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Full-Text Articles in Environmental Law

It Is Not So Simply Because An Expert Says It Is So: The Reliability Of Gang Expert Testimony Regarding Membership In Criminal Street Gangs: Pushing The Limits Of Texas Rule Of Evidence 702., Placido G. Gomez Jan 2003

It Is Not So Simply Because An Expert Says It Is So: The Reliability Of Gang Expert Testimony Regarding Membership In Criminal Street Gangs: Pushing The Limits Of Texas Rule Of Evidence 702., Placido G. Gomez

St. Mary's Law Journal

The mechanisms developed by the criminal justice system addressing the criminal activities of street gangs, for the most part, have proved ineffective. The evolution of gangs, their complex structure, and multipurpose focus keep them one step ahead of law enforcement. The most recent weapon created to fight the war on gangs, the civil injunction, suffers from numerous inadequacies. One concern is that civil injunctions raise numerous constitutional concerns. Another is that these injunctions fall short of constitutional demands. Furthermore, the practical implementation of the injunction forces an analysis of the reliability of the gang expert’s testimony. This Article proposes courts …


Putting Health Care Providers At A Loss And Consumers At Risk: Why Hmos Should Be Held Accountable For The Financial Instability Of Their Delegated Networks., Anish P. Michael Jan 2003

Putting Health Care Providers At A Loss And Consumers At Risk: Why Hmos Should Be Held Accountable For The Financial Instability Of Their Delegated Networks., Anish P. Michael

St. Mary's Law Journal

This Comment explores why health maintenance organizations (HMOs) such as PacifiCare should be held accountable for the financial instabilities of their delegated networks. Part II discusses the organization of the managed care system and the assessment of Texas laws currently enforcing managed care in the state. Incorporated in this discussion is a look at the risks delegated networks bear when contracting with HMOs to provide payment for individualized care. Part III analyzes the increasing trend of financial instability by presenting the views of the HMOs, the delegated networks, the health care providers, and the consumers enrolled in the health plan. …


Privacy Lost: Comparing The Attenuation Of Texas's Article 1, Section 9 And The Fourth Amendment., Kimberly S. Keller Jan 2003

Privacy Lost: Comparing The Attenuation Of Texas's Article 1, Section 9 And The Fourth Amendment., Kimberly S. Keller

St. Mary's Law Journal

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires that all searches and seizures be reasonable. Article I, Section 9 of the Texas Constitution mirrors its federal counterpart, requiring reasonableness in regard to intrusive governmental action. In examining these texts, both the federal and state provisions are comprised of two independent clauses: (1) the Reasonableness Clause, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures; and (2) the warrant clause, which provides that warrants may issue only upon a showing of probable cause. Both the federal and Texas constitutions include explicit language regulating the government’s right to intrude on a person’s privacy. This …


The Effect Of 8 U. S. C. 1324(D) In Transporting Prosecutions: Does The Confrontation Clause Still Apply To Alien Defendants., Donna F. Coltharp Jan 2003

The Effect Of 8 U. S. C. 1324(D) In Transporting Prosecutions: Does The Confrontation Clause Still Apply To Alien Defendants., Donna F. Coltharp

St. Mary's Law Journal

Cases prosecuted under 8 U.S.C. §1324 present special challenges for the Government and for defendants. Under §1324, it is a crime to transport or smuggle aliens into the United States. Prosecuting transporters or smugglers may present a challenge if a witness is unavailable. Even though transporting or smuggling always has witnesses—the alien(s) who hired the smuggler or transporter—not all witnesses have prolonged detentions, and some are returned to their native country. The transporter or smuggler may then assert their Sixth Amendment right. The Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause requires that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to …


Terrorism, Grand Juries, And The Federal Material Witness Statute., Roberto Iraola Jan 2003

Terrorism, Grand Juries, And The Federal Material Witness Statute., Roberto Iraola

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


When Parents And Educators Clash: Are Special Education Students Entitled To A Cadillac Education., Judith Deberry Jan 2003

When Parents And Educators Clash: Are Special Education Students Entitled To A Cadillac Education., Judith Deberry

St. Mary's Law Journal

Due to the ambiguous language of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), there is uncertainty concerning IDEA’s requirements. IDEA mandates that all school districts receiving federal education monies provide for the education of disabled students. According to IDEA, each state must provide disabled children with “free appropriate public education” (FAPE) that emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet the student’s unique needs and prepare him or her for employment and independent living. Parents have argued that IDEA requires school districts to compensate them for commercial programs and private school costs. Courts have held that an individual education …


The Toxic Mold Terrifying Texas: Mold's Hold On The Insurance Industry., Sylvia Pena-Alfaro Jan 2003

The Toxic Mold Terrifying Texas: Mold's Hold On The Insurance Industry., Sylvia Pena-Alfaro

St. Mary's Law Journal

It is imperative that more scientific research concerning the effects of mold be conducted to better understand the consequences of long-term exposure to mold. Because of home and building modifications to conserve energy, mold has been able to thrive. Reports of illnesses allegedly caused by mold exposure have increased. No scientific evidence, however, exists that conclusively links the illnesses to the effects of mold. Only a limited number of scientific studies exist showing just how harmful toxic mold can be, but there is disagreement as to whether the harmful effects of toxic mold can compromise the immune system to such …


In Re V.L.K. V. Troxel: Is The Best Interest Standard In A Motion To Modify The Sole Managing Conservator Subject To A Due Process Or Course Challenge., David F. Johnson Jan 2003

In Re V.L.K. V. Troxel: Is The Best Interest Standard In A Motion To Modify The Sole Managing Conservator Subject To A Due Process Or Course Challenge., David F. Johnson

St. Mary's Law Journal

Texas Family Code section 156.101 is unconstitutional. In In re V.L.K, the Texas Supreme Court held that the Texas Legislature removed the injurious retention element from section 156.101 and no longer required a finding that the natural parent be injurious to the welfare of the child. The Texas Supreme Court’s ruling is contradictory to the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in Troxel v. Granville. In Troxel, the Supreme Court struck down a state statute that effectively permitted any third party to file a motion to challenge custody. Under Texas law, any affected party, not limited to parties named in the …


Telemedicine In Texas: Solving The Problems Of Licensure, Privacy, And Reimbursement., Gilbert Eric Deleon Jan 2003

Telemedicine In Texas: Solving The Problems Of Licensure, Privacy, And Reimbursement., Gilbert Eric Deleon

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


Introduction To The Second Annual Symposium On Legal Malpractice & (And) Professional Responsibility The Second Annual Symposium On Legal Malpractice & Professional Responsibility., Adam Boland Jan 2003

Introduction To The Second Annual Symposium On Legal Malpractice & (And) Professional Responsibility The Second Annual Symposium On Legal Malpractice & Professional Responsibility., Adam Boland

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


Absolute And Perfect Candor To Clients The Second Annual Symposium On Legal Malpractice & Professional Responsibility., Vincent R. Johnson Jan 2003

Absolute And Perfect Candor To Clients The Second Annual Symposium On Legal Malpractice & Professional Responsibility., Vincent R. Johnson

St. Mary's Law Journal

The fiduciary duty owed to clients by attorneys is defined by the reasonable-care standard of negligence as opposed to the all-encompassing “absolute and perfect candor” rhetoric frequently used to describe the duty owed. Words have meanings and, though the use of “absolute and perfect candor” serves a beneficial purpose, reminding attorneys of the special duty owed to their clients, the fiduciary duty owed to clients is not so all encompassing and impractical. Modern case law fails to establish that a broadly applicable duty of “absolute and perfect” candor applies to the attorney-client relationship, except in a limited number of situations. …


The Legal Profession At The Crossroads: Who Will Write The Future Rules Governing The Conduct Of Lawyers Representing Public Corporations The Second Annual Symposium On Legal Malpractice & Professional Responsibility., David J. Beck Jan 2003

The Legal Profession At The Crossroads: Who Will Write The Future Rules Governing The Conduct Of Lawyers Representing Public Corporations The Second Annual Symposium On Legal Malpractice & Professional Responsibility., David J. Beck

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


The Liability Of Lawyers For Fraud Under The Federal And State Securities Laws The Second Annual Symposium On Legal Malpractice & Professional Responsibility., Kathy Patrick Jan 2003

The Liability Of Lawyers For Fraud Under The Federal And State Securities Laws The Second Annual Symposium On Legal Malpractice & Professional Responsibility., Kathy Patrick

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


The Cost Of Humanitarian Assistance: Ethical Rules And The First Amendment The Second Annual Symposium On Legal Malpractice & Professional Responsibility., Jack P. Sahl Jan 2003

The Cost Of Humanitarian Assistance: Ethical Rules And The First Amendment The Second Annual Symposium On Legal Malpractice & Professional Responsibility., Jack P. Sahl

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.


Tactical Considerations In Defending Assigned Legal Malpractice Claims Essay., William D. Cobb Jr. Jan 2003

Tactical Considerations In Defending Assigned Legal Malpractice Claims Essay., William D. Cobb Jr.

St. Mary's Law Journal

Every Texas lawyer with a legal malpractice defense docket should be aware of the Zuniga rule and its possible exceptions. Although the general rule in Texas is that causes of action are freely assignable, because of the ruling in Zuniga v. Groce, Locke & Hebdon, legal malpractice causes of action are unassignable. The Texas Supreme Court declined to hear the case with the notation “writ refused” essentially adopting the lower court’s opinion as its own. Nonetheless, the decision in Zuniga did not resolve the problem of the insolvent judgment debtor, nor did Zuniga purport to invalidate all agreements that dispose …


Insurance Companies Use Of Captive Or In-House Counsel To Represent Insured Constitutes The Unauthorized Practice Of Law: Is American Home The Right Decision For Texas Comment., Daniel M. Martinez Jan 2003

Insurance Companies Use Of Captive Or In-House Counsel To Represent Insured Constitutes The Unauthorized Practice Of Law: Is American Home The Right Decision For Texas Comment., Daniel M. Martinez

St. Mary's Law Journal

Insurance companies should not be allowed to continue the practice of hiring in-house or captive counsel to defend against a claim covered by their insurance policy. Under a typical liability insurance policy, the insurer has a duty to defend. When legal counsel is retained, the insurer pays for the representation and has a contractual right to control the defense. This places defense counsel in a precarious situation because he or she has to balance the contractual obligations to the insurer against his or her ethical responsibilities to the insured. The defense counsel may be exposed to a malpractice claim by …


Jury Patriotism: The Jury System Should Be Improved For Texans Called To Serve., K. B. Battaglini, Mark A. Behrens, Cary Silverman Jan 2003

Jury Patriotism: The Jury System Should Be Improved For Texans Called To Serve., K. B. Battaglini, Mark A. Behrens, Cary Silverman

St. Mary's Law Journal

Many citizens seem to embrace the jury system, so long as they do not have to participate. The reason for this is not that most citizens are “un-American” but rather the burden jury duty imposes on potential jurors. Texans, in general, continue to overwhelmingly support the jury system. Yet, many citizens fail to appear for jury duty when summoned or strive to get out of jury duty after entering the courthouse. Most of these individuals do not lack a sense of civic duty. Rather, they are discouraged from jury service due to the hardship and headache imposed by an antiquated …


Punitive Damages In Texas: Examining The Need For A Split-Recovery Statute., Meredith Matheson Thoms Jan 2003

Punitive Damages In Texas: Examining The Need For A Split-Recovery Statute., Meredith Matheson Thoms

St. Mary's Law Journal

As a result of the increasing number and amounts of punitive damage awards, a call for reform is much warranted. Reformers and legislators continue to seek out measures to effectively limit excessive punitive damage awards and deter unnecessary and frivolous litigation. But they must consider not only the effects of the statutes but also the purposes they will serve. Split-recovery statutes can become valuable reform tool which will continue to serve the goals of punishment and retribution attached to punitive damages as well as deterrence. Split-recovery statutes arguably enlarge government, but they also serve a valuable purpose in furthering the …


Dec. 2002, Cao. Insuring Responsible Investments. Rev Of Miga's Envtl Soc. Proc., Cao Dec 2002

Dec. 2002, Cao. Insuring Responsible Investments. Rev Of Miga's Envtl Soc. Proc., Cao

CAO General 1999-Present

No abstract provided.


Nov. 22 2002, Emails Btwn R. Kyte, Ifc, From Oilwatch Africa, Re Niger Delta Facility, Cao Nov 2002

Nov. 22 2002, Emails Btwn R. Kyte, Ifc, From Oilwatch Africa, Re Niger Delta Facility, Cao

CAO General 1999-Present

No abstract provided.


October 2002, Cao, Extracting Sustainable Advantage. Review Of Ifc And Miga Extractive Industries Project, Notes By D. Hunter, Cao Oct 2002

October 2002, Cao, Extracting Sustainable Advantage. Review Of Ifc And Miga Extractive Industries Project, Notes By D. Hunter, Cao

CAO General 1999-Present

No abstract provided.


October 2002, Cao, Extracting Sustainable Advantage Report, Cao Oct 2002

October 2002, Cao, Extracting Sustainable Advantage Report, Cao

CAO General 1999-Present

No abstract provided.


Sept 25, 2002, Cao, Review Of Ifc's Safeguard Policies Draft With Dh Comment, Cao Sep 2002

Sept 25, 2002, Cao, Review Of Ifc's Safeguard Policies Draft With Dh Comment, Cao

CAO General 1999-Present

No abstract provided.


Sept. 25, 2002, Cao, Review Of Ifc's Safeguard Policies Draft For Comment, Cao Sep 2002

Sept. 25, 2002, Cao, Review Of Ifc's Safeguard Policies Draft For Comment, Cao

CAO General 1999-Present

No abstract provided.


Sept. 2002, Cao, Review Of Ifc's Safeguard Policies, Ifc Staff Survey. Summary Report., Cao Sep 2002

Sept. 2002, Cao, Review Of Ifc's Safeguard Policies, Ifc Staff Survey. Summary Report., Cao

CAO General 1999-Present

No abstract provided.


Apr. 18, 2002, Ifc And Sustainability, An Update, Ppt, Ifc Apr 2002

Apr. 18, 2002, Ifc And Sustainability, An Update, Ppt, Ifc

IFC E&S Performance Standards

No abstract provided.


April 10-11, 2002, Cao, Third Annual Reference Group Meeting, Agenda And Background Updates Of Cao Activities, Cao Apr 2002

April 10-11, 2002, Cao, Third Annual Reference Group Meeting, Agenda And Background Updates Of Cao Activities, Cao

CAO General 1999-Present

No abstract provided.


April 10. 2002, Letter From E. Etelson, Project Underground Staff Attorney To M. Taylor, Cao, Re Yanacocha Case, Erica Etelson Apr 2002

April 10. 2002, Letter From E. Etelson, Project Underground Staff Attorney To M. Taylor, Cao, Re Yanacocha Case, Erica Etelson

CAO General 1999-Present

No abstract provided.


April 9, 2022, Email From G. Saul Forwarding Sbc Observations About Cao, Ifc & Miga, Graham Saul Apr 2002

April 9, 2022, Email From G. Saul Forwarding Sbc Observations About Cao, Ifc & Miga, Graham Saul

CAO General 1999-Present

No abstract provided.


Legal Ethics, Business Ethics And International Trade: Some Neglected Issues, Robert W. Mcgee Apr 2002

Legal Ethics, Business Ethics And International Trade: Some Neglected Issues, Robert W. Mcgee

Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law

The article critiques the ethical shortcomings of utilitarianism in international trade policies, arguing that such policies often prioritize special interests over individual rights and public welfare. It advocates for a rights-based approach, emphasizing the protection of property and contract rights, and proposes reforms such as invoking the Takings Clause to ensure equitable outcomes. The analysis highlights the ineffectiveness and moral failings of measures like economic sanctions and protectionist policies, which frequently harm innocent populations and violate constitutional principles.