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Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Commons

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Singapore Management University

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Full-Text Articles in Dispute Resolution and Arbitration

When Sparks Fly Because Of Your Neighbour’S Independent Contractor: The Stricter-Liability Test Of Private Nuisance In Singapore – Pex International Pte Ltd V Lim Seng Chye And Another And Another Appeal [2020] 1 Slr 373, Samuel Hzi Xun Tay Jun 2023

When Sparks Fly Because Of Your Neighbour’S Independent Contractor: The Stricter-Liability Test Of Private Nuisance In Singapore – Pex International Pte Ltd V Lim Seng Chye And Another And Another Appeal [2020] 1 Slr 373, Samuel Hzi Xun Tay

Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)

When your land has been damaged by your neighbour’s independent contractor, who should be held responsible—the contractor or your neighbour? Previously, it was considered by some to be difficult to pin liability on one’s neighbour. 1 This position was criticised for being unfair and unjust, especially in situations where one was unable to obtain recourse from the contractor.


What Cases Are To Be Heard By The Appellate Division And Why: Noor Azlin Bte Abdul Rahman And Another V Changi General Hospital Pte Ltd [2021] 2 Slr 440, Grace Jin Yi Nai Jun 2023

What Cases Are To Be Heard By The Appellate Division And Why: Noor Azlin Bte Abdul Rahman And Another V Changi General Hospital Pte Ltd [2021] 2 Slr 440, Grace Jin Yi Nai

Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)

On 2 January 2021, certain statutory amendments came into effect: specifically, the Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 2019 (Act 40 of 2019) (“SCJ(A)A”) which amended the Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Cap 322, 2007 Rev Ed) (“SCJA”), and the Rules of Court (Amendment No. 5) Rules 2020 (“ROC(A)”) which amended the Rules of Court (Cap 322, R 5, 2014 Rev Ed) (“ROC”). These amendments had a significant impact on the court appellate system. For clarity, the pre-2 January versions of the legislation will be referred to as the “former SCJA” and “former ROC”, while the post-2 January versions will …


Single Crime, Dual Crime And Another? Expansion Of The Concept Of Joint Liability Under Section 34 Of The Penal Code – Public Prosecutor V Azlin Bte Arujunah And Other Appeals [2022] 2 Slr 825, Ting Xuan Jordan Chia, Natalia Mai Do Ngoc Jun 2023

Single Crime, Dual Crime And Another? Expansion Of The Concept Of Joint Liability Under Section 34 Of The Penal Code – Public Prosecutor V Azlin Bte Arujunah And Other Appeals [2022] 2 Slr 825, Ting Xuan Jordan Chia, Natalia Mai Do Ngoc

Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)

It is well-understood that for most crimes to be established, the requirements of actus reus (the physical element) and mens rea (the mental element) need to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. However, in situations involving joint offenders, if one of the offenders dealt the fatal blow, while the other offender acted as a lookout, can the other offender really be said to have the actus reus of the particular offence?


The Lack Of A Time Bar: An Injustice Within Unjust Enrichment Claims – Esben Finance Ltd And Others V Wong Hou-Lianq Neil [2022] 1 Slr 136, Jie Loong Tan Jun 2023

The Lack Of A Time Bar: An Injustice Within Unjust Enrichment Claims – Esben Finance Ltd And Others V Wong Hou-Lianq Neil [2022] 1 Slr 136, Jie Loong Tan

Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)

Limitation periods refer to the period within which a claimant who has a right to claim against another person, i.e., the defendant, must begin court proceedings to establish that right. Once that period has passed, the defendant can no longer be sued on that particular action. This is to prevent the threat of an action from continually hanging over the defendant such that once the limitation period has passed, the defendant can be sure that the claimant is no longer able to sue.


Taming Reflective Loss – Miao Weiguo V Tendcare Medical Group Holdings Pte Ltd [2022] 1 Slr 884, Pey Woan Lee Jun 2023

Taming Reflective Loss – Miao Weiguo V Tendcare Medical Group Holdings Pte Ltd [2022] 1 Slr 884, Pey Woan Lee

Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)

At common law, the “no reflective loss” (“NRL”) principle bars a shareholder from bringing a personal action to recover any diminution in share value resulting from a wrong inflicted by a thirdparty wrongdoer on the company. Such reduction in value is not treated as the shareholder’s personal loss as it is a “mere reflection” of the company’s loss. And this is so even if the company does not seek to recover from the wrongdoer or settles with the wrongdoer for a sum well below its actual loss. Though endorsed by the highest courts, the NRL principle remains controversial by reason …


Regional Human Rights Courts And Specialised Treaty Mechanisms For Investor-State Dispute Resolution, N. Jansen Calamita, Stefanie Schacherer, Facundo Perez-Aznar, Aikaterini Florou Jun 2023

Regional Human Rights Courts And Specialised Treaty Mechanisms For Investor-State Dispute Resolution, N. Jansen Calamita, Stefanie Schacherer, Facundo Perez-Aznar, Aikaterini Florou

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

The purpose of the present report is to provide an overview and analysis of the measures that States adopt internally to implement treaties establishing international court and tribunals and other international dispute settlement mechanisms (“IDSM treaties”). Although this report cannot be comprehensive in its survey of practices across all States, this analysis is intended to be useful in three ways. First, it can be useful with respect to the design and drafting of an instrument establishing a multilateral investment dispute settlement mechanism. Second, it can be useful for States when considering what types of implementing measures they may need to …


The New System Of Civil Appeals: What "Constitutional Or Administrative Law" Is; Whether To Appeal To The Appellate Division Or The Court Of Appeal; And Proposals For Further Reform, Benjamin Joshua Ong Jun 2023

The New System Of Civil Appeals: What "Constitutional Or Administrative Law" Is; Whether To Appeal To The Appellate Division Or The Court Of Appeal; And Proposals For Further Reform, Benjamin Joshua Ong

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

An application was made under s 95 of the Legal Profession Act to set aside a penalty imposed by the Council of the Law Society. The Court of Appeal held that an appeal lay to the Appellate Division of the High Court, and not the Court of Appeal, because this was not a “case relating to constitutional or administrative law”. The reasoning is problematic: it relied on an overly narrow conception of “public powers”, conflated judicial review with administrative law more broadly, erroneously considered the merits of the application as relevant to the “which court” question, and overlooked the similarities …


International And Regional Courts And Tribunals, N. Jansen Calamita, Stefanie Schacherer, Facundo Perez-Aznar, Aikaterini Florou Jun 2023

International And Regional Courts And Tribunals, N. Jansen Calamita, Stefanie Schacherer, Facundo Perez-Aznar, Aikaterini Florou

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

The purpose of the present report is to provide an overview and analysis of the measures that States adopt internally to implement treaties establishing international court and tribunals and other international dispute settlement mechanisms (“IDSM treaties”). Although this report cannot be comprehensive in its survey of practices across all States, this analysis is intended to be useful in three ways. First, it can be useful with respect to the design and drafting of an instrument establishing a multilateral investment dispute settlement mechanism. Second, it can be useful for States when considering what types of implementing measures they may need to …


Influence In Investor-State Dispute Settlement: A Dynamic Concept, Rachel Cahill-O'Callaghan, Anna Luisa Howard, Stavros Brekoulakis Mar 2023

Influence In Investor-State Dispute Settlement: A Dynamic Concept, Rachel Cahill-O'Callaghan, Anna Luisa Howard, Stavros Brekoulakis

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) plays an increasingly important role in international trade resolution. The decisions have significant financial and in many cases policy implications, yet little is known about the formation of the ad-hoc panels and the decision-making process. Drawing on empirical evidence from interviews with key actors in the ISDS system, this article argues that influence plays a central role in both processes. The analysis further develops the framework for understanding influence in international decision-making to accommodate external factors (those visible to those appointing the decision-makers) and internal factors (those factors that become visible in the decision-making room). It …


Two Decades After Salini V Morocco: The Case For Retaining The Salini Test With Modifications, Darius Chan, Justin Lai Mar 2023

Two Decades After Salini V Morocco: The Case For Retaining The Salini Test With Modifications, Darius Chan, Justin Lai

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

The definition of an investment under Article 25 of the ICSID Convention continues to attract a divergence of views. Ever since its use in 2001, the Salini Test, in its various forms, has become the predominant method that tribunals use to determine whether there is an investment. However, the Salini Test is hardly free from controversy, and suffers from two significant issues. First, its criteria are often subject to differing interpretations, leading to confusion over how the test should actually be applied. Second, the Salini Test has lost its legal force over time, as it has been relegated to factors …


A Review Of The 2021/22 International Moots Season, Siyuan Chen Feb 2023

A Review Of The 2021/22 International Moots Season, Siyuan Chen

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

This is the eighth1 annual review of Singapore’s performance in international moot court competitions.2 An overview of the results for this season is presented at Table #1 below, while Tables #2 and #3 provide a snapshot of the results of the past 10 seasons. Despite the substantial lifting of travel restrictions throughout the world, the 2021/22 international moots season remained a virtually conducted one for many competitions, though competitions such as IP, Stetson, PAX, and WTO saw a much-welcomed return to in-person hearings, allowing students to compete and interact with teams and judges from around the world at places such …


Covid-19 And Investor-State Disputes: Have The Stars Aligned For Mediation?, Mark Mclaughlin Jan 2023

Covid-19 And Investor-State Disputes: Have The Stars Aligned For Mediation?, Mark Mclaughlin

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

In response to the global pandemic, governments have compelled the production of ventilators, limited service provision to “essential” goods, suspended bills for electricity, gas and water, and implemented price and export controls. Regulatory measures have consciously inhibited economic activity and disrupted investment interests. Inevitably, foreign investors are among those adversely affected by measures directed towards the containment of COVID-19. Since the first bilateral investment treaty (“BIT”) was concluded in 1959, international investment agreements (“IIAs”) have served as derogations to the general international law principle that States have absolute discretion to restrict and regulate foreign investors within their territories.2 As such, …


International Commercial Mediation And Dispute Resolution Contracts, Nadja Alexander, Natasha Tunkel Dec 2022

International Commercial Mediation And Dispute Resolution Contracts, Nadja Alexander, Natasha Tunkel

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

Every transaction has the potential to go wrong and international commercial contracts are not spared this plight. It is when an international commercial contract fails – irrespective of the reasons, that the impact of different legal and cultural backgrounds of the parties come to light. The obvious venue for commercial disputes to be decided is generally understood to be in court (litigation)2 or before an arbitral tribunal (arbitration)3. However, there are numerous other alternative dispute mechanisms4 available to parties that are less well known and also deserve consideration; not least because they offer parties methods of resolving the dispute between …


Book Review: Mediation Ethics: A Practitioner's Guide Edited By Omer Shapira Ed, Dorcas Quek Anderson Nov 2022

Book Review: Mediation Ethics: A Practitioner's Guide Edited By Omer Shapira Ed, Dorcas Quek Anderson

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

A review of the book Mediation ethics: A practitioner's guide, edited by Omer Shapira. Mediation ethics have been consistently featured in mediation training courses and mediation ethical principles have also been encapsulated in mediation providers’ codes of conduct for mediators. However, mediation ethics have probably inspired fewer publications and academic discussions than the popular topic of mediation skills. It is thus timely that Shapira has edited this publication focusing on mediation ethics. Published in 2021, this collection of reflections on mediation ethics has been written primarily for the American mediation profession, with frequent references made to the US Model Standards …


Non-Satisfaction Of Pre-Arbitration Requirements: Moving Away From Conditions Precedent Towards The Admissibility Of A Claim – Nwa V Nvf, Darius Chan, Joel Soon Oct 2022

Non-Satisfaction Of Pre-Arbitration Requirements: Moving Away From Conditions Precedent Towards The Admissibility Of A Claim – Nwa V Nvf, Darius Chan, Joel Soon

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

In earlier cases, the non-satisfaction of pre-arbitration requirements has been analysed by the Singapore and English courts by reference to the issue of conditions precedent. It was assumed without argument that, if a requirement was construed as a condition precedent, the failure to satisfy that requirement would deprive the tribunal of jurisdiction. More recently, English and Hong Kong case law has focused on a different issue, asking whether the failure to meet the pre-arbitration requirement affects the tribunal’s jurisdiction or the admissibility of the claim. This case note analyses whether the Singapore courts should follow suit.


Counting The Cost Of Enlarging The Role Of Adr In Civil Justice, Dorcas Quek Anderson Jul 2022

Counting The Cost Of Enlarging The Role Of Adr In Civil Justice, Dorcas Quek Anderson

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

Access to civil justice in many countries has been plagued by the common challenges of the high cost of litigation, inequality in parties’ financial resources, differing risk appetites and limited judicial resources. Singapore, a common law jurisdiction, recently implemented radical changes to its civil justice regime with effect from 1 April 2022 in order to ensure affordability and timeliness of the civil justice process. As in the United Kingdom, these civil justice reforms are premised on the proportionality principle: they seek to achieve procedure that is proportionate to the claim value and the means of the parties, without unduly compromising …


To Negotiate, Mediate Or Litigate? Examining The Durability Of Divorce Outcomes In The Singapore Family Courts, Dorcas Quek Anderson, Eunice Chua, Yilin Ning Jul 2022

To Negotiate, Mediate Or Litigate? Examining The Durability Of Divorce Outcomes In The Singapore Family Courts, Dorcas Quek Anderson, Eunice Chua, Yilin Ning

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

For many years, the courts have been grappling with the paradox of marriages—the most intimate of relationships—being dissolved in the courts that represent a public and adversarial setting. Despite the growth of divorce interventions, the perennial struggle remains in many courts on how to reduce the intense acrimony of divorce litigation. The question remains on the scope of “mainstream” interventions to be offered by the courts to divorce litigants. The current study therefore explores the use of court-connected negotiation, mediation, and litigation in the Singapore Family Justice Courts. It uses a statistical method of survival analysis to produce insights on …


The Road Goes Ever On: Diplomatic Service In Relation To Award Enforcement Proceedings Against Foreign States, Darius Chan, Louis Lau Jun 2022

The Road Goes Ever On: Diplomatic Service In Relation To Award Enforcement Proceedings Against Foreign States, Darius Chan, Louis Lau

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

The seemingly straightforward question of what and how a foreign state should be served when an award creditor seeks to enforce an arbitral award against the state has provoked differing views. On one hand, comity requires foreign states to be given notice of proceedings by a formal and predictable method through diplomatic processes. On the other hand, the potential for abuse by states, and practical difficulties of effecting diplomatic service, may exist in certain circumstances. This issue is of practical importance given the rise in cross-border investment with the Belt & Road Initiative and international investment instruments. This case note …


Empowering The Courts To Order The Use Of Amicable Dispute Resolution: The Singapore Rules Of Court 2021, Dorcas Quek Anderson Jun 2022

Empowering The Courts To Order The Use Of Amicable Dispute Resolution: The Singapore Rules Of Court 2021, Dorcas Quek Anderson

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

The civil justice regime in Singapore entered a new phase of radical reforms with effect from 1 April 2022. The reforms have substantially expanded the role of amicable dispute resolution (ADR). Parties have a duty to consider ADR prior to and during civil proceedings. More significantly, the courts have been empowered to order parties to attempt ADR, taking into account the ideals of the Rules of Court and all relevant circumstances. This note analyses the key reforms relating to the use of ADR with reference to comparable English developments. It discusses the broad yet ambivalent scope of ADR that could …


Hearing, Darius Chan, Gerome Goh Apr 2022

Hearing, Darius Chan, Gerome Goh

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

In certain international commercial arbitrations, for instance, in expedited proceedings under the auspices of various institutional rules, the tribunal may decide the dispute based on documentary evidence only. However, in most cases, hearings are generally conducted for the tribunal to hear examination of any factual or expert witness and/or for oral argument. It is not uncommon for there to be multiple hearings in a single arbitration, with each hearing focusing on specific procedural or substantive issues. The hearing is therefore a forum for the parties to adduce evidence and/or put forward their legal views in direct confrontation with each other. …


Burdening Assignees With Arbitration Agreements Via ‘Conditional Benefits’, Chee Ho Tham Apr 2022

Burdening Assignees With Arbitration Agreements Via ‘Conditional Benefits’, Chee Ho Tham

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

In this article, the author compares two concepts that seek to explain why an assignee of a chose in action may be burdened by an arbitration agreement to which it is not privy. He posits that, of the “conditional benefits” concept and the “subject to equities” principle, the latter provides the better explanation.


Developing Brunei Darussalam As An Asean Hub For International Islamic Finance Dispute Resolution: Opportunity Or Over-Ambition?, Nobumichi Teramura Mar 2022

Developing Brunei Darussalam As An Asean Hub For International Islamic Finance Dispute Resolution: Opportunity Or Over-Ambition?, Nobumichi Teramura

Centre for Commercial Law in Asia

International dispute resolution is only at an early stage of development in Brunei. Although the government established the Brunei Darussalam Arbitration Centre (BDAC) in 2014 to provide domestic and international users with arbitration and mediation services, the institution has yet to attract a significant caseload. This is in contrast with neighbouring countries such as Singapore (a regional hub for international dispute resolution) and Malaysia (an active and rising centre of dispute settlement). Their flagship arbitration institutions, the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) and the Asian International Arbitration Centre (AIAC) (formerly known as the Kuala Lumpur Regional Centre for Arbitration), handle …


Online Falsehoods, Constitutional Free Speech And Its Limits: The Online Citizen V The Attorney-General, Gary K. Y. Chan Mar 2022

Online Falsehoods, Constitutional Free Speech And Its Limits: The Online Citizen V The Attorney-General, Gary K. Y. Chan

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

The Singapore Court of Appeal has for the first time in The Online Citizen v The Attorney-General (8 October 2021) adjudicated on the constitutionality of correction directions issued by Ministers against allegedly false statements of fact under the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019. An overarching framework was utilised to assess whether the Ministerial directions restrict free speech under Article 14(1)(a) of the Constitution; if so, whether the restrictions are justifiable under the Constitution and whether there is a rational nexus between the statutory aims and enumerated exceptions. This case comment also examines the constitutional stance towards subject …


A Requirement, A Factor, Or A Figure Of Speech? Role Of Prejudice When Challenging Awards Under The Model Law, Darius Chan, Zhi Jia Koh Mar 2022

A Requirement, A Factor, Or A Figure Of Speech? Role Of Prejudice When Challenging Awards Under The Model Law, Darius Chan, Zhi Jia Koh

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

Both parties and courts routinely invoke the term ‘prejudice’ in applications to set aside an arbitral award or refuse its enforcement. This suggests that the use of the term is more than just a figure of speech. It is generally understood that prejudice, in the sense of impact or effect on the outcome of the arbitration, is relevant for procedural challenges but not jurisdictional challenges. However, questions remain as to whether prejudice is legally relevant for challenges that are neither strictly procedural or jurisdictional in nature, whether prejudice is relevant as a factor for consideration or as a legal requirement …


The Precise Ambit Of The Sealing Requirement For Deeds, Robbie Shih Rong Tan Jan 2022

The Precise Ambit Of The Sealing Requirement For Deeds, Robbie Shih Rong Tan

Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)

Parties (“creditors”) who loan money to others (“debtors”) are often concerned that the debtors will be unable or unwilling to repay them. Such creditors may then enter into deeds of guarantee with third parties (“guarantors”) to secure the repayment of their loans if their debtors default on payment of the same. Unlike a contract, a deed does not require consideration to be legally enforceable. However, for a deed to be legally enforceable, several other formalities must be fulfilled. In particular, the deed must be “signed, sealed, and delivered”.


Retirement From Trusteeship – Express And Statutory Powers: Supreme Court Case Summary: Chan Yun Cheong (Trustee Of The Will Of The Testator) V Chan Chi Cheong (Trustee Of The Will Of The Testator, Noemi En-Hui Sarah Chaw Jan 2022

Retirement From Trusteeship – Express And Statutory Powers: Supreme Court Case Summary: Chan Yun Cheong (Trustee Of The Will Of The Testator) V Chan Chi Cheong (Trustee Of The Will Of The Testator, Noemi En-Hui Sarah Chaw

Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)

This case involved two trustees of a testamentary trust,1 both of whom alleged that they had resigned as trustees. Trusteeship is a serious appointment that comes with responsibilities. Under the Trustees Act (Cap 337, 2005 Rev Ed) (“Trustees Act”), which governs trusts in Singapore, once a person takes up a trusteeship, he cannot simply relinquish his duties at will but must do so in accordance with the law and the terms of the trust instrument.


A Novel Approach To Deriving Sentencing Frameworks – Sentencing As A Science And/Or Art? Supreme Court Case Summary: Takaaki Masui V Public Prosecutor, Keith Ian Ray Toh, Shawn De Xian Ang Jan 2022

A Novel Approach To Deriving Sentencing Frameworks – Sentencing As A Science And/Or Art? Supreme Court Case Summary: Takaaki Masui V Public Prosecutor, Keith Ian Ray Toh, Shawn De Xian Ang

Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)

In Takaaki Masui v Public Prosecutor and another appeal and other matters [2021] 4 SLR 160 (“Masui v PP”), the High Court (“HC”) introduced a new sentencing framework for purely private corruption offences under ss 6(a) and 6(b) of the Prevention of Corruption Act (Cap 241, 1993 Rev Ed) (“PCA”). Significantly, the HC utilised mathematical concepts to evaluate and determine the content of sentencing frameworks, and also employed multiple two-dimensional and three-dimensional (“2D” and “3D”) graphs to represent various sentencing frameworks. This case summary will explore the analytical method employed by the HC and discuss whether the new sentencing framework …


Remedying The Uncertainty Surrounding Penalties And Liquidated Damages: Denka Advantech Pte Ltd V Seraya Energy Pte Ltd [2021] 1 Slr 631, Qing Zhe Tan, Rui Xin Lee Jan 2022

Remedying The Uncertainty Surrounding Penalties And Liquidated Damages: Denka Advantech Pte Ltd V Seraya Energy Pte Ltd [2021] 1 Slr 631, Qing Zhe Tan, Rui Xin Lee

Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)

In Singapore, the authority for penalty clauses had always been the seminal case of Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company, Limited v New Garage and Motor Company, Limited (“Dunlop”).


Through The Rocky Road – Divergent Opinions On “No Oral Modification” Clauses: Charles Lim Teng Siang V Hong Choon Hau [2021] 2 Slr 153, Wei Xuan Joel Fun Jan 2022

Through The Rocky Road – Divergent Opinions On “No Oral Modification” Clauses: Charles Lim Teng Siang V Hong Choon Hau [2021] 2 Slr 153, Wei Xuan Joel Fun

Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)

A no oral modification (“NOM”) clause refers to a contractual clause which seeks to exclude any modification of terms of a particular agreement unless such modifications are made in written form. However, if a party can prove that there has been an oral variation of such an agreement, can the counterparty rely on this clause to invalidate the variation?


The Interaction Between Foreign And Domestic Doctrines Of Illegality: Ang Jian Sheng Jonathan V Lyu Yan [2021] 1 Slr 1091, Wen Yee Chang Jan 2022

The Interaction Between Foreign And Domestic Doctrines Of Illegality: Ang Jian Sheng Jonathan V Lyu Yan [2021] 1 Slr 1091, Wen Yee Chang

Singapore Law Journal (Lexicon)

Moves to promote Singapore as an international dispute resolution hub in recent years1 have seen an increase in the number of international disputes being heard in Singapore.2 In 2021, Singapore was recognised as the top seat of arbitration globally, with the Singapore International Arbitration Centre chosen as the most preferred arbitral institution in the Asia-Pacific.3 On the litigation front, the Singapore International Commercial Court (“SICC”) is also well-positioned to deal with an expected 26 percent surge in cross-border insolvency disputes arising due to the current pandemic.4 Against this backdrop, cross-border issues will be more frequently dealt with before Singapore courts. …