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Articles 91 - 120 of 145
Full-Text Articles in Contracts
Some Technological Implications For Ascertaining The Contents Of Contracts In Web-Based Transactions, Eliza Mik
Some Technological Implications For Ascertaining The Contents Of Contracts In Web-Based Transactions, Eliza Mik
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This paper points out some unexpected relationships between specific aspects of contract law and specific Internet-related technologies. The discussion is not about the interplay between “Law” and “Technology,” or the “Law” and the “Internet.” The aim is modest: to identify some theoretical chokepoints created by the technologies involved in web-based commerce and to point out the legal uncertainties persisting in this area. The analysis is confined to the process of contract formation, not to matters of substantive law. It is during this process that parties assume their contractual obligations and the contents of a contract crystallize.
Discharge Of A Contract Where Both Parties Are In Breach: Alliance Concrete Singapore Pte Ltd V Comfort Resources Pte Ltd, Chee Ho Tham
Discharge Of A Contract Where Both Parties Are In Breach: Alliance Concrete Singapore Pte Ltd V Comfort Resources Pte Ltd, Chee Ho Tham
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This case note examines the most recent attempt by the Court of Appeal to provide further guidance on: (a) how the doctrine of discharge of contract by breach operates when both parties are in breach of their contract obligations; and (b) when a promisee is entitled to rely on an alternate basis to justify its election to discharge a contract for the promisor’s breach when the basis originally relied upon and communicated to the promisor is ultimately found to be legally insufficient.
The Division Of Matrimonial Assets: A Mathematical Methodology As A "Check"? Ajr V. Ajs, Siyuan Chen
The Division Of Matrimonial Assets: A Mathematical Methodology As A "Check"? Ajr V. Ajs, Siyuan Chen
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In a recent High Court decision concerning the division of matrimonial assets, the Judge developed an extensive (and somewhat mathematical) methodology “as a rough check” to his discretionary powers in determining a “just and equitable” division of the matrimonial assets. This introduced a new perspective to an exercise long considered to be impossible to be mathematically precise. This piece considers the extent of the utility of the new methodology.
The (Ir)Relevance Of Harmonization And Legal Diversity To European Contract Law - A Perspective From Psychology, Gary Low
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Differences between contract laws of Member States are often said to impose costs on and deter cross-border trade, and in order to increase cross-border trade, these contract laws ought to be harmonized. This article promises a paradigm shift in considering whether there is a need for harmonization; and if so, what form it ought to take. A behavioural approach is adopted to answer two underlying questions: how do actors think about these differences when they decide to contract? How does the form of harmonization influence such decisions? Insights from disciplines like cognitive and social psychology are identified and applied to …
Updating The Electronic Transactions Act? Australia's Accession To The Un Convention On The Use Of Electronic Communications In International Contracts 2005, Eliza Karolina Mik
Updating The Electronic Transactions Act? Australia's Accession To The Un Convention On The Use Of Electronic Communications In International Contracts 2005, Eliza Karolina Mik
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article discusses the Australian Government’s proposal to accede to the United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts as well as certain amendments to existing Australian electronic transactions legislation, i.e. the Electronic Transactions Act (Commonwealth) 1999 (”ETA”) and its state equivalents. Without going into a detailed discussion of all suggested amendments, this article focuses on those recommendations, which affect the area of contract formation, in particular: the use of automated systems in on-line transactions and the determination of the time the contract comes into existence. A critical review of the proposed changes reveals that their …
Evaluating The Impact Of The Un Convention On The Use Of Electronic Communications In International Contracts On Domestic Contract Law: The Singapore Example, Eliza Mik
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts (CUECIC or Convention) was adopted on 23 November 2005. Its essential objective is to establish uniform rules intended to “remove obstacles to the use of electronic communications in international contracts, including obstacles that might result from the operation of existing international trade law instruments, with a view to enhancing legal certainty and commercial predictability.” The Convention relies on the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (MLEC), which constitutes an e-commerce flagship project dating back to 1995. It also resembles UNCITRAL’s Convention …
Effective Use Of Non-Reliance Clauses: Satisfying Lowe V Lombank, Kee Yang Low
Effective Use Of Non-Reliance Clauses: Satisfying Lowe V Lombank, Kee Yang Low
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The inclusion in contracts of “non-reliance” clauses, as a means of pre-empting assertions of misrepresentation, has become commonplace. The validity and effectiveness of such clauses is another matter. This article discusses how a non-reliance clause may act as an evidential estoppel.
The Effectiveness Of Acceptances Communicated By Electronic Means, Or – Does The Postal Acceptance Rule Apply To Email, Eliza Mik
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The ‘traditional’ classi?cation into ‘instantaneous’ and ‘non-instantaneous’ methods of communication must be abandoned. As all Internet transmissions are instantaneous, the choice between the principle of receipt and the postal exception must be based on other criteria. The focus must be shifted from communication devices to the characteristics of the communication process. The latter resembles either dealings face-to-face or dealings at a distance. This simple division should remain the basis for all analyses. Instantaneity and control are two of many characteristics of face-to-face dealings and are not the only factors to be taken into account when making the choice between the …
In Re Sigma Finance Corporation (In Administrative Receivership) And In Re The Insolvency Act 1986 [2009] Uksc 2 (29 Oct 09): Commentary, Chao-Hung Christopher Chen
In Re Sigma Finance Corporation (In Administrative Receivership) And In Re The Insolvency Act 1986 [2009] Uksc 2 (29 Oct 09): Commentary, Chao-Hung Christopher Chen
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The case of Sigma Finance Corp was about the priority of payment under a Security Trust Deed for a structured investment vehicle (SIV). In essence, the key issue in the case was about whether debts due within the ‘realisation period’ after the occurrence of an ‘enforcement event’ should be paid ahead of other shortterm creditors.
Sigma Finance Corporation And In Re The Insolvency Act 1986 [2009] Uksc 2 (Contract, Contractual Terms): Commentary, Chao-Hung Christopher Chen
Sigma Finance Corporation And In Re The Insolvency Act 1986 [2009] Uksc 2 (Contract, Contractual Terms): Commentary, Chao-Hung Christopher Chen
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The case of Sigma Finance Corp1 was about the priority of payment under a Security Trust Deed for a structured investment vehicle (SIV). In essence, the key issue in the case was about whether debts due within the ‘realisation period’ after the occurrence of an ‘enforcement event’ should be paid ahead of other short-term creditors.
Inducing Breach Of Contract, Conversion And Contract As Property, Pey Woan Lee
Inducing Breach Of Contract, Conversion And Contract As Property, Pey Woan Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article seeks to understand contractual rights through an examination of the possible ‘property’ content in contracts in the context of the inducement tort and conversion. It argues that, contrary to popular perception, contracts and property are different shades of a similar phenomenon. Not being a reified ‘thing’ with stable features and structure, property is a relative rather than an absolute concept. To determine whether the holder of an intangible resource ought to be conferred with ‘property’ or exclusive control of access to such resource, one has to evaluate the relevant practical, legal and moral considerations. Applied to the context …
Void Contracts And The Applicability Of Choice Of Law Clauses To Consequential Restitutionary Claims: Cimb Bank Bhd V Dresdner Kleinwort Ltd [2008] 4 Slr 543, Adeline Swee Ling Chong
Void Contracts And The Applicability Of Choice Of Law Clauses To Consequential Restitutionary Claims: Cimb Bank Bhd V Dresdner Kleinwort Ltd [2008] 4 Slr 543, Adeline Swee Ling Chong
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This note examines the Singapore Court of Appeal’s judgment in CIMB Bank Bhd v Dresdner Kleinwort Ltd, focusing specifically on what role, if any, should be played by a choice of law clause contained in a void contract in relation to the restitutionary aftermath of voidness.
‘Void Contracts And The Applicability Of Choice Of Law Clauses To Consequential Restitutionary Claims: Cimb V Dresdner Kleinwort Ltd [2008] 4 Slr 543, Swee Ling Adeline Chong
‘Void Contracts And The Applicability Of Choice Of Law Clauses To Consequential Restitutionary Claims: Cimb V Dresdner Kleinwort Ltd [2008] 4 Slr 543, Swee Ling Adeline Chong
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This note examines the Singapore Court of Appeal’s judgment in CIMB Bank Bhd v Dresdner Kleinwort Ltd, focusing specifically on what role, if any, should be played by a choice of law clause contained in a void contract in relation to the restitutionary aftermath of voidness.
Case Comment: Robertson Quay Investment Pte Ltd V Steen Consultants Pte Ltd, Yihan Goh
Case Comment: Robertson Quay Investment Pte Ltd V Steen Consultants Pte Ltd, Yihan Goh
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In recent times, the venerable principles relating to remoteness of damage in contract have undergone a period of sustained re-evaluation. Key amongst this exercise is the House of Lords’ decision in Transfield Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping Inc—referred to as ‘The Achilleas’, which represents a fundamental shift in the understanding of remoteness principles. Caught in the winds of The Achilleas is the considered judgment of the Singapore Court of Appeal in Robertson Quay Investment Pte Ltd v Steen Consultants Pte Ltd.In direct contrast with some of the speeches in The Achilleas, the judgment delivered by Andrew Phang JA in Robertson …
Doctrine And Fairness In The Law Of Contract, Andrew B.L. Phang
Doctrine And Fairness In The Law Of Contract, Andrew B.L. Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This paper explores, through illustrations from the law of contract, the important centraltheme to the effect that the rules and principles, which constitute thedoctrineof the law,are not ends in themselves but are, rather, the means through which the courts arrive atsubstantively fairoutcomes in the cases before them. The paper focuses on the concept of‘radicalism’, which relates to the point at which the courts decide that it is legallypermissible to hold that a contract should come to an end because a radical or funda-mental ‘legal tipping point’ has not only been arrived at but has, in fact, been crossed. Itexplores the …
The Effective Reach Of Choice Of Law Agreements, Tiong Min Yeo
The Effective Reach Of Choice Of Law Agreements, Tiong Min Yeo
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Two fundamental principles relating to party autonomy developed in the recent history of the conflict of laws. Despite initial reservations, the law today takes for granted that the parties’ agreement is nearly conclusive in respect of both their choice of litigation forum and their choice of the law governing the contractual relationship. Meanwhile, the law of obligations – in tort, restitution and equity – has grown apace; disputes between contracting parties today are rarely confined to pure contractual issues. Can contracting parties choose the law to govern non-contractual disputes in cross-border litigation? In the absence of such choice, to what …
Unjust Enrichment Within A Valid Contract: A Close Look At Roxborough V. Rothmans Of Pall Mall Australia Ltd, Hang Wu Tang
Unjust Enrichment Within A Valid Contract: A Close Look At Roxborough V. Rothmans Of Pall Mall Australia Ltd, Hang Wu Tang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This paper examines the decision of the High Court of Australia, Roxborough v Rothmans of Pall Mall Australia Ltd. In particular, this paper interrogates the suggestion by some English commentators that the principle of unjust enrichment ought to apply in this case. This suggestion is controversial because this case is a situation where there was a valid contract between [*2] the parties. In this paper, the central argument advanced is a negative thesis: the unjust enrichment principle is inappropriate as a framework of analysis in the Roxborough context. In a situation like Roxborough, there are two hurdles before the unjust …
Contract Law, Chee Ho Tham, Pearlie Koh, Pey Woan Lee
Contract Law, Chee Ho Tham, Pearlie Koh, Pey Woan Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
No abstract provided.
Contract Law, Chee Ho Tham, Pearlie Koh, Pey Woan Lee
Contract Law, Chee Ho Tham, Pearlie Koh, Pey Woan Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
No abstract provided.
The Public Policy And Mandatory Rules Of Third Countries In International Contracts, Adeline Chong
The Public Policy And Mandatory Rules Of Third Countries In International Contracts, Adeline Chong
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
While party autonomy has risen in the field of contract, this autonomy is not unfettered. Parties are allowed to choose the governing law of the contract but limitations on party choice can be seen through the operation of public policy and mandatory rules. The public policy and mandatory rules of three laws may be imposed onto the contract: that of the lex fori, the governing law of the contract and the law of a third country with a connection to the contract. It is generally accepted that the public policy and mandatory rules of the forum have a legitimate role …
Contract Law, Pey Woan Lee, Pearlie Koh, Chee Ho Tham
Contract Law, Pey Woan Lee, Pearlie Koh, Chee Ho Tham
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The issue of contract formation arose in the unusual context of civil procedure in Wellmix Organics (International) Pte Ltd v Lau Yu Man [2006] 2 SLR 117 (see also para 10.60 on “Mistake”). The plaintiff in this case unsuccessfully sought to enforce a consent unless order against the defendant. Andrew Phang Boon Leong J (as he then was) emphasised that, keeping in view its very drastic consequence of depriving a party of his cause of action, such an order will only be established where the terms of the agreement are clear and unambiguous. It was clear on the facts that …
Contract Law, Chee Ho Tham, Pearlie Koh, Pey Woan Lee
Contract Law, Chee Ho Tham, Pearlie Koh, Pey Woan Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The issue of contract formation arose in the unusual context of civil procedure in Wellmix Organics (International) Pte Ltd v Lau Yu Man [2006] 2 SLR 117 (see also para 10.60 on “Mistake”). The plaintiff in this case unsuccessfully sought to enforce a consent unless order against the defendant. Andrew Phang Boon Leong J (as he then was) emphasised that, keeping in view its very drastic consequence of depriving a party of his cause of action, such an order will only be established where the terms of the agreement are clear and unambiguous. It was clear on the facts that …
'Treaties', 'Agreements', 'Contracts' And 'Commitments' - What's In A Name? The Legal Force And Meaning Of Different Forms Of Agreement Making, David Llewelyn, Maureen Tehan
'Treaties', 'Agreements', 'Contracts' And 'Commitments' - What's In A Name? The Legal Force And Meaning Of Different Forms Of Agreement Making, David Llewelyn, Maureen Tehan
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The multi-dimensional nature of treaty and agreement making has assumed a central focus in the conduct of relations between Indigenous peoples and settlers in Australia and elsewhere. Whether as a means of resolving disputes, delivering government programmes, or establishing common understandings, agreement making, however defined and named, has become the key tool for engagement between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Agreements come in all shapes and sizes ranging from registered Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUA) to Statements of Commitment, Memorandums of Understanding and Regional Agreements. In other jurisdictions these may be called 'treaties'. This paper examines the plethora of agreements in …
The Contractual Basis Of The Enforcement Of Exclusive And Non-Exclusive Choice Of Court Agreements, Tiong Min Yeo
The Contractual Basis Of The Enforcement Of Exclusive And Non-Exclusive Choice Of Court Agreements, Tiong Min Yeo
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article argues that, although choice of court agreements can be viewed from a procedural or contractual perspective, the predominant approach in Singapore and English law in respect of the exclusive jurisdiction agreement has been to give primacy to the rationale of the enforcement of a contractual bargain, tempered by a judicial discretion in its enforcement within the procedural jurisdictional context. It is also argued that the only difference between exclusive and non-exclusive jurisdiction agreements lies in the content and scope of the agreement between the parties, so the same contractual approach (as tempered by procedural considerations) should be applied …
Contract Formation And Mistake In Cyberspace – The Singapore Experience, Andrew B.L. Phang
Contract Formation And Mistake In Cyberspace – The Singapore Experience, Andrew B.L. Phang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The present article analyses the many important issues that are raised by what is probably the first case on Internet mistake – the Singapore High Court decision of Chwee Kin Keong v Digilandmall.com Pte Ltd [2004] 2 SLR 594. In addition to the law of (especially, unilateral) mistake, issues relating to the formation of a contract will be considered (including the law relating to offer and acceptance with regard to both website advertisements as well as electronic mail transactions, and the weakness of (and, hence, need to reform) the doctrine of consideration).
Contract Law, Chee Ho Tham, Pearlie Koh, Pey Woan Lee
Contract Law, Chee Ho Tham, Pearlie Koh, Pey Woan Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The rudimentary principle that a contract is only concluded upon the unconditional acceptance of an offer was applied in Koon Seng Construction Pte Ltd v Siem Seng Hing & Co (Pte) Ltd [2005] SGHC 8, where the alleged contract failed in the absence of an unqualified acceptance.
Restitution, Tiong Min Yeo
Restitution, Tiong Min Yeo
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Little of significance was decided on the law of restitution in 2004. There was nevertheless a smattering of cases dealing with points relevant to the principles of the law of restitution, sometimes directly, and sometimes indirectly.
Is The Contractor More Secure With A Priority Right? A Functional Analysis Of Article 286 Of Prc Contract Law, Wei Zhang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In recent years, China’s economic boom has drawn considerable attention all around the world. Real estate development is among the strongest pillars that support the fast growing GDP of this country. When fascinated by the shining residential buildings, office towers and public facilities sprouting across the country, however, we are also surprised at the mountains of the outstanding debts that Chinese contractors are not able to collect. Statistics shows that the aggregate amount of overdue payment to contractors has increased steadily during the past 15 years nationwide, with about $440 million in 1990, $2.4 billion in 1992, $3.7 billion in …
Restitution For Mistaken Gifts, Hang Wu Tang
Restitution For Mistaken Gifts, Hang Wu Tang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This paper investigates when a donor is entitled to restitution for an executed inter vivos gift made pursuant to a mistake. The causal mistake approach adopted by some leading works is considered, critiqued and rejected as a framework to analyse mistaken gifts. The central thesis of this paper is that a gift is an important transaction which engenders social bonds such as love, affection, intimacy, friendship, trust and gratitude, and these bonds influence the parties’ future conduct in the social sphere. This process has been termed as creating a moral economy. Therefore, just as it is important to protect the …
Letters Of Comfort Revisited, Pey Woan Lee
Letters Of Comfort Revisited, Pey Woan Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Since the English Court of Appeal’s decision in Kleinwort Benson Ltd v. Malaysia Mining Corp. Bhd, it would be understandable if the business community placed little or no reliance on letters of comfort save in the exceptional case where the terms evince an undeniably clear intention to create binding obligations. It might therefore seem somewhat surprising that an experienced and sophisticated institution should commence proceedings in the High Court of Singapore on the premise of a letter of awareness in Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd v. Jurong Engineering Ltd. This could plausibly be explained as the bank’s last-ditch attempt …