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Articles 91 - 120 of 125
Full-Text Articles in Contracts
Contract Law, Pey Woan Lee, Pearlie Koh, Chee Ho Tham
Contract Law, Pey Woan Lee, Pearlie Koh, Chee Ho Tham
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The issue of contract formation arose in the unusual context of civil procedure in Wellmix Organics (International) Pte Ltd v Lau Yu Man [2006] 2 SLR 117 (see also para 10.60 on “Mistake”). The plaintiff in this case unsuccessfully sought to enforce a consent unless order against the defendant. Andrew Phang Boon Leong J (as he then was) emphasised that, keeping in view its very drastic consequence of depriving a party of his cause of action, such an order will only be established where the terms of the agreement are clear and unambiguous. It was clear on the facts that …
Contract Law, Chee Ho Tham, Pearlie Koh, Pey Woan Lee
Contract Law, Chee Ho Tham, Pearlie Koh, Pey Woan Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The issue of contract formation arose in the unusual context of civil procedure in Wellmix Organics (International) Pte Ltd v Lau Yu Man [2006] 2 SLR 117 (see also para 10.60 on “Mistake”). The plaintiff in this case unsuccessfully sought to enforce a consent unless order against the defendant. Andrew Phang Boon Leong J (as he then was) emphasised that, keeping in view its very drastic consequence of depriving a party of his cause of action, such an order will only be established where the terms of the agreement are clear and unambiguous. It was clear on the facts that …
'Treaties', 'Agreements', 'Contracts' And 'Commitments' - What's In A Name? The Legal Force And Meaning Of Different Forms Of Agreement Making, David Llewelyn, Maureen Tehan
'Treaties', 'Agreements', 'Contracts' And 'Commitments' - What's In A Name? The Legal Force And Meaning Of Different Forms Of Agreement Making, David Llewelyn, Maureen Tehan
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The multi-dimensional nature of treaty and agreement making has assumed a central focus in the conduct of relations between Indigenous peoples and settlers in Australia and elsewhere. Whether as a means of resolving disputes, delivering government programmes, or establishing common understandings, agreement making, however defined and named, has become the key tool for engagement between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Agreements come in all shapes and sizes ranging from registered Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUA) to Statements of Commitment, Memorandums of Understanding and Regional Agreements. In other jurisdictions these may be called 'treaties'. This paper examines the plethora of agreements in …
The Contractual Basis Of The Enforcement Of Exclusive And Non-Exclusive Choice Of Court Agreements, Tiong Min Yeo
The Contractual Basis Of The Enforcement Of Exclusive And Non-Exclusive Choice Of Court Agreements, Tiong Min Yeo
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article argues that, although choice of court agreements can be viewed from a procedural or contractual perspective, the predominant approach in Singapore and English law in respect of the exclusive jurisdiction agreement has been to give primacy to the rationale of the enforcement of a contractual bargain, tempered by a judicial discretion in its enforcement within the procedural jurisdictional context. It is also argued that the only difference between exclusive and non-exclusive jurisdiction agreements lies in the content and scope of the agreement between the parties, so the same contractual approach (as tempered by procedural considerations) should be applied …
Contract Formation And Mistake In Cyberspace – The Singapore Experience, Andrew B.L. Phang
Contract Formation And Mistake In Cyberspace – The Singapore Experience, Andrew B.L. Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The present article analyses the many important issues that are raised by what is probably the first case on Internet mistake – the Singapore High Court decision of Chwee Kin Keong v Digilandmall.com Pte Ltd [2004] 2 SLR 594. In addition to the law of (especially, unilateral) mistake, issues relating to the formation of a contract will be considered (including the law relating to offer and acceptance with regard to both website advertisements as well as electronic mail transactions, and the weakness of (and, hence, need to reform) the doctrine of consideration).
Contract Law, Chee Ho Tham, Pearlie Koh, Pey Woan Lee
Contract Law, Chee Ho Tham, Pearlie Koh, Pey Woan Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The rudimentary principle that a contract is only concluded upon the unconditional acceptance of an offer was applied in Koon Seng Construction Pte Ltd v Siem Seng Hing & Co (Pte) Ltd [2005] SGHC 8, where the alleged contract failed in the absence of an unqualified acceptance.
Restitution, Tiong Min Yeo
Restitution, Tiong Min Yeo
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Little of significance was decided on the law of restitution in 2004. There was nevertheless a smattering of cases dealing with points relevant to the principles of the law of restitution, sometimes directly, and sometimes indirectly.
Is The Contractor More Secure With A Priority Right? A Functional Analysis Of Article 286 Of Prc Contract Law, Wei Zhang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In recent years, China’s economic boom has drawn considerable attention all around the world. Real estate development is among the strongest pillars that support the fast growing GDP of this country. When fascinated by the shining residential buildings, office towers and public facilities sprouting across the country, however, we are also surprised at the mountains of the outstanding debts that Chinese contractors are not able to collect. Statistics shows that the aggregate amount of overdue payment to contractors has increased steadily during the past 15 years nationwide, with about $440 million in 1990, $2.4 billion in 1992, $3.7 billion in …
Restitution For Mistaken Gifts, Hang Wu Tang
Restitution For Mistaken Gifts, Hang Wu Tang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This paper investigates when a donor is entitled to restitution for an executed inter vivos gift made pursuant to a mistake. The causal mistake approach adopted by some leading works is considered, critiqued and rejected as a framework to analyse mistaken gifts. The central thesis of this paper is that a gift is an important transaction which engenders social bonds such as love, affection, intimacy, friendship, trust and gratitude, and these bonds influence the parties’ future conduct in the social sphere. This process has been termed as creating a moral economy. Therefore, just as it is important to protect the …
Letters Of Comfort Revisited, Pey Woan Lee
Letters Of Comfort Revisited, Pey Woan Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Since the English Court of Appeal’s decision in Kleinwort Benson Ltd v. Malaysia Mining Corp. Bhd, it would be understandable if the business community placed little or no reliance on letters of comfort save in the exceptional case where the terms evince an undeniably clear intention to create binding obligations. It might therefore seem somewhat surprising that an experienced and sophisticated institution should commence proceedings in the High Court of Singapore on the premise of a letter of awareness in Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd v. Jurong Engineering Ltd. This could plausibly be explained as the bank’s last-ditch attempt …
Contract Law, Andrew Phang
Contract Law, Andrew Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
As expected, the number of Singapore cases during the year under review impacting the law of contract is enormous. As I have mentioned in previous reviews, this is due to the fact that the law of contract permeates virtually all areas of the law of obligations – and, on occasion, beyond as well. I will therefore adopt the approach which has been adopted during previous years: which is to focus, in the main, on general principles. There have – as we shall see – been a few cases that are of especial significance. Not surprisingly, given the fact that the …
Mistake In Contract Law —Two Recent Cases, Andrew Phang
Mistake In Contract Law —Two Recent Cases, Andrew Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The doctrine of mistake in contract law has had a chequered history. Indeed, its very existence has been questioned (see, e.g., Slade, (1954) 70 L.Q.R. 385 and Atiyah and Bennion, (1961) 24 M.L.R. 421). But, like a bad penny that will not go away, the doctrine remains stubbornly embedded in the contractual landscape and has in fact witnessed a small revival of sorts in recent years (see, e.g., Clarion Ltd. v. National Provident Institution [2000] 2 All E.R. 265 (noted Phang, (2002) 1 J.O.R. 21)).
On Justificiation And Method In Law Reform: The Contracts (Rights Of Third Parties) Act 1999, Andrew Phang
On Justificiation And Method In Law Reform: The Contracts (Rights Of Third Parties) Act 1999, Andrew Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The present article, whilst focusing on the English Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, does not canvass the more specific details of that Act which have been dealt with quite comprehensively elsewhere. The focus of this article is broader and is dual in nature. It will examine, first, the justification for the 1999 Act and, in particular, attempts to respond to the critique that the Act is wholly anathema to the underlying justification of the doctrine of privity itself. It will also consider whether or not the 1999 Act is an effective improvement over the existing (as well as …
When Do Rights Arise Under The Contracts (Rights Of Third Parties) Act 1999 (Uk)?, Tiong Min Yeo
When Do Rights Arise Under The Contracts (Rights Of Third Parties) Act 1999 (Uk)?, Tiong Min Yeo
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
There are two aspects to the common law doctrine of privity of contract. The first, that a contract cannot impose liabilities on a third party, is not very controversial. The second, that in general a contract can only confer rights on parties to the contract even if it is clearly the intention of the contracting parties to benefit a third party, is highly controversial, and has been the subject of much judicial criticism.
Rationalising Restitutionary Damages In Contract Law: An Elusive Or Illusory Ques, Andrew Phang, Pey Woan Lee
Rationalising Restitutionary Damages In Contract Law: An Elusive Or Illusory Ques, Andrew Phang, Pey Woan Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The present article surveys various issues in the law relating to the award of restitutionary damages in contract law, utilising as its point of focus the recent House of Lords decision in Attorney-General v Blake. It explores, in particular, two possible (albeit quite different) routes towards the recovery of such damages; the first based on the (more traditional) compensatory basis and the second on the (more controversial) restitutionary basis for disgorgement of the defendant's gain. While we argue that there is, on a more general level, no overriding objection in principle to the award of restitutionary damages for cynical breach …
Contract Law At Century's End: Some Personal Reflections, Andrew B.L. Phang
Contract Law At Century's End: Some Personal Reflections, Andrew B.L. Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
As we approach the end of the second millennium, the common law of contract-transplanted via colonialism into many lands and climes-has indeed flourished. It has certainly developed apace in the land of its origin, England, but has also evolved in distinct directions elsewhere, particularly in Australia and New Zealand.2 But this development is simply part of a continuous process and a great many interesting issues remain to be considered at the commencement of the next millennium and beyond. This is due, in part, to the very diversity that has been briefly alluded to. However, even on a more general level, …
The Singapore Electronic Transactions Act 1998 And The Proposed Article 2b Of The Uniform Commercial Code, Andrew B.L. Phang
The Singapore Electronic Transactions Act 1998 And The Proposed Article 2b Of The Uniform Commercial Code, Andrew B.L. Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
It is axiomatic that the law must change with the times. And nowhere is this more starkly demonstrated than in the shift, particularly during the last decade or so, into the information age - a shift that has radically changed the face of commerce, and will continue to do so in the years to come. In the context of commercial law, the focus on goods and property, so prevalent particularly in the middle of this century, is now giving way to an acknowledgment that the relevant legal regimes must accommodate information as contractual subject-matter. In this regard, it is widely …
Is There A Duty To Negotiate In Good Faith?, Michael Philip Furmston
Is There A Duty To Negotiate In Good Faith?, Michael Philip Furmston
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
One of the most interesting questions concerning modern contract lawyers is whether, and if so when, there may be a duty on parties to a contract to negotiate in good faith? This may seem an odd question for an English lawyer to raise, granted the refusal of the House of Lords in Walford v. Miles [1992] 2 A.C. 128 to recognise even the effectiveness of an agreement to negotiate in good faith but this case has not escaped cogent criticism (Neill (1992) 108 L.Q.R. 405) and it rests on an axiom (that this is a duty which cannot be enforced) …
Commentary On 'The Renegotiation Of Contracts', Howard Hunter
Commentary On 'The Renegotiation Of Contracts', Howard Hunter
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Professor John Carter has identified a theme of growing importance in commercial transactions, especially as the number of those that are long in duration and that cross political or cultural lines increases. It is difficult under the best of circumstances ex ante to negotiate for all contingencies in a dynamic economy. Allowing, or requiring, post hoc renegotiations every time there is a change in circumstances could reduce substantially the utility of contract as a risk allocation device that provides some measure of privately ordered certainty unless the use of post hoc renegotiation is carefully circumscribed.
Commentary On 'Assignment Of Contractual Burdens', Howard Hunter
Commentary On 'Assignment Of Contractual Burdens', Howard Hunter
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Professor Michael Furmston begins his fine paper with the statement that ‘Contract textbooks treat it as axiomatic that contractual burdens cannot be assigned’. This commentary can begin with the equally forceful statement that contract textbooks in the United States treat as axiomatic the proposition that most contractual burdens can be freely assigned.
Comment On 'Profits Derived From Breach Of Contract Or Restitution', Howard Hunter
Comment On 'Profits Derived From Breach Of Contract Or Restitution', Howard Hunter
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
There is little with which to disagree in Professor Waddams' paper on the categorisation of damage recoveries in the cases posited, viz, those involving a breach which results in benefit to the breaching party but no loss of any consequence to the nonbreaching party. If the goal of contract remedies is to compensate the plaintiff for loss, then, presumably, there should be no recovery at all in such cases. At most there might be nominal damages to compensate for some transaction costs or perhaps as a ’declaration of rights’. In some of the cases considered by Waddams, breach might be …
Frustration Of Contracts For The Sale Of Land In Singapore, Andrew B.L. Phang
Frustration Of Contracts For The Sale Of Land In Singapore, Andrew B.L. Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The recent Singapore Court of Appeal decision of Lim Kim Som v. Sheriffa bah bte Abdul Rahman' is significant for at least two specific (and related) rea in the context of the doctrine of frustration: first, because it pertains to the m particular issue as to whether a contract for the sale of land can be frustrated; second, because it also raises certain significant questions with regard to m general aspects of the doctrine itself.
Sub‐Bailments And Consent, Andrew B.L. Phang
Sub‐Bailments And Consent, Andrew B.L. Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Of the two major strands existing in the increasingly important topic of sub- bailment on terms, one has become well settled, the other has been shrouded in ambiguity for close to two decades. The recent Hong Kong Privy Council decision of The Pioneer Container’ reaffirms the first strand and, more importantly, delivers a definitive pronouncement on the second.
Beyond Pepper V. Hart: The Legislative Reform Of Statutory Interpretation In Singapore, Robert C. Beckman, Andrew B.L. Phang
Beyond Pepper V. Hart: The Legislative Reform Of Statutory Interpretation In Singapore, Robert C. Beckman, Andrew B.L. Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
One of the major controversies in the area of statutory interpretation has centred on the use of parliamentary materials as extrinsic aids by courts in interpreting legislation. The English courts long prohibited any reference to parliamentary materials.' Legislation was passed in Australia in the 1980s to allow liberal reference to parliamentary materials in the courts. More recently, a seminal decision of the House of Lords in 1992 in Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v. Hart' introduced significant flexibility into the hitherto rigid proscription followed in the English courts, although it did not go as far as the legislative reforms in Australia. …
The Duty Of Good Faith And The Security Of Performance, Howard Hunter
The Duty Of Good Faith And The Security Of Performance, Howard Hunter
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
John Carter's paper provides a good discussion of many fundamental problems associated with the satisfactory enforcement of contractual obligations. In reviewing the various subtopics of the conference, he posits a scale of 'security' for performance that runs from simple reliance on the promisor's word to that of the chattel or real property mortgage with maximum rights of self-help in the promisee. In this commentary on his paper, I will argue that the greatest security for any promisee remains the word of the promisor and that this is so for reasons beyond those of honour. First, the duty of good faith …
Positivism In The English Law Of Contract, Andrew B.L. Phang
Positivism In The English Law Of Contract, Andrew B.L. Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
While there has been no paucity of theoretical discussion on the law of contract,’ there has, in English law at least, been little clear evidence from the courts themselves which particular jurisprudential approach is favoured.2 This is not surprising, given the rather formal nature of the English legal system.’ Herein, perhaps, lies a clue - that English law in general and its contract law in particular are generally oriented towards so-called ‘black letter law’; or, to be more precise, that the generally favoured conception of law is that of po~itivism.~ Asalready mentioned, however, there has been little express acknowledgement of …
Notes: Termination Of Employment Contracts And Taking Advantage Of One's Wrong, Andrew B.L. Phang
Notes: Termination Of Employment Contracts And Taking Advantage Of One's Wrong, Andrew B.L. Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The recent decision by Mr John Mowbray QC in Micklefield v SAC Technology Ltd brings into focus the thorny problems inherent within, first, the continuing uncertainty surrounding termination of employment contracts and, secondly, the much more general issue as to the status as well as application of the proposition that a contracting party ought not to be allowed to take advantage of his own wrong. There was a third issue taken in the case with regard to the applicability of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 which will be briefly commented upon.
Commentary On Pitfalls Of Force Majeure Clauses, Howard Hunter
Commentary On Pitfalls Of Force Majeure Clauses, Howard Hunter
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Professor Yates has covered in considerable detail the major problem areas in the use of force majeure clauses. His work is admirable in its technical details as well as in its use for the practitioner. I wish to add but a few brief comments about 2 chronic difficulties with the enforcement of force majeure clauses. To some extent these difficulties are common to all cases that involve excuse by way of frustration, impossibility, or commercial impracticability. The first has to do with foreseeability and the second has to do with post-excuse remedies. It has become a truism that a force …
Jurisprudential Oaks From Mythical Acorns: The Hart‐Dworkin Debate Revisited, Andrew B.L. Phang
Jurisprudential Oaks From Mythical Acorns: The Hart‐Dworkin Debate Revisited, Andrew B.L. Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article attempts to demonstrate, via the famous Hart-Dworkin debate on the nature and functions of judicial discretion, that substantial jurisprudential disputes as well as theories can, and do, arise from misconceived critiques, whether intended or otherwise. It also seeks to show that, whilst Dworkin's initial critique of Hart was misconceived, his theory of adjudication that arose as a result of responses to his initial views is a positive contribution to learning, although I argue that Dworkin's views are not, in the final analysis, sufficiently persuasive to constitute a radical departure from Hart's own views.
Whither Economic Duress? Reflections On Two Recent Cases, Andrew B.L. Phang
Whither Economic Duress? Reflections On Two Recent Cases, Andrew B.L. Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
From its rather tentative and extremely recent beginnings, I the law relating to economic duress has developed at a relatively rapid pace during the last decade or so. We have had a series of decisions from various courts and jurisdictions* which, collectively at least, affirm the existence of the doctrine in English law. The pronouncements at the highest levels, however, have not purported to be definitive, and, as we shall see, have certainly not aided in a clarification and systematization of the doctrine of economic duress. The two recent decisions, which are the subject of the present comment, have merely …