $5,000 for each child. The commissioner's action in treating the trustee as the donee and in allowing a single deduction of $5,000 was sustained by the Board of Tax Appeals. The circuit court of appeals reversed. Held, that the taxpayer was entitled to seven deductions, one for each beneficiary under the trust. Helvering v. Hutchings, (U.S. 1941) 61 S. Ct. 653.
Taxation Of Annuity Contracts Under Estate And Inheritance Taxes, Robert Meisenholder
Taxation Of Annuity Contracts Under Estate And Inheritance Taxes, Robert Meisenholder
Michigan Law Review
A glance at any authoritative encyclopedia will confirm the fact that annuity transactions of one sort or another have existed since earliest civilized times. It was not until 1762, however, that the first insurance company of the world was established; at that time began the issuance of annuity contracts similar to our modem contracts. The popularity of such contracts has increased and decreased at various periods in Great Britain. But in the United States, they have assumed importance only since the beginning of this century and have attained a relatively widespread popularity only since the years of prosperity in the …
Taxation - Death Taxes - Gifts In Contemplation Of Death, Kenneth J. Nordstrom
Taxation - Death Taxes - Gifts In Contemplation Of Death, Kenneth J. Nordstrom
Michigan Law Review
The problem arising when estate and inheritance taxes reach out and attempt to include transfers which have been completed inter vivos are of current importance in state and federal litigation. A survey of the cases shows that the courts and legislatures are making a constant effort to fix and determine a workable rule for the application of a tax on transfers which have been made in life under circumstances so closely related to death that they may, in nature and effect, be properly classified as transfers made in contemplation of death. The problem is of no small moment, for perplexing …
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Intangible Satisfaction From Gift As Income To The Donor, Walter B. Connolly
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Intangible Satisfaction From Gift As Income To The Donor, Walter B. Connolly
Michigan Law Review
Respondent, the owner of negotiable bonds, detached from them negotiable interest coupons shortly before their due date and delivered them as a gift to his son, who in the same year collected them at maturity. The commissioner of internal revenue ruled that the interest payments were taxable to the respondent donor. The circuit court of appeals reversed the order of the board of tax appeals sustaining the tax. Held, the commissioner was correct in including such interest payments in the taxable income of the donor. Helvering v. Horst, (U.S. 1940) 61 S. Ct. 144.
Taxation - Inheritance And Estate Taxes - Powers Of Appointment, William L. Howland
Taxation - Inheritance And Estate Taxes - Powers Of Appointment, William L. Howland
Michigan Law Review
From time immemorial, problems arising from the creation and exercise of powers of appointment have proven enigmatic to the judiciary. These problems are not decadent but still possess an abundance of vitality. The increased complexity of statutes imposing death taxes has tended to foment litigation. These two fertile sources of intricate problems, in combination, have borne the apprehended fruits. The taxation of powers of appointment has created problems of infinite variety, harassing alike the attorney, the judge and the legislator. The questions involved are not simply of academic or theoretical importance. Under our modern death tax statutes the questions are …
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - Transfers In Which Decedent Had Reserved A Contingent Reversionary Interest - St. Louis Union Trust Cases Overruled, Robert M. Warren
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - Transfers In Which Decedent Had Reserved A Contingent Reversionary Interest - St. Louis Union Trust Cases Overruled, Robert M. Warren
Michigan Law Review
In 1919 decedent transferred property in irrevocable trust, income to be paid to X for life and on X's death, the corpus and accumulated income to be returned to the settlor, if he should then be living; but if he should then be dead, remainder to Y. The settlor predeceased the life beneficiary and the commissioner included the trust property in decedent's gross estate under section 302 (c) of the federal estate tax. The board of tax appeals reversed this determination, and the board was upheld by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, …
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - What Is A General Power Of Appointment Within The Meaning Of The Federal Statute?, John H. Pickering
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - What Is A General Power Of Appointment Within The Meaning Of The Federal Statute?, John H. Pickering
Michigan Law Review
Decedent exercised her testamentary power to appoint the income of a discretionary trust. The commissioner declared a tax deficiency for failure to include the property subject to the power in the gross estate. The executor appealed on the ground that the power was a special power under Wisconsin law since the trustee could withhold the income from any beneficiary. Held, the power was general since it was exercisable in favor of the donee's estate or her creditors and therefore the exercise of the power was taxable under section 302(f) of the Revenue Act of 1926. Morgan v. Commissioner, …
Taxation - Federal Gift Tax - Cancellation Of A Power Todesignate New Beneficiaries Other Than The Settlor - Interrelationship Of Gift And Estate Tax, Robert M. Warren
Taxation - Federal Gift Tax - Cancellation Of A Power Todesignate New Beneficiaries Other Than The Settlor - Interrelationship Of Gift And Estate Tax, Robert M. Warren
Michigan Law Review
Before the enactment of the 1924 gift tax statute, decedent created a trust for the benefit of named beneficiaries, reserving to himself power both to revoke and to modify the trust. In 1919 the decedent made a surrender of the power to revoke the trust by a writing which reserved the power to designate new beneficiaries other than himself. This latter power was renounced in 1924 after the effective date of the gift tax statute. The Board of Tax Appeals and the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed the commissioner's ruling that the gift became complete and …
Taxation-Income Tax-Discretionary Application Of Income Of Irrevocable Trust To Maintenance Of Settlor's Children-Taxability To Settlor, Benjamin H. Dewey
Taxation-Income Tax-Discretionary Application Of Income Of Irrevocable Trust To Maintenance Of Settlor's Children-Taxability To Settlor, Benjamin H. Dewey
Michigan Law Review
Settlors, husband and wife, established certain irrevocable trusts with themselves and another as trustees, and the children of the settlors as beneficiaries. The income from the trust property was to be accumulated, and a certain percentage of the corpus and accumulated income was to be distributed to the beneficiaries as they respectively reached certain specified ages. The trust agreement further provided that the trustees should have the power to expend from the corpus or income such sums as they should deem necessary and advisable for the maintenance, education and support of the beneficiaries, or to defray expenses arising from sickness, …
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - Inter Vivos Trust As Gift To Take Effect In Possession Or Enjoyment At Death, Edmund O'Hare
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - Inter Vivos Trust As Gift To Take Effect In Possession Or Enjoyment At Death, Edmund O'Hare
Michigan Law Review
On May 14, 1919, decedent set up six trusts, appointing life estates with remainders over. Each trust deed provided: "This Trust may, during the lifetime of the Grantor, be amended or revoked on the joint consent of the Grantor and the Trustees." The remainderman, who was the same person in each trust, was also one of the three trustees. Decedent died on September 4, 1928. The Board of Tax Appeals sustained the contention of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue that the value of the life estates should be included in the decedent's gross estate by virtue of section 302 (c) …
Taxation - Income Tax - Settlement Of Will Contest As Taxable, Anthony L. Dividio
Taxation - Income Tax - Settlement Of Will Contest As Taxable, Anthony L. Dividio
Michigan Law Review
Taxpayer commenced suit to contest the probate of his grandmother's will, by which she had made nominal bequests to her grandchildren, and had created a charitable trust with the large residue. The parties agreed upon a settlement, as a result of which taxpayer received $141,404.03, all of which the tax commissioner claimed was taxable income. Held, the amount received by taxpayer came to him because he was an heir and did not constitute taxable income. Lyeth v. Hoey, (U. S. 1938) 6 U. S. Law Week 421 (Dec. 6, 1938).
Taxation--Inheritance Tax--Interest In Joint Tenancy Passing By Survivorship, Bettie Gilbert
Taxation--Inheritance Tax--Interest In Joint Tenancy Passing By Survivorship, Bettie Gilbert
Kentucky Law Journal
No abstract provided.
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - Gift In Contemplation Of Death, Edmund O'Hare
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - Gift In Contemplation Of Death, Edmund O'Hare
Michigan Law Review
Decedent, when eighty years old and while still in good health, set up an irrevocable trust of one-third of his property, with a life estate to his daughter and remainder over on the daughter's death to her children and descendants. Under the trust deed the income was to be accumulated and added to the principal until the donor's death. The Supreme Court found that decedent, who was thinking about speculating on the stock exchange, was anxious to insure adequate provision for his daughter and her descendants upon his death, and that he therefore determined to make an irrevocable disposition of …
Death Taxes On Completed Transfers Inter Vivos, Lorentz B. Knouff
Death Taxes On Completed Transfers Inter Vivos, Lorentz B. Knouff
Michigan Law Review
The subjection of transfers inter vivas to the death tax under each of the above categories has been based upon the proposition that, for a transfer inter vivas properly to be subject to the death tax, it must bear some reasonable relationship to transfers at death either by will or under the law relating to intestacy. This rule has been applied both in problems of statutory construction and in problems of constitutionality. The recent decision of the United States Supreme Court in Helvering v. Bullard seems to have abandoned this test for the inclusion of transfers inter vivas within the …
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - Claims Arising Out Of An Antenuptial Agreement As Deductions From Gross Estate, Charles E. Nadeau
Taxation - Federal Estate Tax - Claims Arising Out Of An Antenuptial Agreement As Deductions From Gross Estate, Charles E. Nadeau
Michigan Law Review
An antenuptial agreement provided that in the event the wife survived her husband she would receive $50,000 in lieu of her dower rights. After his death the executors paid this sum, and then sought to deduct it from the gross estate as a claim against the estate. In affirming the Board of Tax Appeals the court held that marriage and relinquishment of dower were not "an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth" and hence the claims were not deductible under the Revenue Act of 1926. Empire Trust Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, (C. C. A. …
Taxation - Estate Tax - Trust With Reservation Of Life Estate, Wallace Mendelson
Taxation - Estate Tax - Trust With Reservation Of Life Estate, Wallace Mendelson
Michigan Law Review
In 1923 decedent created an irrevocable trust, reserving to herself the income for life with remainders over. Upon decedent's death, it was held that the corpus of the trust was properly a part of decedent's gross estate for Federal Estate Tax purposes. Helvering v. Bullard, (U. S. 1938) 58 S. Ct. 565.
Taxation - Validity Of Retroactive Inheritance Tax On Contingent Trust Remainders, Francis T. Goheen
Taxation - Validity Of Retroactive Inheritance Tax On Contingent Trust Remainders, Francis T. Goheen
Michigan Law Review
In 1877 the settlor created an irrevocable trust with reservation of the income for life. Under the terms of the trust deed, on the death of the settlor, the income was to be paid for twenty years after the settlor's death "to and among such of" settlor's children as may be living at the time of the payment. The living issue of deceased's children were to take by right of representation. On the death of the settlor in 1931 the state of Massachusetts by statute enacted in 1907 taxed the remainder as property passing by deed "intending to take effect …
Taxation-Federal Income Tax-Taxation To Settlor Of Income From Trust Established To Discharge A Legal Obligation
Michigan Law Review
Shortly before the entering of a decree of absolute divorce in favor of his wife, a husband agreed to transfer securities in trust for the wife's benefit in lieu of alimony and all other claims. The divorce decree incorporated the trust agreement. On certiorari to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, which had sustained a tax against the settlor on the income of the trust estate on the ground that it discharged a legal obligation, the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed the judgment. After disposing of the argument that the trust was entirely voluntary since …
Taxation - Power Of Appointment - Effect Of Refusal By Appointee Who Is Given Same Share In Default Of Appointment
Michigan Law Review
The donee of a power of appointment exercised it by will in favor of the persons who would have taken exactly the same interests in default of appointment, and who declared their election to decline the appointment and take by the provision in default of appointment in the will of the donor. Suit was brought for additional federal estate taxes covering the property to which the power applied, under a statute levying such a tax upon "any property passing under a general power of appointment exercised by the decedent . . . by will . . . . " Held …
The Taxation Of Trust Property, Robert C. Brown
The Taxation Of Trust Property, Robert C. Brown
Kentucky Law Journal
No abstract provided.