Entertainment, Arts, and Sports Law Commons^™

Time's Up: Addressing Gender-Based Wage Discrimination In Professional Sports, Nicole Zerunyan

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

Gender-based wage discrimination in professional sports is wide-spread. Female athletes, competing individually or as part of a team, are consistently paid substantially less than their male counterparts. To combat such discrimination and eliminate the gender pay gap, Congress passed the Equal Pay Act (“Act”) in 1963. While born of good intentions, the Act falls drastically short of its intended goal. Its restrictive language—specifically, its “same establishment” requirement—excludes separately owned teams. As most men’s and women’s professional sports teams are separately owned, their players are effectively barred from bringing wage-discrimination claims. This Note proposes two ways of addressing that issue: (1) …

A Huge Win For Equal Pay: Women's National Teams Grab Their Biggest Victories Yet In Recent Contract Disputes, Patrick C. Coyne

Jeffrey S. Moorad Sports Law Journal (1994 - )

No abstract provided.

Fourth & Inches: Marking The Line Of Athletes’ Free Speech (A Colin Kaepernick Inspired Discussion), Ryan J. Mcginty

Pace Intellectual Property, Sports & Entertainment Law Forum

This note addresses the ongoing controversial stance that was ignited when Colin Kaepernick refused to stand for the playing of the national anthem in protest of what he deems are wrongdoings against African Americans and minorities in the United States. The scope of this note does not surround Kaepernick himself, but rather the professional NFL football player in general. Specifically, players are entitled to the full rights of free expression and free speech as human beings and public figures, up and until the line where that right is abused on the field or “on the job,” thereby threatening an increase …

Intimate Partner Violence & Men’S Professional Sports: Advancing The Ball, Chelsea Augelli, Tamara L. Kuennen

Sturm College of Law: Faculty Scholarship

This article examines how men'sprofessional sports leagues treat domestic violence committed by players. Over the past twenty years, but particularly over the last five, the public has criticized, and the media has shone a spotlight on, the big leagues' ignoring of the issue. Many call for parity between how the criminal justice system treats the issue of domestic violence and how the leagues should treat it, arguing for a zero-tolerance approach. This article applies lessons learned by feminist law and policy makers and legal scholars in the development of the larger justice system response to domestic violence to the nascent …

Negotiated Rulemaking: A Method For Addressing Ambiguity Of Title Ix's Applicability To Transgender And Gender Non-Conforming Students, Greta Allardyce

The Modern American

No abstract provided.

Eliminating Racism And The Diversity Gap In The Video Game Industry, 51 J. Marshall L. Rev. 863 (2018), Elizabeth Hackney

UIC Law Review

No abstract provided.

All-American Discrimination: North Carolina And Transgender Student-Athletes, Jessica Rosen

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Inspiration Versus Exploitation: Traditional Cultural Expressions At The Hem Of The Fashion Industry, Elizabeth M. Lenjo

Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review

The fashion industry is a multitrillion dollar global industry. In 2016, consumers in the United States of America alone, spent almost $380 billion on apparel and footwear. Some may deride the fashion industry as lacking substance and mere “fluff,” but the numbers validate that it is important and extremely valuable “fluff.” After all, clothing and footwear are human necessities and are the main output from this sector that spans from high-end luxury brands to low-end necessities.

Clothing and fashion help define a culture and reflect individual identity. Throughout most of human history, regional variations in style and clothing served as …

Undressing The Locker Room Issue: Applying Title Ix To The Legal Battle Over Locker Room Equality For Transgender Student-Athletes, Meghan M. Pirics

Marquette Sports Law Review

None

Beyond The Basketball Court: How Brittney Griner's In My Skin Illustrates Title Ix's Failure To Protect Lgbt Athletes At Religious Institutions, Leslie C. Griffin

Scholarly Works

Symposium: Playing with Pride: LGBT Inclusion in Sports.

Unlike schoolteachers, janitors, coaches, food-service directors, organists, and other workers, professional athletes usually command center stage in society. Their successes and failures loom larger than life. Sometimes their prominent lives highlight themes hidden from public discussion or neglected by the majority. Professional basketball player Brittney Griner's autobiography does just that, by illuminating how "religious freedom" can undermine equality, especially LGBT equality.

Disciplining The Right Of Publicity's Nebulous First Amendment Defense With Teachings From Trademark Law, Wee Jin Yeo

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

Academic commentators, practitioners and students alike have written a flurry of articles on the First Amendment defense in right of publicity law, as courts cannot seem to agree on the appropriate balancing test that should be used to weigh celebrities 'publicity rights against the public's rights to use celebrity personas as communicative tools. Various tests have been proposed as the panacea, but are ultimately unsatisfactory, due to inadequacies that prevent them from striking a normatively desirable balance.

This Article suggests that the core normative justification behind the right of publicity is the prevention of unjust enrichment. Thus, following recent developments …

Evaluating Opportunity In College Sports (Title Ix), Brandon Kai Golden

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The note critiques the current interpretation and application of Title IX in college athletics, particularly the Three-Part Test used by the Office for Civil Rights (OCR). It argues that the test's focus on proportionality often leads universities to cut men's sports to achieve gender balance, which undermines the broader goal of gender equality. The author proposes a more nuanced approach, advocating for sport-specific evaluations and the elimination of the Contact Sports Exception to better align Title IX compliance with its intended purpose of preventing discrimination.

World Cup Dreaming: Sporting Activism And The Incrementalist Advancement Of Sexual Equality Through Association Football, Richard J. Peltz-Steele, Jose A. Benavides

West Virginia Law Review

No abstract provided.

Measuring The Reach Of Title Ix: Defining Program And Recipient In Higher Education, James H. Brooks

Akron Law Review

Two main issues are raised by Grove City College v. Bell and will be analyzed in this article. First, should the Supreme Court construe a post-secondary institution as a "program" for purposes of Title IX? Second, should aid to students be considered federal financial assistance to the institution?

The Obese And The Elite: Using Law To Reclaim School Sports, Dionne L. Koller

All Faculty Scholarship

Sports in schools are a uniquely American phenomenon. Athletic programs flourish in high schools, colleges, and universities with traditionally very little interference by legislatures or courts. The most notable, if not limited, exception to this deference is Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title IX), which prohibits educational institutions receiving federal financial assistance from discriminating on the basis of gender. As applied to athletic programs, Title IX is often cited as a public policy success. The law has led to the creation of meaningful sports participation opportunities for women and girls and shaped new norms for sports …

Fourth And Long: The Time Is Now For The “Washington Redskins” To Punt The Name, Hammad Rasul

University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class

No abstract provided.

Registering Offense: The Prohibition Of Slurs As Trademarks, Christine Haight Farley

Contributions to Books

Since 1967, Pro-Football has registered six marks that include the term “redskins,” a derogatory racial epithet that refers to Native Americans. The use of disparaging marks dates back to the 19th century when brands commercialized racial stereotypes, such as Aunt Jemima. Today, offensive marks, including those that ridicule race, ethnicity, gender and religion are proliferating prompting the question of what role trademark law plays in protecting the interests of diverse communities. Section 2(a) of the Lanham Act prohibits the registration of marks that consist of matter that may disparage or bring into contempt or disrepute any person, institution, or belief. …

Barriers To Leadership In Women's College Athletics, Erin E. Buzuvis

Faculty Scholarship

Today there is an enormous gender disparity among collegiate head coaches and athletic administrators in the United States. Women fill less than a quarter of head coach and athletic director positions in college athletics and are even minorities among coaches of women's teams. Few other professions are as impervious to gender integration. Leadership in college athletics is, in the words of one scholar, one of the "few male bastions remaining," which raises the question: Why are women so starkly underrepresented in leadership positions within college athletics? There is no easy answer, but rather a variety of factors that exclude, deter, …

A Strategic Legal Challenge To The Unforeseen Anticompetitive And Racially Discriminatory Effects Of Baseball’S North American Draft, Stephen F. Ross, Michael James Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

Major League Baseball (MLB) has honored a single player by retiring his number for every club. Absent special commemorations, no player will wear the number “42” in honor of the man who broke the color barrier to become the first African American to play major league baseball in the modern era: Jackie Robinson. MLB has also honored a single player—chosen from nominees from each individual club—by presenting an annual award for humanitarian service in his name; that honoree is Roberto Clemente. However, the sad reality is that if a fifteen-year-old Jackie Robinson were growing up today in South Pasadena, California, …

Lessons From The Dolphins/Richie Incognito Saga, Kerri Lynn Stone

Nevada Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Title Ix And Baseball: How The Contact Sports Exemption Denies Women Equal Opportunity To America's Pastime, Brittany K. Puzey

Nevada Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Achieving Gender Equity Under Title Ix For Girls From Minority, Urban, Rural, And Economically Disadvantaged Communities, Kenneth D. Ferguson

Faculty Works

Unless middle school and high school girls in urban, rural, and minority communities are given the opportunities to participate in the emerging women’s sports, gender equity is being only facially achieved because Title IX requirements are implemented without specific regard to detrimental impacts on the aforementioned subgroups. This Article will consider the intersection of race, gender, economic status, and community characteristics with sports participation for girls in grades K-12 and will argue that there are two categories of intentional discrimination that are both actionable under Title IX. The first is direct discrimination by a perpetrator of the discrimination — the …

Stabilizing Morality In Trademark Law, Christine Haight Farley

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

Almost all of the commentary concerning the statutory prohibition on registering offensive trademarks lambasts it as a misguided attempt to enforce civility through trademark law. This Article carefully considers the challenges accompanying section 2(a) of the U.S. Trademark Act and defends it as good policy. There are, however, a few instances in which the jurisprudence under section 2(a) has created more problems than it has solved. To alleviate these problems, this Article proposes judging words per se and abandoning the traditional trademark notion of evaluating words in context. Judging words per se is warranted given the very different objectives underlying …

Title Ix Feminism, Social Justice, And Ncaa Reform, Erin E. Buzuvis

Faculty Scholarship

This Article discusses social justice feminism as it applies to gender discrimination in collegiate and scholastic athletics in the context of Title IX requirements. Title IX activists today are primarily concerned with securing equal resources and opportunities for women in a college athletic environment. Today, that environment is becoming increasingly commercialized; this presents a Title IX problem because it creates an incentive to invest more athletic department resources into certain men’s athletic programs instead of distributing them equitably to women’s (and other men’s) programs. In addition, the NCAA is presently considering or has recently undertaken deregulation initiatives in a variety …

Lo And Behold!: Does Tolerated Use Give An Incentive To Plagiarize? An Example Through The Music Of Bob Dylan, Julie Levine

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

National Collegiate Athletic Association V. Tarkanian: Supreme Court Upholds Ncaa's Private Status Under The Fourteenth Amendment, Repelling Shark's Attack On Ncaa's Disciplinary Powers, Michael G. Dawson

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

Race, Markets, And Hollywood's Perpetual Antitrust Dilemma, Hosea H. Harvey

Michigan Journal of Race and Law

This Article focuses on the oft-neglected intersection of racially skewed outcomes and anti-competitive markets. Through historical, contextual, and empirical analysis, the Article describes the state of Hollywood motion-picture distribution from its anticompetitive beginnings through the industry's role in creating an anti-competitive, racially divided market at the end of the last century. The Article's evidence suggests that race-based inefficiencies have plagued the film distribution process and such inefficiencies might likely be caused by the anti-competitive structure of the market itself, and not merely by overt or intentional racial-discrimination. After explaining why traditional anti-discrimination laws are ineffective remedies for such inefficiencies, the …

On Equal Footing: Does Accommodating Athletes With Disabilities Destroy The Competitive Playing Field Or Level It?, Sarah J. Wild

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

How The Expressive Power Of Title Ix Dilutes Its Promise, Dionne L. Koller

All Faculty Scholarship

Title IX is widely credited with shaping new norms for the world of sports by requiring educational institutions to provide equal athletic opportunities to women. The statute and regulations send a message that women are entitled to participate in sports on terms equal to men. For several decades, this message of equality produced dramatic results in participation rates, as the number of women interested in athletics grew substantially. Despite these gains, however, many women and girls, especially those of color and lower socio-economic status, still do not participate in sports, or remain interested in participating, in numbers comparable to their …

Share His Dream: A Fair Use Standard For Historico-Political Figures' Rights Of Publicity, Joshua Bloomgarden

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.