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Table Of Contents - Cardozo Journal Of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 27, Iss. 3

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

No abstract provided.

A New Nature Of Pleading: Applying The Framework Of Common Law Pleading To Discovery As A Case-Initiation Tool, Masai Mcdougall

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

The common law tradition has relied on the exchange of allegations to start lawsuits for centuries. This Article reviews a growing trend within that tradition that emphasizes the exchange of evidence— discovery—to initiate cases instead. When compared to the allegation exchange required under the modern American plausibility standard, an evidence-based exchange model has significant cost advantages for both the parties and the judicial system. While modern pleading practice attempts to control discovery costs by requiring a higher showing, a realistic assessment of party behavior in the modern pleading regime reveals that plausibility is actually quite expensive, and that limited discovery …

Chapter 4 Of The Federal Arbitration Act: An Empirical Analysis, Tamar Meshel

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

On March 3, 2022, Congress enacted the Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021, codified as Chapter 4 of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). Chapter 4 is the first time that Congress has restricted the scope of the FAA in 100 years, by rendering invalid and unenforceable, at the election of a plaintiff, pre-dispute arbitration agreements in cases relating to sexual assault or sexual harassment disputes. This Article presents the results of a detailed qualitative and quantitative study of 180 state and federal court decisions interpreting Chapter 4, designed to evaluate its actual impact on …

Boozing And Schmoozing: Do They Improve Negotiations?, Andrea Kupfer Schneider, Michael Moffitt, Adrian Borbély, Mihaela Bonescu, Daniele Fares, Angela Sutan

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

Negotiators routinely make seemingly minor decisions about the physical environment and social conditions in which negotiations occur, including seating arrangements, room design, and the availability of shared beverages. Yet the extent to which these choices influence negotiation outcomes and relationships remains insufficiently understood. This Article presents an experimental study examining how negotiation settings and beverage availability affect both substantive outcomes and relational dynamics. Using a controlled 3 × 2 experimental design involving 288 participants engaged in simulated buyer-seller negotiations, we examine the effects of wine, coffee, and no beverage across sterile and convivial negotiation environments. The Article explores the implications …

Regulatory Enforcement Post Jarkesy: Arbitration As An Alternative To Administrative Proceedings, Eli Mizrahi

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

The Note examines the constitutional and practical consequences of Jarkesy, which held that defendants facing SEC civil penalties for securities fraud are entitled to a jury trial under the Seventh Amendment. It considers the limitations of both administrative proceedings and federal court litigation, including concerns about agency bias, restricted discovery, procedural disadvantages for respondents, litigation costs, and delays. Against this background, the Note proposes that FINRA, or another comparable arbitral body, expand its services to offer voluntary arbitration of SEC enforcement actions. Drawing on arbitration’s potential advantages—including speed, lower overall costs, specialized expertise, procedural flexibility, and greater perceived impartiality—the Note …

Reframing Foster Care Permanency Through Multi-Party Arbitration, Jacqueline Kitzes

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

The foster care system is intended to provide children with temporary, safe living arrangements while working toward permanency through reunification, adoption, or guardianship. Yet adversarial court proceedings, judicial backlogs, limited stakeholder participation, and insufficient judicial expertise in child development can delay permanency decisions and prolong children’s exposure to placement instability. This Note examines the shortcomings of the current judicial framework for resolving foster care cases and argues that multi-party arbitration offers a more efficient and child-centered alternative. Drawing on the historical development of the child welfare system and research concerning placement instability, permanency hearings, and stakeholder participation, the Note considers …

Cultural Appreciation Within Divorce Mediation: Considering Cultural Differences When Mediating Divorces Among South Asian Arranged Couples, Alisha Augustine

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

Divorce mediation offers an alternative to litigation that can reduce costs, preserve privacy, and encourage cooperative solutions. However, mediators working with South Asian couples in arranged marriages may encounter cultural, familial, and socioeconomic considerations that conventional mediation practices do not adequately address. This Note examines the distinctive challenges that can arise in these divorces, including the social stigma surrounding separation, dowries and marital gifts, immigration and citizenship concerns, extended family involvement, traditional gender roles, child custody, and domestic violence. It distinguishes traditional arranged marriages from modern arranged marriages among South Asian Americans, emphasizing that cultural practices and individual experiences vary …

Support The Icc As A Vital Court Of Last Resort For Victims Of Grave International Crimes, Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum, Gabor Rona

Online Publications

This public statement, issued on International Justice Day (July 17, 2026), affirms support for the International Criminal Court (ICC) as an independent judicial institution and a court of last resort for victims of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. Signed by more than 100 organizations and individuals, including legal scholars, practitioners, human rights advocates, and civil society organizations, the statement expresses concern over efforts to undermine the ICC's independence and functioning. It calls on the United States to reaffirm its longstanding commitment to the rule of law, judicial independence, and international accountability, emphasizing the importance …

Preemption Of State Fraudulent Transfer Law By The Bankruptcy Code, David G. Carlson

Articles

The article argues that state law tort claims based on fraudulent transfers are preempted by the Bankruptcy Code. It contends that allowing such tort claims to persist interferes with a bankruptcy trustee's ability to achieve universal settlements and recover assets, as the trustee cannot guarantee immunity from third-party tort liabilities.

Cjcr Publishes Volume 27, Issue 2 (Symposium 2025), Michele Kallo

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution (CJCR) Blog

The Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution—the country’s preeminent legal journal of arbitration, negotiation, mediation, settlement, and restorative justice—today published the web edition of Volume 27, Issue 2 (Symposium 2025). The print edition of the issue has also been released.

Accessible at Volume 27.2: Symposium 2025, this issue contains Articles by Sarah Rudolph Cole, Michael Z. Green, Jill I. Gross, and Amy J. Schmitz; Notes by Thomas Riley, Matthew Zelman, and Leora Perlstein; and a Commentary by Federica Simonelli.

The print edition of the issue has also been released. This post was originally published on the Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution …

Maurice Q. Robinson ’09 Honored At 16th Annual Ballsa Celebration, Benjamin N. Cardozo School Of Law

Cardozo Law News Archive

Cardozo School of Law honored alumnus Maurice Q. Robinson ('09) at the 16th Annual BALLSA Celebration for his leadership, service, and commitment to mentoring students and strengthening the law school's alumni community. The event also recognized recipients of the BALLSA Scholarship and celebrated the contributions of Cardozo's affinity groups.

The Kukin Program For Conflict Resolution Invites You To: The Dispute Resolution Educators Colloquium, Kukin Program For Conflict Resolution, Benjamin N. Cardozo School Of Law

2026 Event Invitations

This event brings dispute resolution educators—faculty, adjuncts, clinicians, and trainers—together for a day of community, learning, conversation, creativity, and mutual support. The program will feature demonstrations of innovative teaching methods, conversations around hot educational topics, the annual Dispute Resolution Teachers Resource Share, and more.

Law, Conflict, And Hybrid Warfare: A Teaching Imperative For A Changing World, Cynthia Alkon, Andrea K. Schneider

Articles

Lawyers increasingly find themselves at the frontlines of the battlefield, just not in the traditional sense. Hybrid warfare is a conflict form that combines traditional military offensive measures with nontraditional methods, including the harnessing of legal systems to achieve strategic goals. Lawyers have always been at the frontline of typical legal risk assessment, thinking about a client’s risk of liability or regulation costs generally. Now, lawyers must stand at the ready for a lot more: lawyers must be prepared for cyber-attacks, disinformation campaigns using artificial intelligence, the use of court systems to suppress reporting or shield bad actors, and so …

The Changing Legal Landscape Of Cookie Banner Claims: Is Arbitration The Answer?, Jared Berklee

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution (CJCR) Blog

Website cookie banners have become a ubiquitous part of internet browsing and are often overlooked by the average consumer. When cookies malfunction or a website operator fails to obtain proper user-consent, it creates risk for potential privacy-related litigation regarding misrepresentation of data-collection practices. In several recent class action lawsuits filed in California, plaintiff-users claim to have opted out of non-essential cookies, but malfunctioning cookie banners continued to log user information. Often alleging unauthorized interception of their electronic communications under the California Invasion of Privacy Act (CIPA) or intrusion upon seclusion, consumers have brought claims against a variety of entities, including …

How The Irs Is Trying To Encourage Taxpayer Buy-In Post-Appeal Mediation, Lingxi Qu

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution (CJCR) Blog

With the 2025 tax return season underway, taxpayers may have dispute resolution options if tax-related disagreements with the IRS occur. Before pursuing litigation, taxpayers can pursue several dispute-resolution options provided by the IRS, including fast track (“FTS”), early referral, and post-appeals mediation. Choosing an appropriate program depends on the status of the disputes and who is currently managing your case. When taxpayers have ordinary unsuccessful appeals negotiations, they can file a request to the IRS Independent Office of Appeals for a non-binding mediation.  This will allow a neutral third-party to facilitate conversations between parties without experiencing costly and exhaustive litigation, …

Intraschool Negotiation Competition, Cardozo Dispute Resolution Competition Honor Society (Cdrchs)

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Join Cardozo’s Dispute Resolution Competition Honor Society (CDRCHS) for Our Annual Intraschool Negotiation Competition.

Alternative Negotiators: Why It Is Important To Change The Negotiators Between Russia And Ukraine, Abraham Mandelbaum

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution (CJCR) Blog

Since Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, and especially after its full-scale invasion in 2022, repeated diplomatic efforts, primarily between the U.S. and Russia, and to a lesser extent between the U.S. and Ukraine, have failed to produce a lasting peace. For example, in 2025, President Vladimir Putin proposed a new round of ceasefire talks in Istanbul following the expiration of a unilateral three-day truce and renewed drone attacks on Kyiv. European leaders and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy rejected the proposal, insisting that any negotiations must begin with an unconditional ceasefire. Since then, neither side has unconditionally surrendered.

The print …

The Aaa’S Next Frontier: Family Mediation, Elena Foley

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution (CJCR) Blog

As of January 28, 2026, the American Arbitration Association (AAA) has expanded its services to a group quite different from its usual clientele: families. The AAA has begun offering family mediation services and other tailored alternative dispute resolution options designed to meet the unique needs of families navigating separation, divorce, co-parenting, and other domestic matters. The program features a dedicated family mediation panel, made up of skilled mentors, retired judges, former court attorneys, and family law practitioners. These professionals are trained to handle emotionally charged disputes and to help parties work through complex personal and financial issues. The panel will …

Cjcr Publishes Volume 27, Issue 1 (Fall 2025), Michele Kallo

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution (CJCR) Blog

The Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution—the country’s preeminent legal journal of arbitration, negotiation, mediation, settlement, and restorative justice—today published the web edition of Volume 27, Issue 1 (Fall 2025). The print edition of the issue has also been released.

Accessible at Volume 27.1: Fall 2025, this issue contains a transcript from the Twenty-Fourth Annual International Advocate for Peace Award, Honoring Dr. Zafra M. Lerman; a transcript from the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; Articles by Yael Efron and Kristen M. Blankley; and Notes by Jilly Horowitz, Michele Kallo, and Natalie Pearson.

Lela Love Receives Charles M. Newman Award For Contributions To Dispute Resolution And Mediation Community, Benjamin N. Cardozo School Of Law

Cardozo Law News Archive

Lela P. Love, Professor of Law (Emerita) and Founding Director of the Kukin Program for Conflict Resolution, received the Charles M. Newman Award from the New York State Bar Association's Dispute Resolution Section in recognition of her outstanding contributions to the fields of mediation and dispute resolution. The announcement also highlights her pioneering role in establishing Cardozo's nationally recognized dispute resolution program.

All Things Adr Lunch With Faculty & Student Leaders, Kukin Program For Conflict Resolution, Dispute Resolution Honor Competition Society, Cardozo Journal Of Conflict Resolution, Cardozo Dispute Resolution Society

2026 Event Invitations

Please join the Kukin Program for Conflict Resolution for All Things ADR, to learn about the dispute resolution societies, competitions and clinics offered at Cardozo.

We will provide information about programs such as the Dispute Resolution Honor Competition Society, the Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution, the Cardozo Dispute Resolution Society, the Dispute Resolution Clinics, and the Certificate in Dispute Resolution.

All Things Adr, Kukin Program For Conflict Resolution, Cardozo Dispute Resolution Competition Honor Society (Cdrchs), Cardozo Dispute Resolution Society (Cdrs)

2025–2026 Flyers

Please join the Kukin Program for Conflict Resolution for All Things ADR, to learn about the dispute resolution societies, competitions and clinics offered at Cardozo.

We will provide information about programs such as the Dispute Resolution Honor Competition Society, the Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution, the Cardozo Dispute Resolution Society, the Dispute Resolution Clinics, and the Certificate in Dispute Resolution.

Ai Arbitrators: Bridging Human And Machine Judgment In Construction Law, Mari Maloul

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution (CJCR) Blog

In an industry guided by complex contracts, intense regulations, and narrow margins, disputes within construction are bound to occur. Internationally, arbitration has long established itself as a go-to method for resolving these disputes. On November 3, 2025, the American Arbitration Association’s International Centre for Dispute Resolution (“AAA-ICDR”) launched an AI-powered arbitrator tool which will revolutionize the future of construction arbitration. This machine learning system was created to recreate the human-like decision making process, yet still emphasizes the importance of human input as human arbitrators remain on board for reviewing final drafts. The AI arbitrator assesses claims “emulate[ing] human judgment,” provide …

The Apathy Economy: Patents, Advertising, And Consumer Indifference, Gavin J. Milczarek-Desai, Derek E. Bambauer

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

Patents function as signals as well as rights to exclude. They inform competitors, investors, employees, and consumers about the invention and its owner. How this information affects consumers is not well understood. Existing studies disagree about how advertising a product or service as patented, or patent pending, affects the price consumers will pay. This Article offers the first major empirical study of that question andfinds that consumers behave with surprising rationality: they will not pay any price premium for a patented product. A product's patent status conveys little information about whether it is superior to competing offerings. The results hold …

When Back To Work Orders Fail: Lessons From Air Canada For U.S. Labor Policy, David Schwartz

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution (CJCR) Blog

In August 2025, 99.7% of Air Canada flight attendants agreed to strike, triggering what quickly became one of the most visible labor disputes in North America. Within hours, the government declared the strike unlawful and issued a back‑to‑work order. On paper, this should have ended the disruption. In practice, it did not. Thousands of flight attendants, organized under the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE), defied the order and continued protesting. CUPE believed the process was unfair, claiming the airline refused to bargain fairly knowing the government would intervene to preserve operations. The strike paralyzed operations at Canada’s largest airline …

Nfl Commissioner-Driven Arbitration Versus Other Sports League Arbitration Procedures, Victoria Gracia

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution (CJCR) Blog

Former Miami Dolphins head coach Brian Flores and two other former NFL coaches filed a punitive class action in Manhattan federal court against the NFL in 2022, alleging the league engages in racially discriminatory hiring and retention practices. The NFL moved to compel arbitration pursuant to the provision in its employee contract that incorporates the NFL’s constitution, which includes an arbitration clause. In March 2023, U.S. District Judge Valerie Caproni held that the NFL failed to meet its burden demonstrating that Flores entered an enforceable agreement to arbitrate; therefore, Flores could pursue his claims in federal court, while his two …

Heckman V. Live Nation Entertainment: New Rules For Mass Arbitration Companies, Jona Mensch

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution (CJCR) Blog

An interesting new development in alternative dispute resolution has worked its way up the court system in the last few years, as a group of plaintiffs brought a putative class action alleging anticompetitive practices against Live Nation Entertainment and Ticketmaster. Live Nation and Ticketmaster moved to compel arbitration based on Ticketmaster’s Terms of Use, which purported to require that plaintiffs arbitrate claims before a newly created arbitration company—New Era ADR. The Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court’s order denying defendants’ motion to compel arbitration in Heckman v. Live Nation Entertainment, Inc., determining that New Era’s arbitration rules were procedurally …

The Power Of Public Vision In Adr, Courtney Verbick

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution (CJCR) Blog

Mediation, a form of alternative dispute resolution (“ADR”), resolves disputes outside of court with a neutral third party that facilitates negotiations. Its confidentiality promotes fairness, neutrality, and candor. This is appealing to parties when litigation could result in bad publicity, and is common in labor disputes, especially during union strikes, where open dialogue is essential.

The print edition of the issue has also been released. This post was originally published on the Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution website on November 24, 2025

For-Profit Arbitration And The Race To The Procedural Bottom, Jacob Thomas

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution (CJCR) Blog

For decades, the U.S. Supreme Court has expressed corporate favor by greenlighting mandatory arbitration clauses that modify the arbitration process to limit claims and maximize profit. These modifications include everything from authorizing provisions that require consumers to waive their right to a class action, to corporate specification of the forum, rules, and relevant procedures for arbitration. However, it is not only these company written arbitration clauses that are expanding corporate dominance in arbitration, there is an underexplored profit incentive helping to shape the corporate friendly structure of the arbitration process originating from the arbitration forums themselves.

The print edition of …