Computer Law Commons^™

Back Matter

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

No abstract provided.

Possession Of Child Exploitation Material In Computer Temporary Internet Cache, Sungmi Park, Yunsik Jake Jang, Joshua I. James

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

When considering the possession of child exploitation material U.S. and German courts have the same focus, but slightly different interpretations. This slight difference in interpretation could mean that in one country a defendant will be found guilty of possession while in the other country he or she could be found not guilty. In this work we examine the standards courts in Germany and the United States have used to combat child pornography, and analyze the approaches specifically related to viewing and possession of CEM. A uniform solution is suggested that criminalizes “knowing access with the intention to view” as a …

Public Security & Digital Forensics In The United States: The Continued Need For Expanded Digital Systems For Security, Deborah G. Keeling, Michael Losavio

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Digital Forensics is one of the latest challenges for the use of forensics in the investigative process in the United States. Some of the challenges are created by conditions and circumstances present for law enforcement around the world. However, many are unique to the United States and created by the standards of evidence within our courts, nature of our law enforcement organizations, and structure of our judicial and prosecutorial systems. It is essential for the preservation of public security and individual safety that competent systems of digital forensics are developed for law enforcement at all levels. The failure to do …

Analysis Of Security In Big Data Related To Healthcare, Isabel De La Torre, Begoña García-Zapirain, Miguel López-Coronado

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Big data facilitates the processing and management of huge amounts of data. In health, the main information source is the electronic health record with others being the Internet and social media. Health-related data refers to storage in big data based on and shared via electronic means. Why are criminal organisations interested in this data? These organisations can blackmail people with information related to their health condition or sell the information to marketing companies, etc. This article analyses healthcare-related big data security and proposes different solutions. There are different techniques available to help preserve privacy such as data modification techniques, cryptographic …

Editorial

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

No abstract provided.

Legislative Requirements For Cyber Peacekeeping, Nikolay Akatyev, Joshua I. James

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Cyber Peacekeeping strives for the prevention, mitigation and cessation of cyber and physical conflicts. The creation of a Cyber Peacekeeping organization, however, has major legal and political implications. In this work we review current international legislation applicable for functions of Cyber Peacekeeping. Specifically, we analyze prominent works which contribute to definitions, law and ethics regulating cyber conflicts from the perspective of the creation of a CPK organization. Legislative and terminological foundations are analyzed and adopted from current practice. Further, this work analyzes guiding principles of global organizations such as ITU IMPACT, INTERPOL and regional organizations such as NATO and the …

The Use Of Information Technologies To Combat Counterfeit Alcohol Products And Ensure The Right To Life In Russia, Pavel Syosoevich Pastukhov, Svetlana Polyakova, Evelina Frolovich

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

The paper is aimed to analyze implementation of an integrated information system that provides forecasting, monitoring, prevention and elimination of possible threats, such as violation of information support of public authorities, businesses and municipal services and others as well as control of elimination of consequences of emergency situations and offenses with integration under its control action information and control duty subsystems, control, municipal services for their operational cooperation in the interests of of the municipality. In particular, it consideres how this unified system is applied in accounting of production volume and turnover of ethyl alcohol, alcoholic and alcohol-containing products (USAIS) …

Security And The Transnational Information Polity, Michael M. Losavio, Adel Said Elmaghraby

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Global information and communications technologies create criminal opportunities in which criminal violation and physical proximity are decoupled. As in all our endeavors, the good become the prey of the bad. Murderous and venal exploitation of ICT has followed from the inception of the Internet, threatening all the good it brings and the trust we need so badly as a people. As the work continues to expand the implementation of Smart Cities and the Internet of Things, there will be more opportunities for exploitation of these technologies. We examine the social and liberty risks our data and technology-driven responses may entail.

Sql Injection: The Longest Running Sequel In Programming History, Matthew Horner, Thomas Hyslip

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

One of the risks to a company operating a public-facing website with a Structure Query Language (SQL) database is an attacker exploiting the SQL injection vulnerability. An attacker can cause an SQL database to perform actions that the developer did not intend like revealing, modifying, or deleting sensitive data. This can cause a loss of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information in a company’s database, and it can lead to severe costs of up to $196,000 per successful injection attack (NTT Group, 2014). This paper discusses the history of the SQL injection vulnerability, focusing on:

• How an attacker can exploit …

Front Matter

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

No abstract provided.

A Power Grid Incident Identification Based On Physically Derived Cyber-Event Detection, Travis Atkison, Nathan Wallace

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

This article proposes a cyber-event detection framework to aid in incident Identification and digital forensics cases aimed at investigating cyber crime committed against the critical infrastructure power grid. However, unlike other similar investigative techniques, the proposed approach examines only the physical information to derive a cyber conclusion. The developed framework extracts information from the physical parameters stored in historical databases of SCADA systems. The framework uses a pseudo-trusted model derived from randomly selected power system observations found in the historical databases. Afterwards, a technique known as Bayesian Model Averaging is used to average the models and create a more trusted …

Towards A More Representative Definition Of Cyber Security, Daniel Schatz, Rabih Bashroush, Julie Wall

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

In recent years, ‘Cyber Security’ has emerged as a widely-used term with increased adoption by practitioners and politicians alike. However, as with many fashionable jargon, there seems to be very little understanding of what the term really entails. Although this is may not be an issue when the term is used in an informal context, it can potentially cause considerable problems in context of organizational strategy, business objectives, or international agreements. In this work, we study the existing literature to identify the main definitions provided for the term ‘Cyber Security’ by authoritative sources. We then conduct various lexical and semantic …

Forensic Cell Site Analysis: A Validation & Error Mitigation Methodology, John B. Minor

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

The E911 Initiative in the mid-1990s established an opportunity to obtain location specific digital evidence of subscriber activity from cellular carriers. Call Detail Records (CDR) containing Cell Site Location Information (CSLI) evidence production was made available from cellular carriers in response to the CALEA, 911 and ECPA acts. In the late 1990s, cellular carriers began to produce evidence for investigative and litigation purposes. CDR/CSLI evidence has become an important evidentiary focus in the courtroom. This research project resulted in the creation of a method of validating cellular carrier records accuracy and mitigating errors in forensic cell site analyst conclusions. The …

Table Of Contents

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

No abstract provided.

File Type Identification - Computational Intelligence For Digital Forensics, Konstantinos Karampidis, Giorgos Papadourakis

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

In modern world, the use of digital devices for leisure or professional reasons is growing quickly; nevertheless, criminals try to fool authorities and hide evidence in a computer by changing the file type. File type detection is a very demanding task for a digital forensic examiner. In this paper, a new methodology is proposed – in a digital forensics perspective- to identify altered file types with high accuracy by employing computational intelligence techniques. The proposed methodology is applied to the three most common image file types (jpg, png and gif) as well as to uncompressed tiff images. A three-stage process …

Back Matter

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

No abstract provided.

Signatures Of Viber Security Traffic, M.A.K. Sudozai, N. Habib, S. Saleem, A.A. Khan

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Viber is one of the widely used mobile chat application which has over 606 million users on its platform. Since the recent release of Viber 6.0 in March/April 2016 and its further updates, Viber provides end-to-end encryption based on Open Whisper Signal security architecture. With proprietary communication protocol scattered on distributed cluster of servers in different countries and secure cryptographic primitives, Viber offers a difficult paradigm of traffic analysis. In this paper, we present a novel methodology of identification of Viber traffic over the network and established a model which can classify its services of audio and audio/video calls, message …

Applying A Contingency Framework To Digital Forensic Processes In Cloud Based Acquisitions, Diane Barrett

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

The change in business models to incorporate a wide variety of cloud computing environments has resulted in the escalation of computer crimes in the areas of security breaches and hacking. Methods to acquire evidence in a cloud computing environment are limited due to the complexity of the cloud environment. Since digital acquisition processes in cloud computing environments are still in the infancy stages, there have been no studies in the application of existing frameworks to this type environment based on traditional forensic processes.

This paper describes a qualitative study conducted to develop a robust contingency framework for deciding when to …

Protecting Digital Evidence Integrity And Preserving Chain Of Custody, Makhdoom Syed Muhammad Baqir Shah, Shahzad Saleem, Roha Zulqarnain

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Evidence is the key to solve any crime. Evidence integrity needs to be protected in order to make it admissible in the court of law. Digital evidence is more revealing, but it is fragile; it can easily be tampered with or modified. There are different techniques available to protect the integrity of digital evidence. Different automated digital evidence acquisition tools are available in the market. In this paper, we have analyzed two automated tools (EnCase and FTK Imager) that are used for disk imaging. These tools claim to protect the integrity of digital evidence. The techniques used by these tools …

Masthead

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

No abstract provided.

Exploring Digital Evidence With Graph Theory, Imani Palmer, Boris Gelfand, Roy Campbell

Annual ADFSL Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law

The analysis phase of the digital forensic process is the most complex. The analysis phase remains very subjective to the views of the forensic practitioner. There are many tools dedicated to assisting the investigator during the analysis process. However, they do not address the challenges. Digital forensics is in need of a consistent approach to procure the most judicious conclusions from the digital evidence. The objective of this paper is to discuss the ability of graph theory, a study of related mathematical structures, to aid in the analysis phase of the digital forensic process. We develop a graph-based representation of …

Case Study: A New Method For Investigating Crimes Against Children, Hallstein Asheim Hansen, Stig Andersen, Stefan Axelsson, Svein Hopland

Annual ADFSL Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Investigations of crimes against children are often complex, both in terms of the varied and large amount of digital technology encountered and the offensive nature of the crimes. Such cases are numerous, large, and prioritised, requiring digital forensics competence. Earlier digital forensics was considered and treated as a typical forensic science like fingerprint analysis, performed in a laboratory isolated from the investigative team. This decoupled way of working has proved to be both inefficient and error prone.

At the Digital Forensic Unit of Oslo Police District we have developed a new way of working that addresses many of the problems …

Downstream Competence Challenges And Legal/Ethical Risks In Digital Forensics, Michael M. Losavio, Antonio Losavio

Annual ADFSL Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Forensic practice is an inherently human-mediated system, from processing and collection of evidence to presentation and judgment. This requires attention to human factors and risks which can lead to incorrect judgments and unjust punishments.

For digital forensics, such challenges are magnified by the relative newness of the discipline and the use of electronic evidence in forensic proceedings. Traditional legal protections, rules of procedure and ethics rules mitigate these challenges. Application of those traditions better ensures forensic findings are reliable. This has significant consequences where findings may impact a person's liberty or property, a person's life or even the political direction …

Understanding Deleted File Decay On Removable Media Using Differential Analysis, James H. Jones Jr, Anurag Srivastava, Josh Mosier, Connor Anderson, Seth Buenafe

Annual ADFSL Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Digital content created by picture recording devices is often stored internally on the source device, on either embedded or removable media. Such storage media is typically limited in capacity and meant primarily for interim storage of the most recent image files, and these devices are frequently configured to delete older files as necessary to make room for new files. When investigations involve such devices and media, it is sometimes these older deleted files that would be of interest. It is an established fact that deleted file content may persist in part or in its entirety after deletion, and identifying the …

Development Of A Professional Code Of Ethics In Digital Forensics, Kathryn C. Seigfried-Spellar, Marcus Rogers, Danielle M. Crimmins 2184089

Annual ADFSL Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Academics, government officials, and practitioners suggest the field of digital forensics is in need of a professional code of ethics. In response to this need, the authors developed and proposed a professional code of ethics in digital forensics. The current paper will discuss the process of developing the professional code of ethics, which included four sets of revisions based on feedback and suggestions provided by members of the digital forensic community. The final version of the Professional Code of Ethics in Digital Forensics includes eight statements, and we hope this is a step toward unifying the field of digital forensics …

Defining A Cyber Jurisprudence, Peter R. Stephenson Phd

Annual ADFSL Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Jurisprudence is the science and philosophy or theory of the law. Cyber law is a very new concept and has had, compared with other, older, branches of the law, little structured study. However, we have entered the cyber age and the law - on all fronts - is struggling to keep pace with technological advances in cyberspace. This research explores a possible theory and philosophy of cyber law, and, indeed, whether it is feasible to develop and interpret a body of law that addresses current and emerging challenges in cyber space.

While there is an expanding discussion of the nature …

Harnessing Predictive Models For Assisting Network Forensic Investigations Of Dns Tunnels, Irvin Homem, Panagiotis Papapetrou

Annual ADFSL Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law

In recent times, DNS tunneling techniques have been used for malicious purposes, however network security mechanisms struggle to detect them. Network forensic analysis has been proven effective, but is slow and effort intensive as Network Forensics Analysis Tools struggle to deal with undocumented or new network tunneling techniques. In this paper, we present a machine learning approach, based on feature subsets of network traffic evidence, to aid forensic analysis through automating the inference of protocols carried within DNS tunneling techniques. We explore four network protocols, namely, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and POP3. Three features are extracted from the DNS tunneled traffic: …

Ispy: Threats To Individual And Institutional Privacy In The Digital World, Lori Andrews

All Faculty Scholarship

What type of information is collected, who is viewing it, and what law librarians can do to protect their patrons and institutions.

Special Issue Of Best Papers From The 11th International Conference On Systematic Approaches To Digital Forensic Engineering (Sadfe 2016)

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

The SADFE series feature the different editions of the International Conference on Systematic Approaches to Digital Forensics Engineering. Now in its eleventh edition, SADFE has established itself as the premier conference for researchers and practitioners working in Systematic Approaches to Digital Forensics Engineering.

SADFE 2016, the eleventh international conference on Systematic Approaches to Digital Forensic Engineering was held in Kyoto, Japan, September 20 - 22, 2016.

Digital forensics engineering and the curation of digital collections in cultural institutions face pressing and overlapping challenges related to provenance, chain of custody, authenticity, integrity, and identity. The generation, analysis and sustainability of digital …

Compression Of Virtual-Machine Memory In Dynamic Malware Analysis, James E. Fowler Ph.D.

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Lossless compression of memory dumps from virtual machines that run malware samples is considered with the goal of significantly reducing archival costs in dynamic-malware-analysis applications. Given that, in such dynamic-analysis scenarios, malware samples are typically run in virtual machines just long enough to activate any self-decryption or other detection- avoidance maneuvers, the virtual-machine memory typically changes little from that of the baseline state, with the difference being attributable in large degree to the loading of additional executables and libraries. Consequently, delta coding is proposed to compress the current virtual-machine memory dump by coding its differences with respect to a predicted …