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St. Mary's University

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Articles 451 - 480 of 869

Full-Text Articles in Environmental Law

A Settlement Offer Above Policy Limits Does Not Trigger An Insurer's Stowers Duty To Act Reasonably., James Martin Truss Jan 1995

A Settlement Offer Above Policy Limits Does Not Trigger An Insurer's Stowers Duty To Act Reasonably., James Martin Truss

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


Robert Wilburn Calvert, The Prudentialist In Memoriam., L. Wayne Scott Jan 1995

Robert Wilburn Calvert, The Prudentialist In Memoriam., L. Wayne Scott

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


The Texas Home Equity Controversy In Context Forum - Introduction., James W. Paulsen Jan 1995

The Texas Home Equity Controversy In Context Forum - Introduction., James W. Paulsen

St. Mary's Law Journal

This Essay provides some historical and legal context for the Texas home equity debate during the 1990s. It begins with an examination of early Texas homestead law, which did not clearly prohibit home equity lending. Part II describes the genesis of the homestead exemption in Texas. Public policy surrounding the homestead law had at least three components: protection of debtors, protection of women, and the fostering of an independent spirit in Texas settlers. Part III evaluates the Texas Constitution’s 1876 ban on home equity loans and the subsequent public debate up until the 1970s. Although criticism of the prohibition on …


Home Equity Reform In Texas Forum., Jerry Patterson Jan 1995

Home Equity Reform In Texas Forum., Jerry Patterson

St. Mary's Law Journal

Texas citizens should vote on home equity reform to be able to decide for themselves whether they desire the benefits of home equity borrowing. Texas is the only state in the nation that prohibits homeowners from using their home equity as they see fit such as to educate their children, to start or expand small businesses, or to enjoy their retirement years. Critics to home equity reform in Texas do not fully understand the scope of the amendments or the benefits that come with reform. The myth that equity loans would trigger an increase in foreclosure rates cannot be documented …


The Spoliation Tort: An Approach To Underlying Principles., Steffen Nolte Jan 1995

The Spoliation Tort: An Approach To Underlying Principles., Steffen Nolte

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


Private Plaintiffs May Not Maintain Aiding And Abetting Suits Under Securities Exchange Act Section 10(B) And Securities And Exchange Commission Rule 10b-5., Ginger E. Margolin Jan 1995

Private Plaintiffs May Not Maintain Aiding And Abetting Suits Under Securities Exchange Act Section 10(B) And Securities And Exchange Commission Rule 10b-5., Ginger E. Margolin

St. Mary's Law Journal

In Central Bank v. First Interstate Bank, the United States Supreme Court held that private plaintiffs may not maintain aiding and abetting suits under Securities Exchange Act Section 10(b) and Security and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-5. The Court views Section 10(b) of the 1934 Act as a “catchall antifraud provision” that makes the use of “any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance” in contravention of the provision a violation of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rules if such acts occur during the purchase or sale of securities. Rule 10b-5 is substantially the same as Section 10(b). However, neither Section 10(b) …


The Women's Convention And The Equal Protection Clause Symposium - Human Rights In The Americas., Michael J. Corbera Jan 1995

The Women's Convention And The Equal Protection Clause Symposium - Human Rights In The Americas., Michael J. Corbera

St. Mary's Law Journal

This Article addresses whether the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (Women’s Convention) violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Because international treaties such as the Women’s Convention carry the same weight and are subject to the same treatment as U.S. federal law, the constitutionality of the Convention is dictated by U.S. jurisprudence. Part II of this Article outlines and discusses the origin and content of the Women’s Convention. Part III contains a historical review of gender jurisprudence in the United States, with particular emphasis on …


Chief Justice Calvert: Man Of Imperturable Integrity In Memoriam., Thomas M. Reavley Jan 1995

Chief Justice Calvert: Man Of Imperturable Integrity In Memoriam., Thomas M. Reavley

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


Chief Justice Calvert: Simple Rules Made Him Great In Memoriam., Jack Pope Jan 1995

Chief Justice Calvert: Simple Rules Made Him Great In Memoriam., Jack Pope

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


Chief Justice Calvert, Our Highly Regarded Of Counsel In Memoriam., Lloyd Lochridge Jan 1995

Chief Justice Calvert, Our Highly Regarded Of Counsel In Memoriam., Lloyd Lochridge

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


Shading Of America: Keynote Address Before The 1995 National Conference Of Law Reviews Address., Antonia Hernandez Jan 1995

Shading Of America: Keynote Address Before The 1995 National Conference Of Law Reviews Address., Antonia Hernandez

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


Appellate Review Of Criminal Cases In Texas - Foreword Foreword., Charles F. Baird Jan 1995

Appellate Review Of Criminal Cases In Texas - Foreword Foreword., Charles F. Baird

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


Appellate Review Of Criminal Cases In Texas., Ellen Bloomer Mitchell Jan 1995

Appellate Review Of Criminal Cases In Texas., Ellen Bloomer Mitchell

St. Mary's Law Journal

This Article guides Texas practitioners in effectively preparing and presenting criminal cases on appeal. Its primary focus concerns the standards of review appellate courts use in determining the merits of the issues raised before them and, equally important, proper preservation and presentation of those issues. This Article does not exhaust the matters which may be raised on appeal in a criminal case. Rather, it covers a variety of issues and errors commonly raised in the “ordinary” criminal appeal. Understanding and utilizing this information in the presentation of issues on appeal will help the practitioner direct the appellate court to find …


Cutting Costs - Cutting Care: Can Texas Managed Health Care Systems And Hmos Be Liable For The Medical Malpractice Of Physicians., Jim M. Perdue, Stephen R. Baxley Jan 1995

Cutting Costs - Cutting Care: Can Texas Managed Health Care Systems And Hmos Be Liable For The Medical Malpractice Of Physicians., Jim M. Perdue, Stephen R. Baxley

St. Mary's Law Journal

One of the most common forms of managed health care is the health maintenance organization (HMO). An HMO is a quasi-insurance arrangement which provides health care to subscribers for a prepaid monthly fee. These have been attractive as they offer health care at lower cost to consumers. Health care brokers have developed four standard models of HMOs— “staff model,” “group model,” “network model,” and “independent practice association” (IPA) model. Given the degree of control HMOs exercise over member-physicians under any of the above models, Texas courts should hold HMOs liable for their member-physicians’ malpractice under the doctrine of vicarious liability, …


Texas's New Habeas Corpus Procedure For Death-Row Inmates: Kafkaesque - And Probably Unconstitutional., James C. Harrington, Anne More Burnham Jan 1995

Texas's New Habeas Corpus Procedure For Death-Row Inmates: Kafkaesque - And Probably Unconstitutional., James C. Harrington, Anne More Burnham

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


Beauty And The Beast: Physical Appearance Discrimination In American Criminal Trials Comment., David L. Wiley Jan 1995

Beauty And The Beast: Physical Appearance Discrimination In American Criminal Trials Comment., David L. Wiley

St. Mary's Law Journal

This Comment considers physical appearance discrimination by jurors in criminal trials. It proposes remedial measures to eliminate discrimination and effectuate the underlying purposes of jury trials. Part II of this Comment examines the psychological process of corporeal attribution and discusses the underlying philosophic dichotomy of image and substance. It surveys the role modern American culture plays in discrimination in the American criminal law system and discusses parallel relationships between race, sex, and physical appearance discrimination. Part IV explores constitutional ramifications of fostering and promoting physical appearance discrimination in criminal trials. Finally, Part V presents remedies designed to ensure criminal defendants …


Legislative Redistricting In 1991-1992: The Texas Bill Of Rights V. The Voting Rights Act., James C. Harrington, Judith Sanders-Castro Jan 1994

Legislative Redistricting In 1991-1992: The Texas Bill Of Rights V. The Voting Rights Act., James C. Harrington, Judith Sanders-Castro

St. Mary's Law Journal

Every decade, after the federal government has taken the census, Americans endure the process of redistricting Congress, state legislatures, county commissioner precincts, school boards, city councils, and a host of other elected bodies. Governed by the interplay of federal, state, and local law, the reapportionment process would seem to be a relatively easy task in theory. Yet, overriding forces unique to the political arena and the judiciary’s voice in redistricting questions undermine the implementation of such a simple system. Narrow interpretation of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by the United State Supreme Court and lower federal courts further intensify …


The Supreme Court Takes A Weapon From The Drug War Arsenal: New Defenses To Civil Drug Forfeiture., Scott Alexander Nelson Jan 1994

The Supreme Court Takes A Weapon From The Drug War Arsenal: New Defenses To Civil Drug Forfeiture., Scott Alexander Nelson

St. Mary's Law Journal

This Comment discusses the history and development of forfeiture law—emphasizing the misnomer of “guilty property”—and addresses the lack of constitutional safeguards in the civil forfeiture statutes. It outlines prospective constitutional defenses announced by the United States Supreme Court, emphasizing the Fifth Amendment guarantee of due process, the Eighth Amendment’s Excessive Fines Clause, and the “innocent owner” defense. The federal statute authorizing civil forfeiture, 21 U.S.C. § 881 (Forfeiture Statute), was initially enacted as part of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. The Comprehensive Forfeiture Act of 1984 amended the statute to impose forfeiture on real property …


Self-Publication: Defamation Within The Employment Context., Howard J. Siegel Jan 1994

Self-Publication: Defamation Within The Employment Context., Howard J. Siegel

St. Mary's Law Journal

This Article reviews the rules and reasoning various jurisdictions have maintained in defamation actions supported by self-publication. This type of defamation action is commonly known as self-defamation. Before the law will hold the originator of a defamatory statement liable for defamation, publication of the defamatory comments must occur. Generally, defamatory communications are those communications which tend to injure one’s reputation. Publication normally occurs when one communicates the defamatory matter to “one other than the person defamed.” Originally, courts considered defamation actions valid only when the defamed person alleged that the originator directly published the statement to a third person. Under …


Time Limitations For Objecting To Claims: The Interplay Between Sections 502(D) And 546(A) Of The Bankruptcy Code., Gregory G. Hesse Jan 1994

Time Limitations For Objecting To Claims: The Interplay Between Sections 502(D) And 546(A) Of The Bankruptcy Code., Gregory G. Hesse

St. Mary's Law Journal

It is common lore among bankruptcy trustees and lawyers that a bankruptcy trustee has an unlimited time period under the Bankruptcy Code (the Code) to file objections to claims. Neither Section 502(a) of the Code nor Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 3007 contains time limitations within which an objection to a claim must be filed. Yet, creative creditor attorneys have fashioned arguments that the two-year limitations period placed on avoidance actions by Section 546(a) of the Code applies to claim objection proceedings brought under Section 502(d). Because courts have held the limitations period of Section 546(a) applies to claim objection …


U.S. Taxation Of U.S. Persons Doing Business Or Investing In Mexico: An Overview., William H. Hornberger Jan 1994

U.S. Taxation Of U.S. Persons Doing Business Or Investing In Mexico: An Overview., William H. Hornberger

St. Mary's Law Journal

U.S. persons who plan to do business in Mexico or invest in new or existing Mexican business ventures are faced with a myriad of U.S. federal income tax issues. U.S. counsel advising U.S. persons regarding the ownership structure for a contemplated business or investment in Mexico should have a basic understanding of the U.S. system of international taxation. While a working knowledge of Mexico’s tax system is also helpful, Mexican counsel can provide information regarding the Mexican tax implications of doing business or investing in Mexico. A review of the U.S. system of international taxation should begin with a consideration …


Banning Motherhood: An Rx To Combat Child Abuse., Toni Driver Saunders Jan 1994

Banning Motherhood: An Rx To Combat Child Abuse., Toni Driver Saunders

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


Enhanced Punishment Under The Texas Hate Crimes Act: Politics, Panacea, Or Pathway To Hell., David Todd Smith Jan 1994

Enhanced Punishment Under The Texas Hate Crimes Act: Politics, Panacea, Or Pathway To Hell., David Todd Smith

St. Mary's Law Journal

Nearly without exception, modern legislatures have responded to the reprehensible nature and detrimental social effects of hate crime by enacting laws specifically designed to punish the offender’s discriminatory animus. The term “hate crime” describes criminal conduct which is motivated by the offender’s bias or prejudice against another cognizable group. Although the reprehensible nature of a hate crime is often apparent from the facts of any given case, the repercussions of these offenses exceed the ignoble character of any one specific act. Texas has now joined the ranks of these jurisdictions by adopting legal provisions which authorize heightened penalties upon a …


Proof Of Attorney's Fees In Texas., Scott A. Brister Jan 1993

Proof Of Attorney's Fees In Texas., Scott A. Brister

St. Mary's Law Journal

In Texas, the complex and confusing rules defining proof of attorney’s fees require simplification. Texas, like many other states, follows the American Rule, meaning the plaintiff and defendant each pay their own attorney’s fees. The United States is the only common-law jurisdiction and virtually the only industrialized democracy following the American Rule. Two primary justifications support following the American Rule. First, the American Rule supports individuals seeking a judicial remedy by removing the obstacle of paying an opponent’s legal fees. Second, it reduces potential litigation, attendant time and expense that would be necessary to dispute legal fees if they were …


Use Of Excessive Physical Force Against An Inmate May Constitute Cruel And Unusual Punishment Even Though The Prisoner Does Not Suffer Significant Injury., Anthony A. Avey Jan 1993

Use Of Excessive Physical Force Against An Inmate May Constitute Cruel And Unusual Punishment Even Though The Prisoner Does Not Suffer Significant Injury., Anthony A. Avey

St. Mary's Law Journal

In Hudson v. McMillian, the Supreme Court held that use of excessive physical force against an inmate may constitute cruel and unusual punishment even though the prisoner does not suffer any significant injury. The Eighth Amendment has evolved significantly since its adoption in 1791, becoming a complex line of authority which over time expanded the rights of criminals and convicts. Recent cases have attempted to mold the varying Eight Amendment standards into a more cohesive legal doctrine. These efforts were meant to clarify the doctrine of cruel and unusual punishments; however, the divergent interpretations of these decisions rendered Eighth Amendment …


Summary Of The Convention Between The Government Of The United States Of America And The Government Of The United Mexican States For The Avoidance Of Double Taxation And The Prevention Of Fiscal Evasion With Respect To Taxes On Income., Raul S. Moreyra Jan 1993

Summary Of The Convention Between The Government Of The United States Of America And The Government Of The United Mexican States For The Avoidance Of Double Taxation And The Prevention Of Fiscal Evasion With Respect To Taxes On Income., Raul S. Moreyra

St. Mary's Law Journal

To prevent double taxation and income tax evasion, the Mexico and United States governments signed a convention in September 1992. The convention establishes when businesses may be subject to either United States or Mexico tax liabilities. Key to the application of the convention is the concept of permanent establishment. Permanent establishment is the designation given to a business situated in Mexico that transacts operations for a United States enterprise. This designation determines which nation, the United States or Mexico, will collect taxes from the business. If the business is a permanent establishment, the Mexican government will collect taxes. The types …


Tending The Bar In Texas: Alcoholism As A Mitigating Factor In Attorney Discipline., Patricia Sue Heil Jan 1993

Tending The Bar In Texas: Alcoholism As A Mitigating Factor In Attorney Discipline., Patricia Sue Heil

St. Mary's Law Journal

This Comment describes the nature and scope of alcoholism and chemical dependency in the legal profession. It reviews the current state of the law regarding alcoholism as a mitigating factor in attorney discipline. Addictive illnesses manifest themselves in ways which leave afflicted attorneys unable to practice law in accordance with professional rules of conduct. The majority of attorney-discipline cases involve alcoholism or chemical dependency. An attorney whose illness remains untreated will likely become the subject of grievance-committee investigations. For disciplinary cases involving alcoholism, a suggested analysis includes establishing a nexus between illness and misconduct. Additionally, it includes a causal connection …


Consent Decrees Resulting From Institutional-Reform Litigation May Be Modified Upon Showing A Significant Change In Law Or Fact And A Modification Appropriately Tailored To That Change., Christy J. Lindsay Jan 1993

Consent Decrees Resulting From Institutional-Reform Litigation May Be Modified Upon Showing A Significant Change In Law Or Fact And A Modification Appropriately Tailored To That Change., Christy J. Lindsay

St. Mary's Law Journal

In Rufo v. Inmates of Suffolk County Jail, the Court held that courts may modify consent decrees resulting from institutional reform litigation upon showing a significant change in law or fact and a modification appropriately tailored to that change. The case of Swift v. United States set a strict standard for modification of consent decrees, requiring movants to demonstrate extreme, unexpected hardship and oppression. However, there is a modem trend toward adopting a more flexible standard. The Court deems the “flexible test” as particularly appropriate in the case of the institutional reform consent decree because of its speculative, long-term nature. …


The New Agrarian Law - Mexico's Way Out., Adrianna De Aguinaga Jan 1993

The New Agrarian Law - Mexico's Way Out., Adrianna De Aguinaga

St. Mary's Law Journal

The New Agrarian Law was passed based on a Mexican consensus demanding a better way of life for millions of farmers. Because of low agricultural productivity by the ejido—land common to all the neighbors—and the difficulties for the ejidatarios—members of the ejido—to obtain credit, an armed insurrection resulted. Mexico was forced to find a solution by trying to redistribute the agrarian lands equitably through agrarian reform. Unlike prior amendments which proved inefficient, the New Agrarian Law is applicable to companies and to ejidos. The New Agrarian Law will permit higher productivity in the Mexican agricultural sector and will increase the …


Judges On Judging: A Bibliography., Shirley S. Abrahamson, Susan M. Fieber, Gabrielle Lessard Jan 1993

Judges On Judging: A Bibliography., Shirley S. Abrahamson, Susan M. Fieber, Gabrielle Lessard

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.